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67-783: The Carolinian people (endonym: Refaluwasch ) are a Micronesian ethnic group who originated in Oceania, in the Caroline Islands , with a total population of over 8,500 people in the Northern Mariana Islands . They are also known as Remathau in the Yap's outer islands. Refaluwasch means "People of the Deep Sea." It is thought that their ancestors may have originally immigrated from Asia and Melanesia to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language

134-462: A cultural region, as they have much more in common with each other in cultural practices and social organization than with other neighboring societies in the Philippines, Indonesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia. The Micronesian cultures evolved from a common foundation and share a common dominator in the relationship and dependence they have with their ancestral lands. The ancestral land influenced

201-576: A history stretching back over 3000 years. The Carolinian people had contact with the Chamorro people for years. They had a long history of traveling from the Caroline Islands to what is now Guam . "Pre-contact" Carolinian-designed pestles, hooks for fishing, and rings made out of shells found on the ground and beneath it show contact between the two groups. They built canoes that would have a small roof. The roof only went over less than half of

268-782: A large sub-family called the Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages containing 11 languages. The Yapese language is a separate branch of the Oceanic languages, outside of the Micronesian branch. Two Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken that do not belong to the Oceanic languages : Chamorro in the Mariana Islands and Palauan in Palau . Micronesian navigation techniques are those navigation skills used for thousands of years by

335-544: A least one occasion the Carolinians and Chamorros helping people who escaped a shipwreck. This was the shipwreck of a German ship called T. H. Dennis. He gave gold crosses and awards. During the 1890s there was a court case concerning a Carolinian man named Ygajaran. He disappeared sometime in 1893 or before that. He was a defendant. This case not only involved court(s) in Marianas but also the Philippines. Spain sold

402-505: A ship called banca to travel. In 1865 265 Carolinians were transferred from the Carolines by Englishman George Johnston. He moved them to Pagan. In 1868 a powerful typhoon hit Arabwal causing massive damage. However, due to the high island resources the community and village were able to recover from it. In 1876 the Carolinians and Chamorros (700) and 300 Europeans had an issue with droughts which prevented them from growing food. This

469-528: Is Carolinian , called Refaluwasch by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Refaluwasch have a matriarchal society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the matriarchs . Most Refaluwasch are of the Roman Catholic faith. The immigration of Refaluwasch to Saipan began in the early 19th century, after the Spanish reduced

536-406: Is Carolinian , called Refaluwasch by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Refaluwasch have a matriarchal society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the matriarchs . Most Refaluwasch are of the Roman Catholic faith. The immigration of Refaluwasch to Saipan began in the early 19th century, after the Spanish reduced

603-629: Is a Carolinian name. This name was used by a man named Clemente Saralu Taisacan who was a Carolinian fisherman of Rota. This was the maiden name of his Carolinian mother. In the 1950s and going back to Spanish era in certain cases used Spanish names. During this time and before it the people had three names. This may still be the case today in the 2020s. They had a Spanish Christian name for the individual. The parents decide what name to give them. The second name will be Carolinian. The parents or another relative that's older will decide this name. The third name will be surname also Carolinian. Children are given

670-507: Is also known as Hatohobei or Tobi. It is closely related to Sonsorolese . The Tobians share a cultural heritage that shows close ties with peoples of the central Caroline Islands , more than 1000 km to the northeast and on the other side of Palau. The Yapese people are a Micronesian ethnic group that number around 15,000. They are native to the main island of Yap and speak the Yapese language . Fifteen distinct languages are spoken by

737-672: Is an estimated 6,000 people of Banaban descent in Fiji and other countries. The Banabans spoke the Banaban language , which has gone extinct due to a shift to the Gilbertese language, introduced by Christian missionaries that translated the Bible into Gilbertese and encouraged the Banabans to read it. Today, only a few words remain of the original Banaban language. Today, the Banabans speak

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804-498: Is the center of their farming practices, although breadfruit has a symbolic importance. The Pohnpeians or Ponapeans are the indigenous people of Pohnpei . They number around 28,000. They speak the Pohnpeian language . Pohnpeian historic society was highly structured into five tribes, various clans and sub-clans; each tribe headed by two principal chiefs. The tribes were organized on a feudal basis. In theory, "all land belonged to

