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40-609: It is located next to the Islamic Consultative Assembly building and the Sepahsalar Mosque . Refah school was established in 1968 by Bazaaris with cooperation of the clergy and influencers such as Mohammad Beheshti , Mohammad-Javad Bahonar , Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani . According to Rafsanjani, The idea of the school originated from a conversation he had with a group of influential Bazaaris whom he had close ties to, with

80-543: A master's degree or equal Level 3 Islamic seminary, and be Iranian born. Currently, there are 290 members of Parliament, elected for a four-year term. There are five seats reserved for religious minorities (1.7% of the total members), with two for the Armenians and one each for the Assyrians , Jews and Zoroastrians . About 8% of the parliament are women, while the global average is 13%. The parliament can force

120-660: Is the national legislative body of Iran . The parliament currently consists of 290 representatives, an increase from the previous 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election . Following the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Senate of Iran was abolished and effectively succeeded by the Guardian Council , maintaining the bicameral structure of the Iranian legislature. In the 1989 constitutional revision,

160-506: The Baháʼí Faith , despite denials by the religion of him being a Bahá’í. He received secondary education in Tehran. In 1929, he was enrolled in an army officer school. Nassiri was a classmate of then-Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which in turn played an important role in his career. Nassiri began his career in the rank of lieutenant of the 2nd class (rank), quickly moving forward in

200-666: The Guardian Council . Within a maximum of ten days from its receipt, the Guardian Council must review the legislation to ensure its compatibility with Islamic criteria and the Constitution. If any incompatibility is identified, the legislation is returned to the Assembly for further review. Otherwise, the legislation is deemed enforceable. People need to sign up online and upload their university degree document. Candidates need to be 30 at least and 75 years maximum, have

240-681: The National Consultative Assembly was renamed the Islamic Consultative Assembly . Since the Iranian Revolution , the Parliament of Iran has been led by six chairmen. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani served as the inaugural chairman from 1980 to 1989. Subsequently, Mehdi Karroubi held the position in two separate terms (1989–1992 and 2000–2004), followed by Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri (1992–2000), Gholam-Ali Haddad-Adel (2004–2008), Ali Larijani (2008–2020), and, since 2020, Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf . Throughout its history,

280-443: The Assembly was constructed at Baharestan Square in central Tehran, near the old Iranian Parliament building that had been used from 1906 to 1979. After several debates, the move was finally approved in 2004. The first session of the Parliament in the new building was held on 16 November 2004. The old building is depicted on the reverse of the Iranian 100 rial banknote. [REDACTED]   This article incorporates text from

320-801: The Constitution of Iran, which is in the public domain . 1 (1906) 2 (1909) 3 (1914) 4 (1921) 5 (1923) 6 (1926) 7 (1928) 8 (1930) 9 (1933) 10 (1935) 11 (1937) 12 (1939) 13 (1941) 14 (1944) 15 (1947) 16 (1950) 17 (1952) 18 (1954) 19 (1956) 20 (1961) 21 (1963) 22 (1967) 23 (1971) 24 (1975) 1 (1980) 2 (1984) 3 (1988) 4 (1992) 5 (1996) 6 (2000) 7 (2004) 8 (2008) 9 (2012) 10 (2016) 11 (2020) 12 (2024) 35°41′30.28″N 51°26′04″E  /  35.6917444°N 51.43444°E  / 35.6917444; 51.43444 Nematollah Nassiri Nematollah Nassiri ( Persian : نعمت‌الله نصیری ; 4 August 1910 – 15 February 1979)

360-515: The Iranian Parliament and the mausoleum of religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini in Tehran. The attack on the mausoleum reportedly left 17 persons dead and more than 30 people injured. The parliament was attacked by four gunmen which left seven to eight people injured. Both attacks took place around the same time and appear to have been coordinated. The Islamic Consultative Assembly holds the authority to legislate laws on all matters within

400-537: The Parliament's character has evolved from being a "debating chamber for notables" to a "club for the shah's placemen " during the Pahlavi era. In the era of the Islamic Republic, it has shifted to being a body primarily influenced by members of the "propertied middle class." On 7 June 2017, there were shootings at the Iranian parliament and at the shrine of Ayatollah Khomeini . Gunmen opened fire at

440-467: The Shah , Nassiri participated in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état which removed Prime Minister Mosaddegh from power in 1953. Nassiri was appointed head of SAVAK following the failure of General Hassan Pakravan , the previous director, to prevent the assassination of Prime Minister Hassan-Ali Mansur on 21 January 1965. Nassiri was also made deputy prime minister. He served in the post until 6 June 1978 when he

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480-622: The USSR through the channels of special services, in particular in the acquisition of “counter-intelligence equipment” in the Soviet Union. One of Nassiri’s main achievements as head of SAVAK was the elimination of the Shah’s opponent, General Teymur Bakhtiar , the first director of SAVAK. The development of a special operation plan to eliminate Bakhtiar and its brilliant execution by the SAVAK agents

