52-454: James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 23 January 1570) was a member of the House of Stewart as the illegitimate son of King James V of Scotland. At times a supporter of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots , he was the regent of Scotland for his half-nephew, the infant King James VI , from 1567 until his assassination in 1570. He was the first head of government to be assassinated with
104-494: A firearm. Moray was born in about 1531, an illegitimate child of King James V of Scotland and his mistress Lady Margaret Erskine , daughter of John Erskine, 5th Lord Erskine , and wife of Sir Robert Douglas of Lochleven . On 31 August 1536, he received a royal charter granting the lands of Tantallon and others. James was appointed Prior of St Andrews , Fife , in 1538. This position supplied his income. Clothes for "lord James of Sanctandrois" and his brothers were made by
156-514: A member of the Stewart of Darnley branch of the House. Lennox was a descendant of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland , also descended from James II , being Mary's heir presumptive . Thus Darnley was also related to Mary on his father's side and because of this connection, Mary's heirs remained part of the House of Stuart. Following John Stewart of Darnley 's ennoblement for his part at
208-836: A number of Lord Maxwell 's supporters surrendered. Moray was responsible for the destruction of Rutherglen castle , which he burned to the ground in 1569 in retribution against the Hamiltons for having supported Mary at the Battle of Langside. In June 1569, Moray went north to Brechin , where he accepted hostages sent by George Gordon, 5th Earl of Huntly . At Dunnotar Castle , he proclaimed that he had "reparit (arrived) in proper person (as Regent) to thir north partis of firm purpose and deliberation to reduce sic as hes neglectit their duty in time bypast ... intending to use lenitie (leniency) and moderation." At Aberdeen , Moray held talks with Huntly himself. At Inverness , on 4 June 1569, Moray met
260-554: A rebellion by George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly , at the Battle of Corrichie near Aberdeen . The very powerful and wealthy Huntly, who controlled large areas of northeastern Scotland, died immediately after this battle. In 1562, Alistair Gunn son-in-law of John Gordon, 11th Earl of Sutherland , led Gordon's retinue and encountered James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray, and his followers on the High Street of Aberdeen . The Earl of Moray
312-678: A series of conflicts known as the War of the Three Kingdoms . The trial and execution of Charles I by the English Parliament in 1649 began 11 years of republican government known as the English Interregnum . Scotland initially recognised the late King's son, also called Charles , as their monarch, before being subjugated and forced to enter Cromwell's Commonwealth by General Monck 's occupying army. During this period,
364-619: A supporter of his half-sister Mary. As Moray was passing in a cavalcade in the main street below, Hamilton fatally wounded him with a carbine shot from a window of his uncle Archbishop Hamilton 's house. He was the first head of government to be assassinated by a firearm. Moray's body was shipped to Leith , then taken to Holyrood Abbey. Moray was buried on 14 February 1570 in St Anthony's aisle at St Giles' Cathedral , Edinburgh. Seven earls and lords carried his body; William Kirkcaldy of Grange held his standard, and John Knox preached at
416-418: A title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly George Gordon, 4th Earl of Huntly (1514 – 28 October 1562) was a Scottish nobleman. He was the son of John Gordon, Lord Gordon , and Margaret Stewart , daughter of James IV and Margaret Drummond . George Gordon inherited his earldom and estates in 1524 at age 10. As commander of
468-560: A treaty with England. Moray had a list of allegations against Mary compiled, known as the Book of Articles , which he sent to Cecil. During this conference, he produced the Casket letters , which were supposed to incriminate Queen Mary and justify his rule in Scotland. It was later said that a plan to assassinate him at Northallerton , Yorkshire , on his way back had been called off. Scotland
520-547: Is the current senior heir. From the Acts of Union 1707 , which came into effect on 1 May 1707, the last Stuart monarch, Anne, became Queen of Great Britain and Ireland. Round provided a family tree to embody his essential findings, which is adapted below. Descended from the Stewarts of Darnley (Stewarts of Lennox) Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held
572-544: The Battle of Baugé in 1421 and the grant of lands to him at Aubigny and Concressault , the Darnley Stewarts' surname was gallicised to Stuart . Both Mary, Queen of Scots, and Lord Darnley had strong claims on the English throne through their mutual grandmother Margaret Tudor. This eventually led to the accession of the couple's only child James as King of Scotland, England, and Ireland in 1603. However, this
