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45-477: Regina Elena (English: Queen Elena ) may refer to Queen Elena of Italy (Italian: Regina Elena ) The Premio Regina Elena , an Italian flat race for horses Regina Elena , an Italian barque launched in 1903 Regina Elena , an Italian battleship launched in 1904. Queen Mother Elena of Romania Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

90-590: A circle of conservative intellectuals and artists known as the "Circolo della regina" (Circle of the Queen) in her famous literary salon known as "giovedì della regina" (Queen's Thursdays), where she benefited artists and writers. Among her circle of artists were the notoriously democratic and republican poet Giosuè Carducci , who famously wrote an ode to her when she became queen, and Marco Minghetti , who functioned somewhat as her guide in cultural circles, as well as her confidant. She founded cultural institutions, notably

135-510: A dominant public figure, performing what she regarded as her dynastic duties by making official visits to hospitals and churches until her death. She disliked the tolerance of democracy displayed by her son, the king, which she viewed as a form of socialist monarchy, and worked to ensure the monarchic traditions as much as she could against democratic tendencies. Her son did not wish to allow her any influence in state affairs, but she remained involved in politics through her connections and remained

180-402: A great deal of intellectual curiosity. As a person, she was described as sensitive, proud and with a strong force of will without being hard, as well as having the ability to be charming when she chose to. As to her appearance, she was described as a tall, stately blonde, but she was not regarded as a beauty. Initially, she was suggested to marry Prince Charles of Romania . In 1867, however,

225-489: A murdered monarch, Margherita found an enormous amount of sympathy, which created a veritable myth around her as the mourning widow. She was aware of this mythology and acted accordingly in this part to benefit the prestige of the monarchy. As queen dowager, Margherita took a step back and allowed her daughter-in-law to take precedence, as this was a part of the monarchical system which was her ideal. However, this did not mean that she retired from public life, and she remained

270-587: A nurse and, with the help of the Queen Mother, she turned the Quirinal Palace and Villa Margherita into hospitals, which functioned from July 1915 until 1919. To raise funds, she invented the "signed photograph", which was sold at the charity desks. At the end of the war, she proposed to sell the crown treasures to pay the war debts. In 1920, she founded the Elena di Savoia foundation for scholarships to

315-481: A personal cult as a popular symbol of the Italian monarchy and celebrated by poets and authors, as well as by the press, as a symbol of moral reform. King Umberto, by contrast, had love affairs with the so-called " contessa fatale " (Vincenza Publicola-Santacroce, contessa di Santa Fiora), besides duchess Litta, whom he reportedly also asked for political advice, which exposed the court to scandal. The queen, however,

360-538: A personal regard, though she never explicitly expressed her support. In October 1922 the quadrumvirs ( Emilio De Bono , Italo Balbo , Michele Bianchi and Cesare Maria De Vecchi ) visited her at Bordighera to pay their respects prior to the March on Rome . Dowager Queen Margherita died in her villa in Bordighera on 4 January 1926, aged 74, after having a long attack of pleurisy . On January 10, 1926 her body

405-500: A political figure. In contrast to most nationalists, however, Margherita opposed World War I . During the war, she made one of her residences into a hospital and engaged actively within the Red Cross . After the end of World War I, Margherita feared a socialist revolution and the end of the monarchy. This, combined with her nationalism and social conservatism, led her to support Fascism under Benito Mussolini , for which she felt

450-519: A visit of Victor Emmanuel in Cetinje. Being of Orthodox religion , Elena, for reasons of royal opportunity and to support Queen Margherita, mother of Vittorio Emanuele, left Montenegro. On 21 October 1896, with Vittorio Emanuele, she landed in Bari , where at the basilica of St. Nicola, before the wedding, she converted to Catholicism from Orthodox Christianity , although her father would have preferred

495-442: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Elena of Montenegro Elena of Montenegro ( Serbian : Јелена Петровић Његош / Jelena Petrović Njegoš ; 8 January 1873 – 28 November 1952) was Queen of Italy from 29 July 1900 until 9 May 1946 as the wife of King Victor Emmanuel III . As Victor Emmanuel's wife, she briefly claimed the titles Empress of Ethiopia and Queen of