871-615: The Federated States of Micronesia . The Sonsorolese are linguistically related to the Tobians. Most Sonsorolese live in the village of Echang near Koror , where they moved for economic reasons. The Sonsorolese are both linguistically and culturally most closely related to Carolinians. Ethnographic information about them was left by Jose Somera , a member of the Don Francisco Padilla expedition who discovered

938-668: The Gilbert Islands , Marshall Islands , eastern and central Caroline Islands , Sonsorol , Pulo Anna , Merir and Tobi . The migrants from the east belonged to the Lapita culture and settled eastern Micronesia over the course of several hundreds of years from perhaps the Santa Cruz Islands , around 500-100 BC. In the following centuries, the Oceanic language variant brought by the Lapita migrants diverged and became

1005-613: The Micronesian branch of the Oceanic languages. John Lynch tentatively proposes a relationship between the Micronesian languages and the Loyalty Islands languages of Melanesia, but with the caveat "that this is something that could well be further investigated, even if only to confirm that Micronesian languages did not originate in the Loyalties." Yap was settled separately approximately 2000 years ago, as its language

1072-521: The alap managed the clan and the rijerbal (worker) were commoners that worked the land. The three social classes treated each other well and with mutual respect. The Nauruans are an ethnicity inhabiting the Pacific island of Nauru . They are most likely a blend of other Pacific peoples . The origin of the Nauruan people has not yet been finally determined. It can possibly be explained by

1139-562: The crab claw sail ), which enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the Indo-Pacific . From 2000 BCE the Austronesians assimilated (or were assimilated by) the earlier populations on the islands in their migration pathway. This intermingling occurred in the northern coast of New Guinea and adjacent islands, which was the location where the Oceanic language family developed around four thousand years or so ago, after

1206-523: The Asian coast, Columbus sent de Torres and the sailor Rodrigo de Jerez on an expedition inland on November 2, 1492. Their task was to explore the country, contact its ruler, and gather information about the Asian emperor described by Marco Polo as the " Great Khan ". The two men were received with great honors in a village, and returned four days later. They reported on the native custom of drying leaves, inserting them in cane pipes, burning them, and inhaling

1273-528: The Austronesian languages of this area grew distinct and became a separate branch of the Austronesian family. Migrants entered Micronesia from the east and the west. Migrants from the west came from the Philippines and Indonesia , and settled the Marianas around 3500 years ago, after which Palau was settled around 3000 years ago. Migrants from the east came from eastern Melanesia and settled

1340-611: The Banaban dialect of Gilbertese, which includes words from the old Banaban language. The Refaluwasch people are a Micronesian ethnic group who originated in Oceania, in the Caroline Islands , with a total population of over 8,500 people in northern Mariana . They are also known as Remathau in the Yap's outer islands. The Carolinian word means "People of the Deep Sea." It is thought that their ancestors may have originally immigrated from Asia , Indonesia , Melanesia and to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language

1407-581: The Carolinian partner or children. This was the same for Chamorro people. Carolinians were peaceful towards the Germans. The population measurement in 1901 for these individuals are 772. The last population count the Germans did in 1914 recorded 1,109 of them. Carolinians didn't own land during this time unlike the Chamorros living here. In Guam the people were made to adopt Western ways because of

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1474-546: The Carolinian people. During this time the people built a boat called Waa (canoe). This is a boat built for the sea. They were for transporting cargo and passengers over long distances. Reports of Spanish-Chamorro wars via Chamorro refugees discouraged Carolinians from traveling to the Mariana Islands. These wars were going on during the 1600s. They didn't travel there until Carolinian navigator Luito came to Guam in 1778. Carolinian sailors became very knowledgeable of

1541-461: The Japanese called kanakas . These villages were controlled by sosoncho and soncho . A sosoncho is a general village chieftain. A soncho is a village chieftain. These chieftains didn't always have position under the traditional tribal patterns. While the Japanese controlled these islands they used these people as laborers for mining and handling phosphate ore. One of the mines