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#1732781088117624-583: The Duchy of Brittany ; Alan had a good relationship with Henry I of England who awarded him with lands in Shropshire . The FitzAlan family quickly established themselves as a prominent Anglo-Norman noble house, with some of its members serving as High Sheriff of Shropshire . It was the son of Alan named Walter FitzAlan who became the first hereditary High Steward of Scotland , while his brother William's family went on to become Earls of Arundel . When
676-604: The Highland and Island chiefs with the Earls of Caithness and Sutherland and Lord Lovat . His secretary, John Wood, said "such a power had seldom been seen there," Moray wrote that "the journey is to put down troubles in the north." In March 1569 Moray came from Kelso to Liddesdale and spoke to the English border warden, Sir John Forster. He was accompanied by Lord Home, Ker of Cessford , Ker of Ferniehirst , Scot of Buccleuch and 4,000 men. After holding unsatisfactory talks with
728-785: The 12th and 13th centuries. The sixth High Steward of Scotland, Walter Stewart (1293–1326), married Marjorie , daughter of Robert the Bruce , and also played an important part in the Battle of Bannockburn gaining further favour. Their son Robert was heir to the House of Bruce , the Lordship of Cunningham and the Bruce lands of Bourtreehill ; he eventually inherited the Scottish throne when his uncle David II died childless in 1371. In 1503, James IV attempted to secure peace with England by marrying King Henry VII 's daughter, Margaret Tudor . The birth of their son, later James V , brought
780-692: The Crowns . The Stuarts were monarchs of Britain and Ireland and its growing empire until the death of Queen Anne in 1714, except for the period of the Commonwealth between 1649 and 1660. In total, nine Stewart/Stuart monarchs ruled Scotland alone from 1371 until 1603, the last of whom was James VI, before his accession in England. Two Stuart queens ruled the isles following the Glorious Revolution in 1688: Mary II and Anne . Both were
832-592: The English Secretary of State, had arranged his transport from Dieppe in an English ship. He was appointed Regent of Scotland on 22 August for the infant King James VI (born 19 June 1566), son of Queen Mary and Lord Darnley. The appointment was confirmed by Parliament in December. To raise money, Moray sent his agent Nicolas Elphinstone to London to sell Mary's jewels and pearls . Moray bought clothes for his lackeys and an African servant called Nageir
884-644: The English visitors he would meet them and certain Scottish nobles at Edinburgh on Monday or Tuesday to discuss the rendition of English rebels . Moray was troubled by the problem of Dumbarton Castle , which was held against him by supporters of Mary, Queen of Scots. On 21 January, he sent letters to summon the Earl of Morton , Lindsay and Home to the meeting in Edinburgh. Moray was assassinated in Linlithgow on 23 January 1570 by James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh ,
936-453: The House of Stewart into the line of descent of the House of Tudor , and the English throne. Margaret Tudor later married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus , and their daughter, Margaret Douglas , was the mother of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley . In 1565, Darnley married his half-cousin Mary, Queen of Scots , the daughter of James V . Darnley's father was Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox ,
988-612: The King's Army he defeated the English at the Battle of Haddon Rig in 1542, was a member of the council of Regency under James Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Arran and Cardinal Beaton and succeeded as Chancellor on the murder of Beaton in 1546. He was captured at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh in 1547, and held in the Tower of London but in autumn 1548 he was released when a ransom was delivered by Robert Carnegie, Lord Kinnaird . In 1550, he accompanied queen Mary of Guise to France. He joined
1040-655: The Moor in February 1568. Mary escaped from Loch Leven on 2 May 1568, and the Duke of Châtellerault and other nobles rallied to her standard. Moray gathered his allies and defeated her forces at the Battle of Langside , near Glasgow , on 13 May 1568. Mary was compelled to flee and decided to seek refuge in England. She could have departed for France if she had liked, where she retained the status of queen dowager; however, this would have taken more time and resources to arrange. For
