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23-586: Chairs elected by councillors in most regional municipalities. Since 1997 in Waterloo Region , 2000 in Halton Region and 2014 in Durham Region , the chair is directly elected along with the rest of the council. The position is similar to the role of the mayor or reeve in lower- or single-tier municipalities. In the former Metropolitan Toronto , now the amalgamated City of Toronto ,

46-485: A municipal or regional government , or other local authority . The title of a councillor varies geographically, with a name generally being preceded by their title (or the shortened version Cllr when written) in formal or council-related situations in many places. Due to the control that the provinces have over their municipal governments, terms that councillors serve vary from province to province. Unlike most provincial elections, municipal elections are usually held on

69-492: A council where insufficient candidates have stood for election, although in practice this is rare outside parish councils. They are bound by a code of conduct enforced by standards boards. In 2007 the Electoral Administration Act 2006 reduced the age limit for councillors to 18, leading to younger people standing. Youth councillors are also elected in local areas by organisations that are members of

92-650: A fixed date of 4 years. This is about honorary rank, not elected officials. In Finland councillor ( neuvos ) is the highest possible title of honour which can be granted by the President of Finland . There are several ranks of councillors and they have existed since the Russian Rule. Some examples of different councillors in Finland are as follows: As per the Seventy-fourth Amendment of

115-464: A health care plan, it is very useful to examine the out-of-pocket prescription costs as they may be very low or very high. High out-of-pocket costs may correlate with lower prescription adherence and more importation of medications from foreign countries. Medicare Part D is a federal program aimed at lowering prescription drug costs for Medicare beneficiaries; however, after the first year of Medicare Part D, out-of-pocket drug costs were down, but there

138-846: A heavy financial burden. Medication and medical service expenses were the major costs. This study concluded that despite Australia's universal health coverage (medicare) a substantial portion of senior citizens suffer from excessive out-of-pocket expenditure, and this burden increases with increasing number of chronic conditions. Among the specific conditions, those who experienced cancer, high blood pressure, diabetes or depression were likely to report higher out-of-pocket expenditure. Some ways to improve physician knowledge of drug costs were thought to be increased physician-patient communication or higher use of information technology. Physicians with high rates of IT use did not have significantly higher knowledge or drug costs. Health IT design should be improved to make it easier for physicians to access cost information at

161-493: A regional devolved assembly and its members are referred to as Assembly Members, not councillors. Council member , councilman/councilwoman , councilor , or councillor is a title for a member of a council used in the United States . In particular, the title is used in the following cases: In Australia , The Bahamas , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , Botswana , Trinidad and Tobago and other parts of

184-665: Is burgemeester . This is expressed in English as "mayor" or " burgomaster ". The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the College van Burgemeester en Wethouders . In Belgium , a member of the municipal council is called a gemeenteraadslid in Dutch, and Conseiller Communal in French. Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a schepen in Dutch or échevin in French. This

207-664: Is called a kommunestyrerepresentant in Norwegian. The Norwegian word for mayor is ordfører . In Hong Kong , members of district councils are also referred to as councillors. Before 1999 the district councils were known as district boards, upon the abolition of the municipal councils (the UrbCo and the RegCo ) in December that year. In addition, members of the legislative council are also referred to as councillors. From 1996 to 1998

230-777: Is no legal basis for this restriction and in practice the title is applied to all councillors at all levels of local government. Where necessary, parish and county councillors are differentiated by the use of a fuller title such as "town councillor" or "county councillor". The title precedes the holder's rank or other title, as in Cllr Dr Jenny Smith or Cllr Sir Ricky Taing, and for women it precedes their title of marital status, as in Cllr Mrs Joan Smith. Councillors are typically elected as members of political parties or alternatively as independents. Councils may also co-opt unelected councillors to fill vacancies on

253-488: Is to have expended personal resources, often unexpectedly or unfairly, at the end of some enterprise. In the health care financing sector, this represents the share of the expenses that the insured party must pay directly to the health care provider, without a third-party (insurer, or government). Out-of-pocket costs are high especially when it comes to prescription drugs in the United States. Before investing in

