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41-576: The redfin pickerel ( Esox americanus americanus ) is a subspecies of freshwater fish belonging to the pike family ( Esocidae ) of the order Esociformes . Not to be confused with its close relatives, the grass pickerel and the chain pickerel , this fish is unique in the fact that it has brightly colored red fins. Like all pikes, the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator , lying amongst thick vegetation in wait for smaller, more agile prey to enter within its range of attack. The redfin pickerel can be found in freshwater lakes, streams, and swamps along

82-402: A heavy threat of biomagnification of metals in the species and in the surrounding community. The redfin pickerel is the top predator of its area, meaning it faces the greatest danger from toxin exposure. As it eats smaller fish and other animals that have been exposed to harmful substances, the chemicals, particularly environmental mercury , build up in the tissues of the pickerel. If the fish

123-479: A single serving typically significantly increasing the blood PFOS level. About four in ten North American freshwater fish are endangered, according to a pan-North American study, the main cause being human pollution. The number of fish species and subspecies to become endangered has risen from 40 to 61, since 1989. For example, the Bigmouth Buffalo is now the oldest age-validated freshwater fish in

164-414: A water temperature of 50 to 60 °F (10–16 °C). In North America, air temperatures that result in sufficiently cold water temperatures are found in the northern United States, Canada, and in the southern United States at high elevation . Common coldwater fish include brook trout , rainbow trout , and brown trout . Coolwater fish species prefer water temperature between the coldwater and

205-402: Is a hydrodynamic tube shaped body, a flat nose, and an unadorned head. The redfin pickerel relies heavily on vision to locate prey, as indicated by their large eyes and propensity for clear, shallow water. The scale coloration of the fish typically ranges from green to brown on the lateral portion, while the ventral side ranges from white to a pale amber. Vertical streaks of dark green line

246-566: Is a vital part of aquatic ecosystem stability, so changes to stream and river water temperature can have large impacts on biotic communities. Many aquatic larvae use thermal cues to regulate their life cycles, mostly notably here, insects. Insects are a large part of most fish diets, so this can pose a great dietary problem. Temperature can cause changes in fish behavior and distribution habits as well by increasing their metabolic rates and thus their drive to spawn and feed. Linear systems are more easily fragmented and connectivity in aquatic ecosystems

287-405: Is an ambush predator, lying in wait for unsuspecting prey animals to get within striking range. The pickerel fills the role of apex predator in its small, shallow, aquatic environment , feeding on smaller fishes, crayfish , and insect larvae. The newly hatched larvae meanwhile will feed on small organisms like water fleas , amphipods and insects. The redfin pickerel and its sister subspecies,

328-452: Is an increasing trend in freshwater fish for local taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic richness in more than half of the world's rivers. This increase in local diversity is primarily explained by anthropogenic species introductions that compensate for or even exceed extinctions in most rivers. A study and an interactive map by EWG using its results show freshwater fish in the U.S. ubiquitously contain high levels of harmful PFAS , with

369-575: Is defined as a species that does not naturally occur in a certain area or ecosystem. This includes eggs and other biological material associated with the species. Non-native species are considered invasive if they cause ecological or economic injury. The introduction of exotic fish species into ecosystems is a threat to many endemic populations. The native species struggle to survive alongside exotic species which decimate prey populations or outcompete indigenous fishes. High densities of exotic fish are negatively correlated with native species richness. Because

410-597: Is invasive worldwide, and there are multiple efforts to remove them from their non-native ecosystems. Both species are among the " 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Alien Species ," as determined by the IUCN Invasive Species Specialist Group based on their effect on anthropogenic activities, environmental biodiversity and their ability to act as a case study for important ecological issues. Hybridization involves

451-558: Is then eaten by a bird or human, the prospect of mercury poisoning could be a serious threat. Freshwater fish 41.24% of all known species of fish are found in fresh water. This is primarily due to the rapid speciation that the scattered habitats make possible. When dealing with ponds and lakes, one might use the same basic models of speciation as when studying island biogeography . Freshwater fish differ physiologically from saltwater fish in several respects. Their gills must be able to diffuse dissolved gases while keeping

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492-442: Is vital. Freshwater fishes are particularly vulnerable to habitat destruction because they reside in small bodies of water which are often very close to human activity and thus easily polluted by trash, chemicals, waste, and other agents which are harmful to freshwater habitats. Land use changes cause major shifts in aquatic ecosystems. Deforestation can change the structure and sedimentary composition of streams, which impacts

533-428: Is well adapted to sprint predation . The posterior positioning of the unpaired fins is testament to this, the dorsal fin lining up with the anal fin , and the ventral more rearward than would be found on other fish body types. The pectorals are shrunken to streamline the fish, while the caudal fin is rather large so as to provide considerable thrust . Further adaptations correlating with their rushing style

574-549: The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists 9131 least concern fish species. 60% of all evaluated fish species are listed as least concern. The IUCN also lists 37 fish subspecies as least concern. Of the subpopulations of fishes evaluated by the IUCN, 44 species subpopulations have been assessed as least concern. This is a complete list of least concern fish species and subspecies evaluated by