520-401: The army ”. Nasiri was removed from the office of Ambassador to Pakistan on 7 October 1978, where he had been transferred after being removed as Director of SAVAK. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi gave General Nassiri tough instructions - to restore the effectiveness of the SAVAK secret police and to properly serve the monarch. General Nematollah Nassiri ideally coped with the task set before him by

560-514: The assembly must be approved by the Guardian Council . Candidates must pledge in writing that they are committed, in theory and in practice, to the Iranian constitution . The parliament currently has 207 constituencies, including the five reserved seats for religious minorities. The remaining 202 constituencies are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran's 368 counties . Members of Parliament elect their speaker and deputy speakers during

600-601: The boundaries defined by the Constitution. Nevertheless, it is restricted from enacting laws that contradict the fundamental principles of the official religion of the nation (Islam) or the Constitution itself. Government bills are submitted to the Islamic Consultative Assembly only after obtaining the approval of the Council of Ministers. The Islamic Consultative Assembly possesses the prerogative to investigate and scrutinize all matters concerning

640-411: The country. International treaties, protocols, contracts, and agreements necessitate approval from the Islamic Consultative Assembly. Sanctioning and obtaining national or international loans or grants by the government requires ratification from the Islamic Consultative Assembly. The President must secure a vote of confidence from the Assembly, through a Council of Ministers approval, upon forming

680-473: The dismissal of cabinet ministers through no-confidence votes and can impeach the president for misconduct in office. Although the executive proposes most new laws, individual deputies of the parliament also may introduce legislation. Deputies also may propose amendments to bills being debated. The parliament also drafts legislation, ratifies international treaties, and approves the national budget. All candidates running for election, and proposed legislation from

720-477: The fall of Shapour Bakhtiar 's government on 11 February. On 15 February, Nassiri was arrested by revolutionaries and brought to the Refah School with other officials. He was tried in a Revolutionary Tribunal along with 24 other individuals for a total of 10 hours and was charged – without any defence or concrete evidence of guilt – with corruption on earth , massacre of people, torture , and treason . He

760-455: The first session of Parliament for a one-year term. Every year, almost always in May, elections for new speakers are held in which incumbents may be re-elected. The current Speaker of Parliament is Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf , with First Deputy Speaker Hamid-Reza Haji Babaee and Second Deputy Speaker Ali Nikzad . The last election of Parliament of Iran were held on 1 March 2024 and a second round

800-418: The goal of fulfilling the need of a girl-exclusive school with conservative viewpoints in a bazaari-majority district. He then added, "The deceased Akhavan Farshchi purchased for this school 3000 square metres of land and, through weekly meetings, which were based around jihadist topics, with the help of fundamental companions we succeeded in founding this place." On February 1, 1979, with the help of Bazaaris,

840-505: The government and prior to conducting any other business. In the event that at least one-fourth of the total members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly raise a question to the President, or if any Assembly member poses a question to a minister regarding their duties, the President or the minister is obligated to attend the Assembly and address the query. All legislation endorsed by the Islamic Consultative Assembly must be submitted to

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880-571: The institute to an elementary school and college for girls. 35°41′27.18″N 51°26′27.21″E  /  35.6908833°N 51.4408917°E  / 35.6908833; 51.4408917 Majlis of Iran The Islamic Consultative Assembly ( Persian : مجلس شورای اسلامی , romanized :  Majles-e Shoray-e Eslami ), also called the Iranian Parliament , the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis ) or ICA ,

920-568: The number of executions on the rooftop of the Refah school had reached dozens. The school had become infamous for its scenes of the executions being photographed and published in newspapers such as Kayhan and Ettela'at . After Khomeini's residence was moved in Jamaran , Refah school was transformed into a Cultural and educational Institute with the aims of Islamic and cultural education. According to Rafsanjani, there had been plans of extending

960-655: The people's visit to the Ayatollah for the fact that it could not hold the large groups of people who had come to meet Khomeini. Therefore, the Alavi school , which was close to the Refah school and was also built by the Bazaaris, was used for that intention exclusively. On February 9, the school's underground was transformed into a weapons storage room when a weapons factory near the Doshan Tappeh Air Base

1000-406: The period of 1950-1960s, in many countries of the region, as a result of a coup d'état, the military came to power who overthrew the "pro-Western" secular regimes and established a military dictatorship. That is why the shah needed a new leader of the political police who had left the military environment and was well aware of what measures should be taken to protect the throne from usurping power from

1040-536: The ranks of the service in the ground forces. In 1949, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel Nassiri became governor of the province of Kerman . Nassiri served as the commander of the Iranian Imperial Guards during the Pahlavi dynasty . He was arrested by the followers of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh when he delivered two decrees of the Shah to the prime minister. A personal friend of

1080-485: The rooftop of the school which resulted in windows being shattered on many nearby buildings. Building owners and occupiers who voiced complaints over the damage were executed without trial. The first officials who were sentenced to firing squad were Nematollah Nassiri , head of SAVAK , Mehdi Rahimi , Tehran's chief of police, and Army Major Generals Manouchehr Khosrodad and Reza Naji (Iranian general) . They were executed at midnight of February 15, 1979. By spring 1979,