1608-517: The Mariana Islands. Later in the 19th century they attended to Carolinian migrants who came to these islands. The two islands were destroyed by typhoon. Refaluwasch were starving during this time. Chief Nguschul (pronounced NGU-SHOO-L ) of Elato along with Chief Aghurubw (Pronounced A-GA-RU-B ) of Satawal led the people to the NMI. The people traveled in 120 canoes. The boats were filled with an estimated 900 people. They landed at Micro Beach. They set up

1675-556: The Mariana Islands. The study also supports the Admiralty Islands as the source of the Central Micronesian peoples and languages. The Micronesian peoples can be divided into two cultural groups, the high-islanders and the low-islanders . The Palauans, Chamorros, Yapese, Chuukese, Pohnpeians, Kosraeans, Nauruans and Banabans belong to the high-islander group. The inhabitants of the low islands ( atolls ) are

1742-463: The Marianas islands and learned that the northern islands were mostly empty of people. In Guam, Carolinians came to Talofofo Bay in 1788. They were on a voyage. The reason why they stopped there was because they wanted iron. This kind of trade had not occurred in over a hundred years in Guam since the military conflicts between Spanish and Chamorros. Guam became popular with Carolinians not only because of

1809-837: The Marshallese and the Kiribati, whose culture is distinct from the high-islanders. Low-islanders had better navigation and canoe technology, as a means of survival. High-islanders had access to reliable and abundant resources and did not need to travel much outside of their islands. High islands also possessed larger populations. Archeological evidence has revealed that some of the Bonin Islands were prehistorically inhabited by members of an unknown Micronesian ethnicity. Raobeia Ken Sigrah claims that Banabans, native to Banaba , are ethnically distinct from other I-Kiribati. The Banabans were assimilated through forced migrations and

1876-623: The Micronesians. The largest group of languages spoken by the Micronesians are the Micronesian languages . They belong to the family of Oceanic languages , part of the Austronesian language group. They descended from the Proto-Oceanic language, which in turn descended via Proto-Malayo-Polynesian from Proto-Austronesian . The languages in the Micronesian family are Marshallese , Gilbertese , Kosraean , Nauruan , as well as

1943-403: The Micronesians. There is no single belief system in the islands of Micronesia, as each island region has its own mythological beings . Traditional beliefs declined and changed with the arrival of Europeans, which occurred increasingly after the 1520s. In addition, the contact with European cultures led to changes in local myths and legends. Luis de Torres Luis de Torres (died 1493)

2010-687: The Northern Mariana Islands to Germany in 1899, after losing Guam to the United States in 1898. This area became known as the German Northern Marianas. This was the shortest period a country controlled this area. They didn't change the culture of the Carolinians a lot but did bring in new ways of schooling, bureaucracy, architecture, and administration. The legal system was transparent towards both Carolinians and Chamorros. Georg Fritz on 17 November 1899 became

2077-517: The Philippines such as the Kankanaey and the Amis and Atayal of Taiwan . The first wave of First Remote Oceanian lineage settled the Mariana Islands around 2800 BCE. A second separate wave settled Palau around 2400 BCE. A third separate wave settled Central Micronesia around 2100 BCE. The peoples of Central Micronesia and Palau have a degree of Papuan ancestry, but this is absent from the peoples of

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2144-422: The U.S. Naval Administration. One example of this was banning nudity. In Guam the first American governor was Richard P. Leary (1899–1900). He issued an order where Carolinian women in Guam weren't allowed to be naked when ever he visited. This was done away with by Governor William E. Sewell (1903–1904). The men were not allowed to be naked either. Many went to Saipan to avoid doing this. The constant nudity of

2211-973: The U.S. military. They served in the U.S. Marines. On Saipan some Refaluwasch families were under an American military government. Some of them were in Camp Susupe . They were in a Chamorro-Carolinian area of the Camp. Micronesian people Ethno-linguistic groups classified as Micronesian include the Carolinians ( Northern Mariana Islands ), Chamorros ( Guam & Northern Mariana Islands ), Chuukese , Mortlockese , Namonuito , Paafang , Puluwat and Pollapese ( Chuuk ), I-Kiribati ( Kiribati ), Kosraeans ( Kosrae ), Marshallese ( Marshall Islands ), Nauruans ( Nauru ), Palauan , Sonsorolese , and Hatohobei ( Palau ), Pohnpeians , Pingelapese , Ngatikese , Mwokilese ( Pohnpei ), and Yapese , Ulithian , Woleian , Satawalese ( Yap ). Based on