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540-566: The Società del Quartetto , and the Casa di Dante . Queen Margherita also fostered loyalty toward the monarchy by social and charitable work. She frequently visited and acted as the benefactor of hospitals, schools and institutions for children and the blind, founding the first library for the blind in Florence (1892). Her work was effective and already during the 1880s, she had become the center of

585-459: The sanctuary of Vicoforte , near Turin. The remains of Victor Emmanuel III were transferred two days later from Alexandria, and interred alongside hers. In recognition of her great faith and the charitable activities she supported, Pope Pius XI bestowed on her the highest honour at that time for a woman, the Golden Rose of Christianity, twice, in 1930 and 1937. In 2001, on the occasion of

630-503: The "Capanna Regina Margherita" ( Margherita Hut ) remains the highest hut in Europe . Margherita later accepted the position of Honorary President of the Ladies' Alpine Club . Umberto I, who had already survived in the past two attempted murders by the anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito , was killed on 29 July 1900 by another anarchist, Gaetano Bresci . As the widow of

675-650: The Albanians ; both titles were dropped when her husband formally renounced them in 1943. Elena was the daughter of King Nicholas I and Queen Milena of Montenegro . With the opening of the case for her canonization, she was made Servant of God by the Catholic Church in 2001. She was born in Cetinje , at the time the capital of the Principality of Montenegro . She was raised in the values and unity of

720-565: The Italian flag, was named after her in 1889. A pre-dreadnought battleship was named after her in her honour. It was laid down in 1898 and launched in 1901. In 1906, the Queen mother's nephew, Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi , made the first ascent of the highest summit of Mount Stanley (the third highest mountain in Africa) and named it Margherita Peak in her honour. In 2011, some of

765-617: The Voluntary Nurses for the Italian Red Cross from 1911 until 1921. She studied medicine and obtained a laurea honoris causa . She financed charitable institutions for people with encephalitis and tuberculosis , former soldiers and poor mothers. She was deeply involved in her fight against disease, and she promoted many efforts for the training of doctors, and for research against poliomyelitis , Parkinson's disease and cancer. During World War I Elena worked as

810-554: The age of 18. She was interested in pastel painting , hunting and fishing. She also attended the Russian Imperial Court and collaborated with the Russian literary magazine Nedelya by publishing poems. Elena was described as shy and reserved but also rather stubborn. Very attached to traditions, with a sensitive soul and a lively and curious mind, she was endowed with a strong love for nature: her favorite flower

855-738: The conservative forces, she supported the repressive actions toward the rioters in Milan in 1898, which lead to the Bava Beccaris massacre . On 18 August 1893, in the company of various guides, porters, Alpini , politicians and aristocrats, Margherita climbed the Punta Gnifetti (or Signalkuppe ), a peak of the Monte Rosa massif on the Swiss–Italian border , for the inauguration of the mountain hut named after her. At 4,554 metres,

900-481: The conversion to be proclaimed after the marriage. Her mother was so distressed that Elena had changed her religion, that she refused to come to the wedding ceremony in Rome. On 29 July 1900, following his father's assassination, Victor Emmanuel ascended the Italian throne. Officially, Elena assumed her husband's whole titles: she became Queen of Italy , and after Mussolini's occupations of Albania and Ethiopia she assumed

945-422: The couple reportedly discontinued their marital relations. Their son was therefore to remain their only child. However, they never made their personal separation known to the public, and their relationship was in other aspects quite amiable: Margherita and Umberto worked together harmoniously as colleagues, Umberto even relying on her politically. Margherita was raised with the idea of paternalistic monarchy and

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990-560: The crown prince couple settled in Naples. On 11 November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples , later Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , in Capodimonte in Naples. The relationship between Margherita and Umberto was not a success in regards to personal feelings; before their wedding, Umberto was already involved in an affair with his long-term lover, Eugenia Attendolo Bolognini , and two years after their wedding,

1035-799: The family; the conversation at the table was conducted in French, and politics and poetry were discussed with equal ease; habits and relationships in the Petrović-Njegoš family did not stifle the spontaneity of characters and personalities. She was tutored by the Swiss governess Luisa Neukomm von Hallau (1852–1931), between the ages of six and twelve, after which she was educated at the Smolny Institute in Saint Petersburg in Russia until