1092-712: The North-East of Scotland. Mary, Queen of Scots , toured the north-east in August 1562, and was refused entry to Inverness Castle on Gordon's orders. The Queen's forces captured the Castle before moving to Aberdeen where she issued a summons for Gordon. He refused to answer and was outlawed . He marched on Aberdeen but was defeated by James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray at the Battle of Corrichie in October 1562. He died of apoplexy after his capture, and his son, Sir John
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#17327810881171144-710: The Protestant Lords of the Congregation in 1560, although he was "a late, reluctant, and unreliable recruit". He was a religious conservative, however, and he worked for "a form of co-existence between Catholic and reformed worship". Huntly was prepared to accept Mary, Queen of Scots , until she transferred the Earldom of Moray , which had been given to the Earl of Huntly in 1549, to her half-brother Lord James Stewart , at which point he withdrew to his estates in
1196-461: The Protestant daughters of James VII and II by his first wife Anne Hyde and the great-grandchildren of James VI and I. Their father had converted to Catholicism and his new wife gave birth to a son in 1688, who was to be brought up as a Roman Catholic; so James was deposed by Parliament in 1689, in favour of his daughters. However, neither daughter had any children who survived to adulthood, so
1248-586: The Scottish and English (and later British) throne as the rightful heirs, their supporters being known as Jacobites . Since the early 19th century, when the James II direct line failed, there have been no active claimants from the Stuart family. The current Jacobite heir to the claims of the historical Stuart monarchs is a distant cousin Franz, Duke of Bavaria , of the House of Wittelsbach . The senior living member of
1300-605: The approach of an English force led by Henry Percy, 8th Earl of Northumberland . In 1558, James attended the wedding in Paris of his half-sister Mary, Queen of Scots, to the Dauphin of France, who became King Francis II of France . To fund this trip, his mother obtained credit from Timothy Cagnioli , an Italian banker in Edinburgh. James became a supporter of the Scottish Reformation . In June 1559, he plucked down
1352-528: The assassination and a Regent Moray Street near the Kelvin Hall in Glasgow. The Earl of Moray is depicted in many fictional works which focus on the life and times of Mary, Queen of Scots. These include the following: House of Stewart The House of Stuart , originally spelled Stewart , was a royal house of Scotland , England , Ireland and later Great Britain . The family name comes from
1404-566: The cannon were deployed, and Annan , where he rendezvoused with Lord Scrope (the Captain of Carlisle Castle ), to discuss border matters. Scrope estimated the army to number 6,000 men and returned to Carlisle, where he saw Queen Mary's servants play football on 14 June. Moray then took Lochmaben Castle , which the Laird of Drumlanrig was left to hold, and then captured Lochwood and Lochhouse before returning to Edinburgh via Peebles . At Dumfries,
1456-543: The civil war in the Kingdom of England , known as The Anarchy , broke out between the legitimist claimant Matilda, Lady of the English , and her cousin who had usurped her, King Stephen , Walter had sided with Matilda. Another supporter of Matilda was her uncle David I of Scotland from the House of Dunkeld . After Matilda was pushed out of England into the County of Anjou , essentially failing in her legitimist attempt for
1508-450: The crown passed to the House of Hanover on the death of Queen Anne in 1714 under the terms of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Act of Security 1704 . The House of Hanover had become linked to the House of Stuart through the line of Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia . After the loss of the throne, the descendants of James VII and II continued for several generations to attempt to reclaim
1560-515: The funeral. Knox's own prohibition of funeral sermons (on the grounds that they glorified the deceased and displayed distinctions between rich and poor) was waived for the occasion. Moray's tomb was carved by John Roytell and Murdoch Walker , with a brass engraved by James Gray . The contract for the tomb survives. It was written by the chaplain Robert Ewyn, the administrator of the craft of masons and wrights in Edinburgh. His wife, Agnes Keith,
1612-678: The graven images in various churches at Perth . An English commentator praised James for his virtue, manhood, valour and stoutness as a leader of the Protestant Lords of the Congregation . Despite their religious differences, Moray became one of the chief advisers to his half-sister Mary after her return from France in 1561. Her return was occasioned by the death of her first husband, King Francis of France. Although James disturbed her priests celebrating mass at Holyroodhouse in September 1561, she made him Earl of Moray and Earl of Mar (the Mar earldom