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276-508: Is usually translated as "alderman" or "councillor" in English. The municipal executive is referred to collectively as the College van Burgemeester en Schepenen ou Collège du Bourgmestre et Echevins . In Bangladesh , a member of the city council is called a Councillor . The Councillor of Bangladesh is a city corporation's ward representatives who are elected City Corporations election by popular vote in every five years. Councilors carry out

299-546: The Commonwealth , as well as Ireland , a councillor or councilor is an elected representative on a local government council. In the Netherlands , a member of the municipal council is called a gemeenteraadslid or raadslid . Someone out of this group who is elected to serve on the municipal executive is called a wethouder , which is usually translated as 'alderman' or 'councillor'. The Dutch word for mayor

322-627: The Legislative Council were known as "Provisional Legislative Council", upon the abolition of the interim legislature in July 1998. Two types of councillor are elected in local elections held every five years in Turkey . These include 1,251 provincial councillors and 20,500 municipal councillors. Municipal councillors serve on the council of the 1,351 district and 30 metropolitan municipalities of Turkey, while provincial councillors serve on

345-531: The Local Government Act 2000 , be paid for their services. In Scotland, since 2007, councillors have received a salary of £15,000, as opposed to a series of allowances. This rises annually and as of 1 April 2023 councillor pay in Scotland stands at £20,099 per annum. These are often topped up by special responsibility allowances. The London Assembly is regarded not as a local authority but as

368-682: The British Youth Council, such as Salford Youth Council. Most councillors are not full-time professionals. In England, Wales and Northern Ireland most larger borough, unitary authority or county councils do pay them basic allowances and out-of-pocket expenses . In addition, special responsibility allowances are paid to councillors who carry out more senior duties. The basic allowances and special responsibility allowances are theoretically paid to compensate councillors for time spent on council duties and are classed as salaries for tax purposes. Parish, town or community councillors may, since

391-728: The Constitution of India , municipal governance in India is looked after by elected councillors who are members of either a municipal corporation (for cities) or a municipality (for towns). Under the Philippine Republic Act No. 7160 (otherwise known as the Local Government Code of 1991), a councilor is a member of a local council that is the legislative body of the local government unit. They are commonly referred to as "Sanggunian Member" because

414-537: The developmental works of their elected wards and perform the functions of local government act and assist the City Mayor in all works under the City Corporation and carry out his orders. In Luxembourg , an échevin ( Luxembourgish : Schäffe , German : Schöffe ) is a member of the administration of a Luxembourgian commune . In Norway , a member of the municipal council, kommunestyret ,

437-722: The official designation of municipal, city and provincial councils is the equivalent term in Filipino (used even when speaking or writing in English): Sanggunian Bayan, Sanggunian Panglunsod and Sanggunian Panlalawigan, respectively. All local authorities in the United Kingdom are overseen by elected councillors. These include: According to Debrett's Correct Form the English title "Councillor" (often shortened to 'Cllr') applies only to elected members of city, borough or district councils. However, there

460-580: The outlay of cash covers expenses accrued over a longer period of time. The services rendered and other in-kind expenses are not considered out-of-pocket expenses; the same goes for depreciation of capital goods or depletion . Organizations often reimburse out-of-pocket expenses incurred on their behalf, especially expenses incurred by employees on their employers' behalf. In the United States , out-of-pocket expenses for such things as charity, medical bills, and education may be deductions on US income taxes , according to IRS regulations. To be out of pocket

483-435: The provincial general council (İl Genel Meclisi) . Out-of-pocket expenses An out-of-pocket expense , or out-of-pocket cost ( OOP ), is the direct payment of money that may or may not be later reimbursed from a third-party source. For example, when operating a vehicle, gasoline , parking fees and tolls are considered out-of-pocket expenses for a trip. Car insurance , oil changes, and interest are not, since

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506-426: The regional chair was called Metro Chairman . This job-, occupation-, or vocation-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Councillor A councillor , alternatively councilman , councilwoman , councilperson , or council member , is someone who sits on, votes in, or is a member of, a council . This is typically an elected representative of an electoral district in

529-415: Was not a noticeable reduction in emergency department visits, hospitalization, or health utility score. Perhaps, some diseases will be more sensitive to Medicare Part D. A 2014 study published from Australia shows that the out-of-pocket cost burden falls most heavily on patients who are least able to bear it, both in terms of their health and in terms of their income. Among the respondents 14% experienced

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