1080-472: The former king assumed the title of Count of Pollenzo. On 2 June 1946 a referendum resulted in 52 percent of voters favouring an Italian republic over the monarchy. The republic was formally proclaimed four days later, and the House of Savoy 's reign over Italy formally ended on 12 June 1946. Elena and Victor Emmanuel III went to Egypt, where they were welcomed with great honor by King Farouk , but forced to live

1125-420: The great tragedy World War II would become. She influenced her husband to lobby Benito Mussolini , Prime Minister of Italy , for creation of the independent Kingdom of Montenegro in 1941. In 1943 she subsequently obtained the release from a German prison of her nephew, Prince Michael of Montenegro , and his wife, Geneviève. Prince Michael had been imprisoned after refusing to become King of Montenegro under

1170-528: The ideal of enlightened despotism . Because of the lack of a queen, Margherita became the first lady of Italy immediately following her marriage, and she was given many representational duties intended to make the new royal house of united Italy popular throughout the peninsula. She became a great asset in this role, with her ability to say and do the right things to effectively arouse public enthusiasm and feeling in her public appearances. During her representational tours through Italy, made to arouse popularity for

1215-437: The opening of the celebrations for the 50th anniversary of the death of Queen Elena, the bishop of Montpellier opened the diocesan process for her beatification . With the opening of her cause, she has been accorded the title Servant of God . King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Queen Elena had 5 children: [REDACTED] Media related to Elena of Montenegro at Wikimedia Commons Margherita of Savoy Margherita

1260-492: The orphaned children of former railway workers or soldiers; she suggested that every woman in Italy donated some of her jewelry to the children whose fathers had been sacrificed for the nation, and she started by donating some of her own. On 15 April 1937 Pope Pius XI gave her the Golden Rose , the most important honour given to a Catholic lady at the time. Pope Pius XII , in a condolence telegram sent to her son Umberto II upon

1305-476: The pope, as well as an assassination attempt against the new king, Umberto reportedly asked Margherita for political advice. The attempted assassination of the king by Giovanni Passannante in November 1878 reportedly made her work even more forcefully to strengthen the prestige of the crown and build loyalty to the institution by gathering followers and making connections. As when she was a crown princess, she

1350-460: The president of the royal council, L.F. Menabrea , pressed the king to arrange a marriage between Margherita and her cousin, the heir to the Italian throne. Margherita signed the wedding contract with her first cousin, Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, on 21 April 1868 in the ballroom of the royal palace in Turin, followed the next day by one civilian and one religious wedding ceremony. After the wedding,

1395-676: The progress of the same, in order to be able to approach and throw flowers. In 1879, the town of Margherita di Savoia , in Apulia , Italy , near Barletta , was named after her. In 1881, the mining town of Margherita in Assam, India , was named after her. Also in 1881, a large glass-window was made of her by Studio Moretti Caselli in Perugia, which was then shown around Italy and Europe before returning. The Margherita pizza , whose red tomatoes, green basil, and white mozzarella cheese represent

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1440-584: The protection of Italy. On 25 July 1943 Victor Emmanuel III had Benito Mussolini arrested. The king left Rome on 9 September to flee to Brindisi with the help of the Allies and Elena followed her husband in his escape. In contrast, on 23 September their daughter Mafalda was arrested by the Nazis and sent to Buchenwald concentration camp, where she died in 1944. Following the war, on 9 May 1946, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favour of their son Umberto, and

1485-721: The queen's death, defined her as a "Lady of charitable work". In 1939, three months after the German invasion of Poland and the declaration of war by the United Kingdom and France, Elena wrote a letter to the six European Royals women, two of the monarch’s and the other four consorts still neutral ( Queen Alexandrine of Denmark , Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands , Grand Duchess Charlotte of Luxembourg , Queen Elisabeth of Belgium , Queen Ioanna of Bulgaria (her daughter) and Queen Maria, Queen Mother of Yugoslavia ) to avoid