2278-699: The United States Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in Micronesia. The Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from Southeast Asia at around 2000 BC . They are most closely related to other Austronesian natives to the west in the Philippines and Taiwan , as well as the Carolines to the south. The Chamorro language is included in the Malayo-Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian family. Because Guam

2345-420: The canoe. The sides could be different colors. The boat could fit over 9 adults in it. Centuries ago they used sea-lanes based on memorized information from the prior generation. Before colonial times a system called sawei was practiced. The word sawei means Yapese chief, conqueror, tyrant. This involved the Carolinians gathering once every two or three years in Yap. This system may have existed before

2412-432: The chiefs, who received regular tribute and whose rule was absolute." Punishments administered by chiefs included death and banishment. Tribal wars included looting, destruction of houses and canoes and killing of prisoners. The Sonsorolese are Micronesian people, that inhabit the islands of Pulo Anna , Merir and Sonsorol in the island nation of Palau . A small proportion live in both the Northern Mariana Islands and

2479-496: The community. Authority was based on age, and Micronesians were taught to respect and hold their elders in high regard, which they would express by being silent in the presence of their elders. The elders would mediate and resolve conflicts. Most Micronesian peoples lacked musical instruments, and thus produced music only by song and chants. Important men would have songs composed about their abilities or deeds, by wives or partners. These songs could live on even after death and give

2546-527: The current scientific consensus, the Micronesians are considered, by linguistic, archaeological, and human genetic evidence, to be a subset of the sea-migrating Austronesian people , who include the Polynesians and the Melanesians . Austronesians were the first people to invent oceangoing sailing technologies (notably double-hulled sailing canoes , outrigger boats , lashed-lug boat building , and

2613-520: The first Carolinian settlement on what is now CNMI in 1815. After coming to Saipan they built a village called Arabwal. They tried to live like they did on the islands they left. They also kept up yearly links with their home islands. Right now this area is in American Memorial Park. This was not the only village built. The other one Ppiyal Oolang. This area is where Nguschul and his group settled. The villages' sites were chosen because of

2680-446: The first district officer of this area. He set up programs which brought the Carolinians and Chamorro people living on the islands together. In 1902 on the volcanic island Anatahan evidence of Carolinian huts were found by him. These were used Carolinian workers who until recently harvested copra. Marriages between German settlers or colonial officers and Carolinians at Saipan occurred. The marriage did not allow for citizenship for either

2747-463: The heavy impact of the discovery of phosphate in 1900 . After 1945, the British authorities relocated most of the population to Rabi Island , Fiji , with subsequent waves of emigration in 1977, and from 1981 to 1983. Some Banabans subsequently returned, following the end of mining in 1979; approximately 300 were living on the island in 2001. The population of Banaba in the 2010 census was 295. There

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2814-525: The indigenous people of Kosrae . They speak the Kosraean language . They number around 8,400 as of 2013. The Marshallese people ( Marshallese : kajoor ri-Ṃajeḷ , laḷ ri-Ṃajeḷ ) are the indigenous inhabitants of the Marshall Islands . They numbered 70,000 as of 2013. Marshallese society was organized into three social classes; the iroji was the chief or landowner that headed several clans,

2881-593: The iron but also because of copper and other resources. In the 19th century the Refaluwasch moved from Elato and Satawal islands in the East and West part of the Carolinian islands to what is now Northern Mariana Islands. Before this event a religious order already in place in the Mariana Islands. During the 18th century a Catholic order called the Augustinian Recollects was given missionary work in

2948-423: The island to either help or harm the living. A natural death would produce a benevolent ghost while an unnatural death would produce a malovent ghost. Other spirits were associated with places, natural objects, special crafts and activities. Various professions would make chants and offerings to their patron spirits, which they believed would control the outcome of their efforts. Micronesians believed that all sickness