615-477: The sea lamprey have different tolerances in salinity in different stages of their lives. Among fishers in the United States, freshwater fish species are usually classified by the water temperature in which they survive. The water temperature affects the amount of oxygen available as cold water contains more oxygen than warm water. Coldwater fish species survive in the coldest temperatures, preferring

656-522: The Atlantic slope. Stable populations extend from Massachusetts to Florida 's Okeechobee Lake, and west into Gulf drainages up to Mississippi's Pascagoula River . Because the redfin pickerel is an ambush predator, the fish prefers freshwater habitats with high visibility and dense vegetation or decaying organic matter in which to hide itself. The redfin pickerel, like other fish of the Esox genus,

697-451: The IUCN. Species and subspecies which have least concern subpopulations (or stocks) are indicated. Chondrichthyes includes sharks , rays, skates, and sawfish . There are 313 species and two subpopulations of cartilaginous fish assessed as least concern. There are 148 species in the order Rajiformes assessed as least concern. There are 79 ground shark species assessed as least concern. There are 34 species and two subpopulations in

738-494: The Nile perch into Lake Victoria, possibly to improve sport fishing and boost the fishery. In the 1980s, the Nile perch population saw a large increase which coincided with a great increase in the value of the fishery. This surge in Nile perch numbers restructured the lake's ecology. The endemic cichlid population, known to have around 500 species, was cut almost in half. By the 1990s, only three species of sport fish were left to support

779-516: The contrary, born in salt water, but live most of or parts of their adult lives in fresh water; for instance the eels . These are known as catadromous fish . Species migrating between marine and fresh waters need adaptations for both environments; when in salt water they need to keep the bodily salt concentration on a level lower than the surroundings, and vice versa. Many species solve this problem by associating different habitats with different stages of life. Both eels, anadromous salmoniform fish and

820-474: The degradation of the Yangtze, alongside that of the wild Yangtze sturgeon . Intentional anthropogenic reconstruction and rerouting of waterways impacts stream flow, water temperature, and more, impacting normal habitat functionality. Dams not only interrupt linear water flow and cause major geological channel shifts, but also limit the amount of water available to fishes in lakes, streams and rivers and have

861-523: The electrolytes in the body fluids inside. Their scales reduce water diffusion through the skin : freshwater fish that have suffered too much scale loss will die. They also have well developed kidneys to reclaim salts from body fluids before excretion . Many species of fish do reproduce in freshwater, but spend most of their adult lives in the sea. These are known as anadromous fish, and include, for instance, salmon , trout , sea lamprey and three-spined stickleback . Some other kinds of fish are, on

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902-580: The exotic species is suddenly introduced to a community, it does not have any established predators or prey. The exotic species then have a survival advantage over endemic organisms. One such example is the destruction of the endemic cichlid population in Lake Victoria via the introduction of the predatory Nile perch ( Lates niloticus ). Although the exact time is unknown, in the 1950s the Ugandan Game and Fisheries Department covertly introduced

943-499: The extinction of the yellowfin cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi ) found only in the Twin Lakes of Colorado, USA. The yellowfin cutthroat trout was discovered in 1889 and was recognized as a subspecies of the cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii ). The rainbow trout was introduced to Colorado in the 1880s. By 1903, the yellowfin cutthroat trout stopped being reported. It is now presumed extinct. The rainbow trout

984-420: The family Centrarchidae . In 2021, a group of conservation organizations estimated that one-third of the world's freshwater fish species were at risk of extinction. A global assessment of freshwater fishes estimates an average decline of 83% in populations between 1970 and 2014. The protection of 30% of Earth's surfaces by 2030 may encompass freshwater habitat and help protect these threatened species. There

1025-421: The grass pickerel, sit comfortably in a position of least concern as determined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Despite this rating, the redfin pickerel is still threatened by rampant environmental degradation . Threats from habitat loss are ever present with the continued drainage of wetlands and the building of dams drying up extraneous streams, but scientist have also noticed

1066-460: The habitat functionality for many fish species and can reduce species richness, evenness, and diversity. Agriculture, mining, and basic infrastructural building can degrade freshwater habitats. Fertilizer runoffs can create excess nitrogen and phosphorus which feed massive algae blooms that block sunlight, limit water oxygenation, and make the habitat functionally unsustainable for aquatic species. Chemicals from mining and factories make their way into

1107-478: The lateral sides of these fish. This coloration is vital for hunting, as it allows the pickerel to camouflage within the vegetation as it waits for prey to approach. The mouth of the fish is located at the terminal position anterior of the snout and is lined with a series of long, conical teeth that can be used to capture fast moving prey. Unlike its larger northern relatives, the redfin pickerel grows to around twelve inches in length. Spawning typically occurs in

1148-612: The long warmwater species, around 60 to 80 °F (16–27 °C). They are found throughout North America except for the southern portions of the United States. Common coolwater species include muskellunge , northern pike , walleye , and yellow perch . Warmwater fish species can survive in a wide range of conditions, preferring a water temperature around 80 °F (27 °C). Warmwater fish can survive cold winter temperatures in northern climates, but thrive in warmer water. Common warmwater fish include catfish , largemouth bass , bluegill , crappies , and many other species from