1530-607: The rest of their lives in exile. Victor Emmanuel III died a year later of pulmonary congestion in Alexandria . Elena stayed in Egypt a short time before moving to France. There, in Montpellier , she was diagnosed with a severe form of cancer, and died in November 1952 of pulmonary embolism while having surgery to treat it. 65 years after her death, on 15 December 2017, the remains of Elena were repatriated from Montpellier, to

1575-453: The royal court the center of Roman high society in her effort to subdue the opposition toward unification within the Roman aristocracy. She eventually succeeded in making her salon one of the most exclusive and famous in contemporary Europe . Margherita became Queen of Italy upon the succession of Umberto to the throne on 9 January 1878. In the critical situation that year, with the king and

1620-497: The royal house and thereby the united nation of Italy, she was careful to wear local folk costumes and demonstrate enthusiasm for local customs, traditions and culture, a method which made her so popular that she eclipsed the popularity of her husband. In January 1871, after the final unification of Italy and the proclamation of Rome as the capital of Italy, the crown prince and crown princess settled in Rome. There, Margherita successfully continued her task by making her receptions at

1665-442: The title Regina Elena . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regina_Elena&oldid=1254286211 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text Articles containing Italian-language text Short description

1710-540: The titles of Queen of Albania and Empress of Ethiopia . Elena was described as dignified but natural and simple, and kept the simple habits of her youth in Cetinje. She did not enjoy social life and entertainment or the life of public royal representational duties, but preferred to live a simple, quiet family life. She was described as a loving parent, devoted in giving her children a simple upbringing, designed to prevent them from feeling superior to other children because of their birth. To her appearance, Queen Elena

1755-650: The two young people. In April 1895 Elena attended the International Art Exhibition in Venice (at which she was presented to the king and queen of Italy) and the opera – where she was presented to Prince Victor Emmanuel. After another meeting in Russia, on the occasion of the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II , Vittorio Emanuele formulated the official request to Elena's father, Nicholas I. On 18 August 1896, Elena and Victor Emmanuel became engaged during

1800-400: Was actively assisted in this networking and image building by her favorite courtiers, marchioness Paola Pes di Villamarina and marquis Emanuele Pes di Villamarina, who were appointed her dama d’onore (senior lady in waiting) and cavaliere d’onore (senior lord in waiting) respectively. As queen, Margherita worked to protect the monarchy against republicans and socialists, and she gathered

1845-410: Was born to Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa and Princess Elisabeth of Saxony . Her father died in 1855, and her mother remarried morganatically to Major Nicholas Bernoud, Marchese di Rapallo. She was educated by countess Clelia Monticelli di Casalrosso and her Austrian governess Rosa Arbesser. Reportedly, she was given a more advanced education than most princesses at the time, and displayed

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1890-491: Was close to her son and strengthened her relations to him even further after his wedding. Queen Margherita was also involved in state affairs: viewing democracy as a potential threat to the monarchy, she supported Francesco Crispi against parliament. As a nationalist, she did not hesitate to support the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1896, in contrast to Umberto, who was hesitant. As a central figure of

1935-412: Was described in 1911: On 28 December 1908 Messina was hit by a disastrous earthquake . Queen Elena helped with the rescuers. She visited the scene, organized for the wounded to be taken to a Hospital ship and assisted personally to their care as nurse; she also organized a fundraiser for the victims in Rome. This helped to increase her popularity within the country. Elena was the first Inspector of

1980-514: Was taken to Rome , where she was buried the following day in the royal tombs of the Pantheon , where it still stands. The funeral convoy stopped briefly time at each station to allow people to say a final farewell. In Pisa passed at night, and the band of railway workers of the city went to play as a sign of respect. In this occasion showed all the affection popular at the passage of the railway train, when an emotional crowd hindered and slowed down

2025-472: Was the cyclamen . She was a tall woman for her time, standing 180 cm (5 feet 11 inches), a notable contrast to her future husband who was 152 cm (5 feet). In Italy, Queen Margherita worried about the marriage of her only son, the future king, and in agreement with Francesco Crispi , who was of Albanian origin and eager for a greater influence for Italy in the Balkans, they arranged the meeting between

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