3015-611: The islands in 1710. According to him, their clothing consisted of an apron, cloak and conical hat, and was similar to that described by Paul Klein in 1696 among the Carolinians. Tobian is a Micronesian language spoken in the Hatohobei (Tobi) and Koror states in Palau by about 150 people. In particular it is spoken on the island of Tobi (Torovei) in Hatohobei State, and also on Koro Island in Koror State. Tobian

3082-706: The last Malayo-Pacific human migration ( c.  1200 ). It was probably seafaring or shipwrecked Polynesians or Melanesians that established themselves in Nauru because there was not already an indigenous people present, whereas the Micronesians were already crossed with the Melanesians in this area. The Palauans or Belauans ( Palauan : Belau , ngukokl a Belau ) — are the indigenous people of Palau . They numbered around 26,600 as of 2013. Palauans are not noted for being great long-distance voyagers and navigators when compared to other Micronesian peoples. The taro

3149-479: The local population of Chamorro natives to just 3,700. They began to immigrate mostly sailing from small canoes from other islands, which a typhoon previously devastated. The Refaluwasch have a much darker complexion than the native Chamorros . The Chamorro people are the indigenous peoples of the Mariana Islands , which are politically divided between the United States territory of Guam and

3216-401: The local population of Chamorro natives to just 3,700. They began to immigrate mostly sailing from small canoes from other islands, which a typhoon previously had devastated. Being indigenous to a more southern archipelago than The Marianas , they generally have a darker complexion than the native Chamorros . The Refaluwasch are Durums mixt and have the same lineages with Remathau on

3283-607: The men a heroic status. The traditional religions of Micronesia were extremely heterogeneous. However, very little is known about most of them, as the islands were evangelized very early (from the 16th to 18th centuries) so that the indigenous religions could only survive on a few islands. However, some important manifestations of religious practice and thought can be identified for the entire Micronesian cultural space: The traditional Micronesian religions emphasized ancestor worship and embraced spirits and ghosts. After death, one's spirit would either pass on to an afterworld or stay on

3350-462: The men were expected to defend and protect their family. They were very protective of their clan, lineage identity and property. Backing down from a fight is not seen as manly. The Kiribati people, also known as I-Kiribati , Tungaru , or Gilbertese , are the indigenous people of Kiribati . They speak the Gilbertese language . They numbered 103,000 as of 2008. The Kosraeans or Kusaieans are

3417-422: The navigators who voyaged between the islands of Micronesia in the open Pacific Ocean . These voyagers used wayfinding techniques such as the navigation by the stars, and observations of birds, ocean swells, and wind patterns, and relied on a large body of knowledge from oral tradition. Weriyeng is one of the last two schools of traditional navigation found in the central Caroline Islands in Micronesia,

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3484-427: The only Carolinians that continued to come to Marianas. More continued to come here in the 100s as well as other areas such as Guam and Tinian. The Spanish allowed them to keep their culture. During the mid-1800s Carolinians moved to Tamuning due to an 1849 typhoon which devastated their land. During this time they took over inter-island travel during the latter half of the 18th century and 19th century. They used

3551-415: The other being Fanur . Micronesian culture is very diverse across island atolls and influenced by the surrounding cultures. In the east one finds a more Polynesian culture with social classes (nobility, commoners and slaves) and in the west a more Melanesian-Indonesian influenced culture led by tribal chiefs without nobility, with the Marianas being an exception. Nonetheless, the Micronesians form

3618-501: The outer islands of Yap. Some of the people on the islands are Chamolinians, who are a mixture of Chamorro and Carolinian heritage. The Refaluwasch in the CNMI have a high rate of macrosomia which is where the infant is born abnormally large. Carolinians are also known as Repaghuluwósch. Another name that they called themselves in their own language was Falawasch in the 1800s. They may have used this name beyond this century. Saralu

3685-452: The people bothered the second American governor Seaton Schroeder (1900–1903) so much that he decided to move them off the island. They were sent to CNMI through an agreement with the Germans who controlled those islands. They wanted additional laborers. Japan took over the Mariana Islands in 1914. They were able to keep it due to the Treaty of Versailles. The Carolinians had villages which

3752-475: The sandy beaches and swamp like sites. The sites also enabled made it easy for them to access the ocean through reef passages. They were also chosen because it was fronted by a long sheltered lagoon. The swampy areas east of the beach was useful for taro cultivation. The people wanted to remake the best things of their lives back at their home islands. A group of Carolinians came from Lamotrek and another came from Tametam not long after and joined them. These were not