1120-480: The school and were tried by the Islamic Revolutionary Court in the matter of hours each and were all executed for various charges such as " spreading corruption on earth " and treason . The courts were led by Sadegh Khalkhali and ultimately Khomeini gave the last word for all actions to be taken. After the trials, the defendants who were sentenced to death were executed by firing squads on

1160-515: The school was turned into a headquarters for the leader of the revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini , and the revolutionary operations. Due to the influence of Khomeini's followers, the school was chosen as a safe and temporary residence for Khomeini and the base of the revolutionary operations. It was designed so that: The school was used by the Council through meetings planning the Interim Government and several discussions at night time. It

1200-463: The school's underground, where it was transformed into a temporary prison. The proximity of the jailed regime officers and Ayatollah Khomeini prompted his companions to move his residence to the Alavi school to secure his full safety. For various reasons such as fear of coup d'état by the military and the calls for the Pahlavi regime officials to be tried and be executed by Khomeini and his followers, dozens of high-ranking officials were rounded up in

1240-431: The shah: in the shortest possible time, a rather complex and comprehensive system of total investigation and denunciation was created, which controlled all aspects of the political and public life of Iran. The main focus of the activities of the Shah special services was aimed at combating the "red danger" of communism and socialism. At the same time, in 1968, Nematollah Nassiri showed interest in establishing contacts with

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1280-508: The truth, probably the following. The Shah was concerned about the growing authority of the left-wing forces in the country, represented by the extremist and terrorist organizations “Mujahedin-e Khalq” and “Fadaiyan-e-Khalq”. Pahlavi, also not without reason, was afraid of the growing authority of the military, especially the generals and senior officers, who became “heroes” after the August revolution of 1953. It should be taken into account that in

1320-529: The “Department III” SAVAK. With the constant development of the Iranian Revolution, the Shah ordered the dissolution of SAVAK and Nassiri was called back from Pakistan. He was arrested together with 60 other former officials on 8 November 1978, including high-ranking officials, such as former director of SAVAK Hassan Pakravan and former Prime Minister Amir-Abbas Hoveyda . When the Shah left Iran on 16 January 1979, Nassiri remained in prison until

1360-531: Was an Iranian military officer who served as the director of SAVAK , the Iranian intelligence agency during the rule of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi , and later the Ambassador of Iran to Pakistan . He was one of the 438 individuals who were arrested and executed in 1979 following the Iranian Revolution . Nematollah Nassiri was born on 4 August 1910 in Sangussar, near Semnan . He was a rumored adherent of

1400-532: Was dismissed by the Shah. Then Nassiri was appointed ambassador of Iran to Pakistan. The proximity to the Shah and his entourage allowed Nassiri to quickly become one of the richest people in Iran. By the early 1970s Nassiri was already the richest landowner on the entire coast of the Caspian Sea. At the end of January 1965, the Shah appointed him to the post of director of SAVAK, after General Hassan Pakravan

1440-436: Was held on 10 May 2024 in those 22 districts where no candidate received 20% or more of the votes cast. More than 48,000 candidates registered, but leaving about 15,000 candidates to run for the 290 seats representing the 31 provinces. The final results showed that principlists won 233 of 290 seats in the assembly. After 1979, the Parliament convened at the building that used to house the Senate of Iran . A new building for

1480-481: Was personally supervised by General Nassiri, directly agreeing with the Shah regarding all the details of this operation. On August 12, 1970, Teymur Bakhtiar was assassinated in Iraq by SAVAK agents sent there. On 6 June 1978, General Nematollah Nassiri was relieved of his post as head of the SAVAK and appointed ambassador to Pakistan. His place was taken by Lieutenant General Nasser Mogadam, who for many years headed

1520-472: Was removed from this post due to the fact that under his leadership, SAVAK was unable to prevent the assassination of Prime Minister Hassan Ali Mansur. In his book " SAVAK – the secret police of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (1957–1979) " a researcher of the activities of the Shah's secret police, Vasily Papava, described the appointment of Nassiri to the post of head of the secret service as follows: “ There are several explanations for this appointment. Closest to

1560-443: Was seized by armed rebellions . With the help of Mohammad-Ali Rajai and Hussein-Ali Montazeri , the weapons were distributed between revolutionaries, who were later able to emerge victorious in a battle against the Shah's Imperial Guard . As the control of Tehran was being lost to the revolutionaries , many Pahlavi regime officials were arrested by Islamist-Marxist guerrillas, where high-ranking officials were transported to

1600-580: Was similar to Khomeini's campaign in Neauphle-le-Château . Although the school was now more in the control of the clergy than Khomeini's non-clergy assistants, such as Sadegh Ghotbzadeh and Ebrahim Yazdi . It was at this school and time were Khomeini and his long-distant followers become close admirers. It also showcased Khomeini's tendency to give the Clergy a superior role in the future political system. The school however could not be used for

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