1189-460: The mating of two genetically different species ( interspecific hybridization ). It is dangerous for native species to hybridize because hybrid phenotypes may have better fitness and outcompete the two parent species and/or other fishes in the ecosystem. This could irreversibly compromise the genetic identity of one or both of the parent species and even drive them to extinction if their range is limited. The rainbow trout discussed above hybridized with

1230-595: The native greenback cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii stomias ), causing their local extinction in the Twin Lakes area of Colorado as their hybrid " cutbows " became more prevalent. The rainbow trout has been reported to hybridize with at least two other salmonid species. Additionally, the cichlids in Lake Victoria evolved over 700 unique species in only 150,000 years and are theorized to have done so via ancient hybridization events which led to speciation. Least concern fishes As of September 2016,

1271-498: The number of fish species in the ecological community. Additionally, dams can cause the isolation of fish populations, and the lack of connectivity creates possible problems for inbreeding and low genetic diversity. The loss of connectivity impacts the structure of community assemblies and increases the fragmentation of habitats, which can compound existing problems for vulnerable species. Temperature alterations are another unintended consequence of dam and land use projects. Temperature

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1312-422: The once multispecies fishery, two of which were invasive. More recent research has suggested that remaining cichlids are recovering due to the recent surge in Nile perch commercial fishing, and the cichlids that are left have the greatest phenotypic plasticity and are able to react to environmental changes quickly. The introduction of the rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the late 19th century resulted in

1353-431: The order Cypriniformes assessed as least concern. Species Subspecies Includes sticklebacks and relatives. Osmeriformes includes freshwater smelts and allies. There are 90 species in the order Osmeriformes assessed as least concern. Trout-perch and its allies There are 707 catfish species assessed as least concern. Includes milkfish, beaked salmon and allies. There are 3878 species and 18 subspecies in

1394-466: The order Perciformes assessed as least concern. There are 74 species and seven subspecies in the order Beloniformes assessed as least concern. Species Subspecies Species Subspecies There are 52 species in the order Synbranchiformes assessed as least concern. There are 127 species in the order Osteoglossiformes assessed as least concern. There are 354 species in the order Characiformes assessed as least concern. Syngnathiformes includes

1435-573: The order Squaliformes assessed as least concern. Species Subpopulations Species There are 23 Chimaera species assessed as least concern. There are 8759 species, 34 subspecies, and one subpopulation of ray-finned fish assessed as least concern. Species Subpopulations There are 47 silverside species assessed as least concern. There are 206 species and two subspecies of toothcarp assessed as least concern. Species Subspecies Cypriniformes includes carps, minnows, loaches and relatives. There are 1231 species and three subspecies in

1476-480: The pipefishes and seahorses. There are 102 species and one subspecies in the order Syngnathiformes assessed as least concern. Species Subspecies There are 143 species and one subspecies in the order Clupeiformes assessed as least concern. Species Subspecies There are 175 species in the order Scorpaeniformes assessed as least concern. There are 123 species in the order Ophidiiformes assessed as least concern. There are 208 species and two subspecies in

1517-472: The potential to change the trophic structure because of these alterations of the habitat and the limitations to movement and connectivity. Unnatural water flow below dams causes immense habitat degradation, reducing viable options for aquatic organisms. Upstream migration is hindered by the dam structure and can cause population declines as fishes don't have access to normal feeding and/or spawning grounds. Dams tend to affect upstream species richness, that is,

1558-653: The soil and go into streams via runoff. More runoff makes its way into streams since paved roads, cement, and other basic infrastructure do not absorb materials, and all the harmful pollutants go directly into rivers and streams. Fish are very sensitive to changes in water pH, salinity, hardness, and temperature which can all be affected by runoff pollutants and indirect changes from land use. Freshwater fish face extinction due to habitat loss, overfishing, and " forever chemicals ." Conservation efforts, sustainable practices, and awareness are crucial in maintaining fish populations and species diversity. An exotic (or non-native) species

1599-459: The spring, spanning from late February to early May, with fish in warmer waters breeding earlier in the year than those that live in colder waters. In order to breed, these solitary fish will leave the rivers and lakes they live in to meet others of their kind in small streams that range from 4 °C (39 °F) to 18.3 °C (64.9 °F). The redfin pickerel engages in a polyandrous style of mating, in which one female scatters her eggs among

1640-523: The vegetation while multiple males will release their milt in the water surrounding it. The parents abandon the area soon after, leaving their young to fend for themselves. After hatching within a range of roughly 12 to 14 days, the larval pickerel will school together for protection. Upon reaching sexual maturity after two years, the fish will adopt a solitary lifestyle. They can be expected to live for five years, though some specimens have been documented to survive for eight years. The redfin pickerel

1681-604: The world, and its status urgently needs reevaluation in parts of its endemic range. About 2 ⁄ 3 of the total freshwater fisheries in China are in the Yangtze Basin. Many Yangtze fish species have declined drastically and 65 were recognized as threatened in the 2009 Chinese red list . The Chinese paddlefish , once common to the Yangtze River, is one of a number of extinctions to have taken place due to

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