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42-530: Redcode may refer to: The programming language used in the simulation game Core War REDCODE, a video codec used in RED Digital Cinema cameras See also [ edit ] Code Red (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Redcode . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

84-414: A broadcast architecture . For a detailed article on mechanical reproduction as it relates to the industrial age, see mass production . Research has occurred in the following areas: The goal of self-replication in space systems is to exploit large amounts of matter with a low launch mass. For example, an autotrophic self-replicating machine could cover a moon or planet with solar cells, and beam

126-482: A clanking replicator , a material device that can self-replicate. The usual reason is to achieve a low cost per item while retaining the utility of a manufactured good. Many authorities say that in the limit, the cost of self-replicating items should approach the cost-per-weight of wood or other biological substances, because self-replication avoids the costs of labor , capital and distribution in conventional manufactured goods . A fully novel artificial replicator

168-457: A quine is a self-reproducing computer program that, when executed, outputs its own code. For example, a quine in the Python programming language is: A more trivial approach is to write a program that will make a copy of any stream of data that it is directed to, and then direct it at itself. In this case the program is treated as both executable code, and as data to be manipulated. This approach

210-545: A hive of robots) would need to do the following: On a nano scale, assemblers might also be designed to self-replicate under their own power. This, in turn, has given rise to the " grey goo " version of Armageddon , as featured in the science fiction novels Bloom and Prey . The Foresight Institute has published guidelines for researchers in mechanical self-replication. The guidelines recommend that researchers use several specific techniques for preventing mechanical replicators from getting out of control, such as using

252-407: A modified ( mutated ) source is used to create the next generation of the compiler. This process differs from natural self-replication in that the process is directed by an engineer, not by the subject itself. An activity in the field of robots is the self-replication of machines. Since all robots (at least in modern times) have a fair number of the same features, a self-replicating robot (or possibly

294-440: A rumor originating from Darwin and the worm experiments of Shoch and Hupp. The 1984 Scientific American article on Core War nevertheless cites the game Darwin , played by Victor A. Vyssotsky , Robert Morris , and Douglas McIlroy at Bell Labs in 1961. The word "Core" in the name comes from magnetic-core memory , an obsolete random-access memory technology. This term was then, and still today, typically in use as

336-534: A simple and abstract platform without the complexity of actual computers and processors. Although Redcode is meant to resemble an ordinary CISC assembly language, it is quite simplified relative to "real" assembly, and has no absolute memory addressing The original 8 instructions are described as follows. Later versions added NOP, multiply and more complex comparisons. the ICWS '94 standard draft added more addressing modes, mostly to deal with A-field indirection, to give

378-417: A simple hand or a small bull-dozer shovel, forming a basic robot . Power would be provided by a "canopy" of solar cells supported on pillars. The other machinery could run under the canopy. A " casting robot " would use a robotic arm with a few sculpting tools to make plaster molds . Plaster molds are easy to make, and make precise parts with good surface finishes. The robot would then cast most of

420-522: A state of maturity until human beings design a self-replicating assembler of nanometer dimensions. [1] These systems are substantially simpler than autotrophic systems, because they are provided with purified feedstocks and energy. They do not have to reproduce them. This distinction is at the root of some of the controversy about whether molecular manufacturing is possible or not. Many authorities who find it impossible are clearly citing sources for complex autotrophic self-replicating systems. Many of

462-546: A total of 8 address modes: Development of implementations of the game continued over the years by several authors. There are multiple versions of the game available, ported for several platforms. For instance pMARS which is open source software with source code on SourceForge , or the SDL based SDL pMARS for Windows. The common implementation pMars was downloaded over 35,000 times between 2000 and 2021 from SourceForge . Self-replication Self-replication

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504-590: A while; most of the time, however, programmers base their programs on already published warriors. Using optimizers such as OptiMax or core-step optimizer tools, a more effective warrior can be created. Warriors can also be generated by genetic algorithms or genetic programming . Programs that integrate this evolutionary technique are known as evolvers . Several evolvers were introduced by the Core War community and tend to focus on generating warriors for smaller core settings. The latest evolver with significant success

546-417: Is a reasonable near-term goal. A NASA study recently placed the complexity of a clanking replicator at approximately that of Intel 's Pentium 4 CPU. That is, the technology is achievable with a relatively small engineering group in a reasonable commercial time-scale at a reasonable cost. Given the currently keen interest in biotechnology and the high levels of funding in that field, attempts to exploit

588-457: Is a solution of RNA monomers and transcriptase, but such systems are more accurately characterized as "assisted replication" than "self-replication". In 2021 researchers succeeded in constructing a system with sixteen specially designed DNA sequences. Four of these can be linked together (through base pairing) in a certain order following a template of four already-linked sequences, by changing the temperature up and down. The number of template copies