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1664-598: The king's tailor, Thomas Arthur . Lord James and his half-brother James Stewart, Commendator of Kelso and Melrose were at school in St Andrews after the death of James V. In June 1543, Regent Arran sent the Laird of Grange to collect them and take them to Linlithgow Palace . Instead, Robert Douglas took Lord James to Lochleven Castle . In May 1553, the imperial ambassador to England, Jean Scheyfve , heard that Mary of Guise planned to make him regent in place of James Hamilton, Duke of Châtellerault . Mary of Guise
1716-549: The local leaders, "the best of the surname men", Moray burned the farmsteads in Liddesdale. He stayed at Mangerton , then had the house blown up with gunpowder and returned to Jedburgh. On Thursday 19 January 1570, Moray was at Stirling Castle , where he had invited the English diplomat Sir Henry Gates and the soldier Sir William Drury , Marshal of Berwick, for dinner in the Great Hall. Later, in his bedchamber, he told
1768-533: The office of High Steward of Scotland , which had been held by the family progenitor Walter fitz Alan ( c. 1150 ). The name Stewart and variations had become established as a family name by the time of his grandson Walter Stewart . The first monarch of the Stewart line was Robert II , whose male-line descendants were kings and queens in Scotland from 1371, and of England, Ireland and Great Britain from 1603, until 1714. Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567),
1820-402: The principal members of the House of Stuart lived in exile in mainland Europe . The younger Charles returned to Britain to assume his three thrones in 1660 as " Charles II of England , Scotland and Ireland" - with the support of General Monck - but dated his reign from his father's death eleven years before. In feudal and dynastic terms, the Scottish reliance on French support was revived during
1872-470: The rebels, which aroused the jealousy of Lord Darnley. Moray returned to Scotland after the murder of Rizzio, pardoned by the Queen, and once more became one of her key advisers. On 31 August 1566, Moray wrote from Stirling Castle to the treasurer Robert Richardson to ensure Nichola Wardlaw , one of the queen's gentlewomen, received a velvet gown for her wedding day. He contrived nonetheless to be away at
1924-583: The reign of Charles II , whose own mother was French. His sister Henrietta married into the French royal family. Charles II left no legitimate children, but his numerous illegitimate descendants included the Dukes of Buccleuch , the Dukes of Grafton , the Dukes of Saint Albans and the Dukes of Richmond . The Royal House of Stuart became extinct with the death of Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart , brother of Charles Edward Stuart , in 1807. Duke Francis of Bavaria
1976-504: The royal Stewart family, descended in a legitimate male line from Robert II of Scotland, is Andrew Richard Charles Stuart, 9th Earl Castle Stewart . The ancestral origins of the Stuart family are obscure—their probable ancestry is traced back to Alan FitzFlaad , a Breton who went to England not long after the Norman conquest . Alan had been the hereditary steward of the Bishop of Dol in
2028-428: The subsequent management of the kingdom without Mary as queen, he secured both civil and ecclesiastical peace and earned the title of "The Gude Regent". In August 1568, it was reported that Moray refused a letter from Mary's supporter Lord Herries that was addressed simply to the "Earl of Moray" without his new title of Regent of Scotland. In September 1568, Moray chose commissioners and travelled to York to discuss
2080-521: The throne, many of her supporters in England fled also. It was then that Walter followed David up to the Kingdom of Scotland , where he was granted lands in Renfrewshire and the title for life of Lord High Steward. The next monarch of Scotland, Malcolm IV , made the High Steward title a hereditary arrangement. While High Stewards, the family were based at Dundonald, South Ayrshire , between
2132-514: The time of Darnley's assassination in 1567. He avoided the entanglements of Mary's disastrous marriage to James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell , which followed the Darnley murder by mere weeks, by removing himself to France. Mary was forced into abdication at Lochleven Castle on 24 July 1567, where she was imprisoned for more than nine months. Moray returned to Edinburgh from France on 11 August 1567 by way of Berwick-upon-Tweed . William Cecil ,
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2184-506: The vanguard was commanded by the Earl of Morton and Lord Home . Behind was the 'carriage' (the artillery train), followed by Moray himself. The Laird of Cessford followed behind, and the army was flanked by the scouting parties of the Lairds of Merse and Buccleuch . Along the way, Moray captured houses belonging to supporters of Queen Mary, including Lord Fleming 's Boghall, Skirling , Crawford , Sanquhar , Kenmure and Hoddom , where