3819-478: The smoke: a reference to the use of tobacco . When Columbus set off for Spain on January 4, 1493, Luis de Torres was among the 39 men who stayed behind at the settlement of La Navidad founded on the island of Hispaniola . Coming back by the end of that year, Columbus learnt that the whole garrison had been wiped out by internal strife and by attack. From 1972-2021, a synagogue in The Bahamas existed that

3886-433: The social organization, family structures, the economy, shared food and common work. The Micronesian family is formed from four equally important components, the household, the nuclear family, the extended family, and a lineage. The family and the community would cooperate with fishing, farming, raising children and passing knowledge to the next generations. Individuals and families would conform their behavior to cooperate with

3953-627: The surnames of their fathers as of the 1950s but this wasn't always the case. Soon before this children will get either the mother's or father's surname. Brothers usually have different family names. Some men have nicknames , often a joking name that friends use. German personal and last names are possibly used in this community due to German colonial era in the Northern Marianas. On the islands of Saipan and Tinian there are Carolinian or Chamorro families with Japanese surnames. There are several of these families with these names. They have

4020-586: The year 1600. More on this is discussed in the religion section. Trade between the two groups went on even during the Spanish occupation of Guam. In the late 1600s leprosy was present in the Marianas. The Spaniards tried to deal with this by quarantining lepers to Saipan and Tinian. These islands were isolated. Spaniards brought Carolinians to these islands to help the hospitals holding the patients with leprosy. Chamorro sargento mayor Luís de Torres became an important source for people who wanted information about

4087-539: Was Christopher Columbus 's interpreter on his first voyage to America. De Torres was a converso , a Jewish person who was forced to convert to Christianity or be put to death according to the Spanish Inquisition , apparently born Yosef ben HaLevi HaIvri in Huelva , Spain. De Torres was chosen by Columbus for his knowledge of Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Arabic. After arriving at Cuba , which he supposed to be

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4154-404: Was 'Tomin.' Tomin meant inhabitants of the land. The Carolinian and Chamorro people viewed this as a put down since Japanese used it as part of the discrimination. The Japanese government or South Seas Government viewed them as uncivilized and primitive. The people were kept under strict surveillance. They were enslaved in 1944. During this time a few in this indigenous community served as scouts for

4221-543: Was brought by an Oceanic-speaking source in Melanesia, perhaps the Admiralty Islands . A 2022 genetic study has shown that the various peoples inhabiting Micronesia have diverse genetic origins and originate from distinct streams of migration. Micronesia was settled by three separate streams of First Remote Oceanian lineage, which corresponds to East Asian ancestry and clusters closely to modern day peoples of

4288-411: Was caused by spirits. Shamans, mediums, diviners and sorcerers could be consulted to deal with the spirit world. Taboos would often be placed on food and sexual activities before a person would engage in an important pursuit. Violating this taboo would cause a spirit to send sickness or death to the offender or even the entire community. Micronesian mythology comprises the traditional belief systems of

4355-425: Was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many words derive from the Spanish language . The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers. The Chuukese people are an ethnic group of Chuuk State . They constitute 48% of the population of the Federated States of Micronesia . Their language is Chuukese . The home atoll of Chuuk is also known by the former name "Truk". In Chuukese culture,

4422-469: Was happening on Saipan. Hunger was a great issue during this time. The Tanapag village was set up by some Refaluwasch who left Tinian island in 1879. By 1885 most of the desirable lands in the Northern Marianas were now under the control of the Carolinians. Ten years later in 1889 Governor Olive had the Refaluwasch on Tinian relocate to Tanapag. In 1893 the Emperor of Germany William II acknowledged on

4489-607: Was in Angaur under the Palau group. In the economic system under Japan in Saipan Chamorros fared better than Carolinians. Carolinians were not treated as well as the Chamorros who worked with them. The Japanese and other colonial powers during this time (WWI-WWII) would not allow Carolinians to do canoe navigation over large distances. During this time a term was used to refer to the Micronesian people under Japanese control which

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