630-408: Is a tiling pattern in which several congruent tiles may be joined together to form a larger tile that is similar to the original. This is an aspect of the field of study known as tessellation . The " sphinx " hexiamond is the only known self-replicating pentagon . For example, four such concave pentagons can be joined together to make one with twice the dimensions. Solomon W. Golomb coined

672-542: Is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself. Biological cells , given suitable environments, reproduce by cell division . During cell division, DNA is replicated and can be transmitted to offspring during reproduction . Biological viruses can replicate , but only by commandeering the reproductive machinery of cells through a process of infection. Harmful prion proteins can replicate by converting normal proteins into rogue forms. Computer viruses reproduce using

714-407: Is based on a draft standard submitted to the ICWS in 1994 that was never formally accepted, as the ICWS had become effectively defunct around that time. Development of Redcode, however, has continued in an informal manner, chiefly via online forums such as the rec.games.corewar newsgroup . Warriors are commonly divided into a number of broad categories, although actual warriors may often combine

756-415: Is common in most self-replicating systems, including biological life, and is simpler as it does not require the program to contain a complete description of itself. In many programming languages an empty program is legal, and executes without producing errors or other output. The output is thus the same as the source code, so the program is trivially self-reproducing. In geometry a self-replicating tiling

798-447: Is insufficient, because of limitations in the process of protein biosynthesis (see also the listing for RNA ) . What is required is the rational design of an entirely novel replicator with a much wider range of synthesis capabilities. In 2011, New York University scientists have developed artificial structures that can self-replicate, a process that has the potential to yield new types of materials. They have demonstrated that it

840-413: Is loaded into memory at a random location, after which each program executes one instruction in turn. The goal of the game is to cause the processes of opposing programs to terminate (which happens if they execute an invalid instruction), leaving the victorious program in sole possession of the machine. The earliest published version of Redcode defined only eight instructions. The ICWS-86 standard increased

882-420: Is not based on DNA or RNA occurs in clay crystals. Clay consists of a large number of small crystals, and clay is an environment that promotes crystal growth. Crystals consist of a regular lattice of atoms and are able to grow if e.g. placed in a water solution containing the crystal components; automatically arranging atoms at the crystal boundary into the crystalline form. Crystals may have irregularities where

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924-419: Is thus increased in each cycle. No external agent such as an enzyme is needed, but the system must be supplied with a reservoir of the sixteen DNA sequences. The simplest possible case is that only a genome exists. Without some specification of the self-reproducing steps, a genome-only system is probably better characterized as something like a crystal . Self-replication is a fundamental feature of life. It

966-464: The ICWS is defunct. Redcode is the programming language used in Core War . It is executed by a virtual machine known as a Memory Array Redcode Simulator , or MARS . The design of Redcode is loosely based on actual CISC assembly languages of the early 1980s, but contains several features not usually found in actual computer systems. Both Redcode and the MARS environment are designed to provide

1008-578: The amount of support they require. The design space for machine replicators is very broad. A comprehensive study to date by Robert Freitas and Ralph Merkle has identified 137 design dimensions grouped into a dozen separate categories, including: (1) Replication Control, (2) Replication Information, (3) Replication Substrate, (4) Replicator Structure, (5) Passive Parts, (6) Active Subunits, (7) Replicator Energetics, (8) Replicator Kinematics, (9) Replication Process, (10) Replicator Performance, (11) Product Structure, and (12) Evolvability. In computer science

1050-415: The authorities who find it possible are clearly citing sources for much simpler self-assembling systems, which have been demonstrated. In the meantime, a Lego -built autonomous robot able to follow a pre-set track and assemble an exact copy of itself, starting from four externally provided components, was demonstrated experimentally in 2003. [2] Merely exploiting the replicative abilities of existing cells

1092-413: The behavior of two or more of these. Three of the common strategies ( replicator , scanner and bomber ) are also known as paper, scissors and stone , since their performance against each other approximates that of their namesakes in the well-known playground game. With an understanding of Core War strategies, a programmer can create a warrior to achieve certain goals. Revolutionary ideas come once in

1134-752: The hardware and software already present on computers. Self-replication in robotics has been an area of research and a subject of interest in science fiction . Any self-replicating mechanism which does not make a perfect copy ( mutation ) will experience genetic variation and will create variants of itself. These variants will be subject to natural selection , since some will be better at surviving in their current environment than others and will out-breed them. Early research by John von Neumann established that replicators have several parts: Exceptions to this pattern may be possible, although almost all known examples adhere to it. Scientists have come close to constructing RNA that can be copied in an "environment" that

1176-405: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Redcode&oldid=1044563856 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Core War At the beginning of a game, each battle program

1218-418: The most hazardous, because they do not require any inputs from human beings in order to reproduce. A classic theoretical study of replicators in space is the 1980 NASA study of autotrophic clanking replicators, edited by Robert Freitas . Much of the design study was concerned with a simple, flexible chemical system for processing lunar regolith , and the differences between the ratio of elements needed by