2236-476: Was a personal union , as the three Kingdoms shared a monarch, but had separate governments, churches, and institutions. Indeed, the personal union did not prevent an armed conflict, known as the Bishops' Wars , breaking out between England and Scotland in 1639. This was to become part of the cycle of political and military conflict that marked the reign of Charles I of England , Scotland and Ireland, culminating in
2288-477: Was also ill for a week. Moray opposed the marriage of his half-sister Mary, to Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley , in July 1565, and he embarked upon the unsuccessful Chaseabout Raid , a revolt precipitated by the marriage, together with the Earl of Argyll and Clan Hamilton . He was subsequently declared an outlaw and took refuge in England. It was said that David Rizzio was involved in brokering pardons for Moray and
2340-513: Was brought up in France where she adopted the French spelling of the name Stuart. In 1503, James IV married Margaret Tudor , thus linking the reigning royal houses of Scotland and England. Margaret's niece, Elizabeth I of England died without issue in 1603, and James IV's and Margaret's great-grandson James VI of Scotland acceded to the thrones of England and Ireland as James I in the Union of
2392-573: Was buried inside his tomb when she died in 1588. Moray was succeeded by his eldest daughter and heir, Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Moray , whose husband, James Stewart of Doune , acquired the earldom on their marriage. A stained-glass window installed in St. Giles' Cathedral , Edinburgh in the 1880s depicts Moray's assassination and John Knox preaching at his funeral. There is a bas-relief sculpture by Amelia Hill in Linlithgow commemorating
2444-459: Was captured by Andrew Munro of Milntown and taken to Inverness, and following a mock trial, he was executed. Moray went to Castle Campbell for the wedding of James Stewart, 1st Lord Doune , and Margaret Campbell (d. 1572), sister of the Earl of Argyll , on 10 January 1563. There was a masque involving courtiers and musicians dressed in white taffeta as shepherds. However, Moray became ill and withdrew to Stirling Castle . Mary, Queen of Scots,
2496-665: Was executed in Aberdeen. Huntly was posthumously forfeited by parliament in May 1563. After his death his body and goods seized at Strathbogie Castle were shipped from Aberdeen to Edinburgh . The body stood for the earl at his trial. The goods were taken to Holyrood Palace . When Mary was imprisoned at Lochleven , she was given the earl's cloth-of-estate . On 27 March 1530, he married Elizabeth Keith , daughter of Robert Keith, Master of Marischal , by whom he had nine sons and three daughters, including; A letter from Edward Stanhope to
2548-492: Was now in a state of civil war . Moray moved against the supporters of Queen Mary in their south-west homelands with a military expedition in June 1568 called the 'Raid of Dumfries' or 'Raid of Hoddom.' The Regent's army and the royal artillery were taken to Biggar , where his allies were commanded to muster on 10 June and proceed on to Dumfries . The army was protected by a scouting party led by Alexander Hume of Manderston , and
2600-576: Was soon afterwards withdrawn) the following year, both earldoms being new creations. With the lucrative Moray earldom came Darnaway Castle with its medieval hall, notable even then as "verie fayer and large builded." Moray also had a smaller house called Pitlethie near Leuchars in Fife , which his father had used. He wrote to Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester , a favourite of Queen Elizabeth I of England , in January 1562. In October 1562, Moray defeated
2652-426: Was the bastard half-brother of Mary, Queen of Scots , as well as the son-in-law of William Keith, 4th Earl Marischal , chief of Clan Keith. It was the custom at the time to yield thoroughfares to the personage of greater rank, and in refusing to yield the middle of the street to Stewart and his train, Gunn insulted the Earl publicly. Stewart soon afterward had him pursued to a place called Delvines, near Nairn. There he
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#17327810881172704-475: Was the widow of James V and the mother of his only surviving legitimate child, Mary, Queen of Scots , who was living in France at the time and had not yet reached adulthood. Guise herself became regent in 1554. On 5 August 1557, Moray, his half-brother Lord Robert, and Lord Home led a raiding party from Edinburgh towards Ford Castle in Northumberland and burnt houses at Fenton before retreating on
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