1260-535: The most “fit” sequences. Replication of these early forms of life was likely highly inaccurate producing mutations that influenced the folding state of the polynucleotides, thus affecting the propensities for strand association (promoting stability) and disassociation (allowing genome replication). The evolution of order in living systems has been proposed to be an example of a fundamental order generating principle that also applies to physical systems. Recent research has begun to categorize replicators, often based on

1302-542: The number to 10 while the ICWS-88 standard increased it to 11. The currently used 1994 draft standard has 16 instructions. However, Redcode supports a number of different addressing modes and (starting from the 1994 draft standard) instruction modifiers which increase the actual number of operations possible to 7168. The Redcode standard leaves the underlying instruction representation undefined and provides no means for programs to access it. Arithmetic operations may be done on

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1344-431: The parts either from non-conductive molten rock ( basalt ) or purified metals. An electric oven melted the materials. A speculative, more complex "chip factory" was specified to produce the computer and electronic systems, but the designers also said that it might prove practical to ship the chips from Earth as if they were "vitamins". Nanotechnologists in particular believe that their work will likely fail to reach

1386-518: The power to the Earth using microwaves. Once in place, the same machinery that built itself could also produce raw materials or manufactured objects, including transportation systems to ship the products. Another model of self-replicating machine would copy itself through the galaxy and universe, sending information back. In general, since these systems are autotrophic, they are the most difficult and complex known replicators. They are also thought to be

1428-429: The regular atomic structure is broken, and when crystals grow, these irregularities may propagate, creating a form of self-replication of crystal irregularities. Because these irregularities may affect the probability of a crystal breaking apart to form new crystals, crystals with such irregularities could even be considered to undergo evolutionary development. It is a long-term goal of some engineering sciences to achieve

1470-427: The replicative ability of existing cells are timely, and may easily lead to significant insights and advances. A variation of self replication is of practical relevance in compiler construction, where a similar bootstrapping problem occurs as in natural self replication. A compiler ( phenotype ) can be applied on the compiler's own source code ( genotype ) producing the compiler itself. During compiler development,

1512-399: The replicator, and the ratios available in regolith. The limiting element was Chlorine , an essential element to process regolith for Aluminium . Chlorine is very rare in lunar regolith, and a substantially faster rate of reproduction could be assured by importing modest amounts. The reference design specified small computer-controlled electric carts running on rails. Each cart could have

1554-473: The term rep-tiles for self-replicating tilings. In 2012, Lee Sallows identified rep-tiles as a special instance of a self-tiling tile set or setiset. A setiset of order n is a set of n shapes that can be assembled in n different ways so as to form larger replicas of themselves. Setisets in which every shape is distinct are called 'perfect'. A rep- n rep-tile is just a setiset composed of n identical pieces. One form of natural self-replication that

1596-980: The term for working memory in working memory dumps, called core dumps , on Unix and most Unix-like systems. Additionally, the default filename used for core dumps on such systems is usually "core" or contains the word core. The first description of the Redcode language was published in March 1984, in Core War Guidelines by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney . The game was introduced to the public in May 1984, in an article written by Dewdney in Scientific American . Dewdney revisited Core War in his "Computer Recreations" column in March 1985, and again in January 1987. The International Core Wars Society (ICWS)

1638-549: The two address fields contained in each instruction, but the only operations supported on the instruction codes themselves are copying and comparing for equality. A number of versions of Redcode exist. The earliest version described by A. K. Dewdney differs in many respects from the later standards established by the International Core War Society, and could be considered a different, albeit related, language. The form of Redcode most commonly used today

1680-453: Was μGP which produced some of the most successful nano and tiny warriors. Nevertheless, evolutionary strategy still needs to prove its effectiveness on larger core settings. Core War was inspired by a self-replicating program called Creeper and a subsequent program called Reaper that destroyed copies of Creeper. Creeper was created by Bob Thomas at BBN . Dewdney was not aware of the origin of Creeper and Reaper and refers to them as

1722-467: Was founded in 1985, one year after Dewdney's original article. The ICWS published new standards for the Redcode language in 1986 and 1988, and proposed an update in 1994 that was never formally set as the new standard. Nonetheless, the 1994 draft was commonly adopted and extended, and forms the basis of the de facto standard for Redcode today. The ICWS was directed by Mark Clarkson (1985–1987), William R. Buckley (1987–1992), and Jon Newman (1992–); currently

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1764-518: Was proposed that self-replication emerged in the evolution of life when a molecule similar to a double-stranded polynucleotide (possibly like RNA ) dissociated into single-stranded polynucleotides and each of these acted as a template for synthesis of a complementary strand producing two double stranded copies. In a system such as this, individual duplex replicators with different nucleotide sequences could compete with each other for available mononucleotide resources, thus initiating natural selection for

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