Misplaced Pages

#534465

55-501: The RNDP was widely criticised for its lack of concrete planning by regional commentators. Many of the plan's short-term proposals were funded in the 2016–17 Victorian Budget, and further regional public transport upgrades continued with the announcement of the Regional Rail Revival program in 2017. Public Transport Victoria (PTV), a new statutory body replacing the former Director of Public Transport and Metlink as

110-484: A sink , which may be a permanent lake, a dry lake , or a point where surface water is lost underground . Drainage basins are similar but not identical to hydrologic units , which are drainage areas delineated so as to nest into a multi-level hierarchical drainage system . Hydrologic units are defined to allow multiple inlets, outlets, or sinks. In a strict sense, all drainage basins are hydrologic units but not all hydrologic units are drainage basins. About 48.71% of

165-414: A watershed , though in other English-speaking places, "watershed" is used only in its original sense, that of the drainage divide line. A drainage basin's boundaries are determined by watershed delineation , a common task in environmental engineering and science. In a closed drainage basin, or endorheic basin , rather than flowing to the ocean, water converges toward the interior of the basin, known as

220-477: A "Conversation Report" summarising the feedback received was released on 26 November. The Conversation Report summarised comments received in five regions: Gippsland , Grampians (extending from Ballarat to the western border of Victoria), Hume (the rough area served by the Hume Highway 's Victorian section), Loddon Mallee (including most of northwest Victoria) and Barwon South West (approximately reflecting

275-454: A drainage basin, and there are different ways to interpret that data. In the unlikely event that the gauges are many and evenly distributed over an area of uniform precipitation, using the arithmetic mean method will give good results. In the Thiessen polygon method, the drainage basin is divided into polygons with the rain gauge in the middle of each polygon assumed to be representative for

330-540: A drainage boundary is referred to as watershed delineation . Finding the area and extent of a drainage basin is an important step in many areas of science and engineering. Most of the water that discharges from the basin outlet originated as precipitation falling on the basin. A portion of the water that enters the groundwater system beneath the drainage basin may flow towards the outlet of another drainage basin because groundwater flow directions do not always match those of their overlying drainage network. Measurement of

385-735: A member of the Victorian Parliament 's Legislative Council , and Richard Elkington, a member of the Gippsland Regional Development Committee. The group also included representative of planning and development bodies in the Wimmera region, Warrnambool , Bendigo , Wodonga , Shepparton and Ballarat ; and a representative of the Transport Accident Commission . 38 "workshops" were held in various town centres during

440-528: A network of orbital connections between towns. Further, the RNDP suggests the introduction of myki ticketing across the rest of regional Victoria, and a review of existing fare structures to simplify ticket purchases. A small number of freight initiatives are also outlined, including the already-underway Murray Basin Rail Project and improvements to regulation of interstate traffic. The second section of

495-410: A perimeter, the drainage divide , made up of a succession of elevated features, such as ridges and hills . A basin may consist of smaller basins that merge at river confluences , forming a hierarchical pattern . Other terms for a drainage basin are catchment area , catchment basin , drainage area , river basin , water basin , and impluvium . In North America, they are commonly called

550-426: Is noted, and passenger comfort is addressed by the proposal of new cleaning facilities for buses and trains. The last section of the plan's proposals addresses the need for new types of public transport in different regions. The RNDP includes programs to establish Local Transport Forums in various locations across the state, and envisages their participation in trials of new public transport solutions. This section of

605-487: Is referred to as " watershed management ". In Brazil , the National Policy of Water Resources, regulated by Act n° 9.433 of 1997, establishes the drainage basin as the territorial division of Brazilian water management. When a river basin crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary, it is identified as a transboundary river . Management of such basins becomes

SECTION 10

#1732783782535

660-614: Is the Dead Sea . Drainage basins have been historically important for determining territorial boundaries, particularly in regions where trade by water has been important. For example, the English crown gave the Hudson's Bay Company a monopoly on the fur trade in the entire Hudson Bay basin, an area called Rupert's Land . Bioregional political organization today includes agreements of states (e.g., international treaties and, within

715-713: The African Great Lakes , the interiors of Australia and the Arabian Peninsula , and parts in Mexico and the Andes . Some of these, such as the Great Basin, are not single drainage basins but collections of separate, adjacent closed basins. In endorheic bodies of water where evaporation is the primary means of water loss, the water is typically more saline than the oceans. An extreme example of this

770-828: The Continental Divide , northern Alaska and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana in the United States, the north shore of the Scandinavian peninsula in Europe, central and northern Russia, and parts of Kazakhstan and Mongolia in Asia , which totals to about 17% of the world's land. Just over 13% of the land in the world drains to the Pacific Ocean . Its basin includes much of China, eastern and southeastern Russia, Japan,

825-714: The Korean Peninsula , most of Indochina, Indonesia and Malaysia, the Philippines, all of the Pacific Islands , the northeast coast of Australia , and Canada and the United States west of the Continental Divide (including most of Alaska), as well as western Central America and South America west of the Andes. The Indian Ocean 's drainage basin also comprises about 13% of Earth's land. It drains

880-757: The Melbourne Metro Rail Authority , and will commence with the Ballarat Line Upgrade. Major works are expected to commence in 2018. Regional Rail Revival The Regional Rail Revival is a joint initiative between the Australian federal government and the Victorian state government to upgrade all regional railway lines in Victoria. The project has an estimated total cost of A$ 4 billion . A$ 2.3 billion of

935-501: The catchment area of the Barwon River ). Common themes of feedback across the state included the need for improved transport to smaller towns, a desire for higher-quality facilities and communication, and frustration at inflexible and inconsistent ticketing arrangements. At the end of 2015, no release date for the plan had yet been announced. Minister for Public Transport Jacinta Allan told media that it would likely be ready for

990-516: The 2016–17 Budget. By March 2016, the plan had been finalised and released to the government, but no timeframe was provided for its eventual public release. The RNDP was launched at a press conference on 30 May 2016, some weeks after the announcement of the Budget. The RNDP presents proposals under three "Strategic Priorities": "Building a better public transport network", "Putting passengers first", and "Developing local transport solutions." According to

1045-508: The Albury/Wodonga area. The Latrobe Valley Express lamented the focus of the RNDP on "aspirations" rather than practical, short-term solutions to existing problems. Melbourne's Herald Sun , however, praised the plan for its focus on future commuter routes, while acknowledging the rapidly growing numbers of Victorians moving outside Melbourne. The Bendigo Advertiser also noted the benefits for commuters to Melbourne, as well as

1100-483: The Legislative Assembly for Mulgrave (2002–2023) Premier of Victoria Ministries Elections Royal Commissions [REDACTED] Catchment A drainage basin is an area of land in which all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth , or flows into another body of water , such as a lake or ocean . A basin is separated from adjacent basins by

1155-465: The RNDP included a summary of the initiatives funded by the 2016–17 Victorian Budget in accordance with the plan's recommendations. These included the purchase of a further 27 VLocity train carriages, the establishment of a "road and rail minor works fund" to finance improvements to interchange facilities in regional areas, and a number of additional off-peak rail services in the commuter regions. The investment totalled $ 1.3 billion in budget estimates, and

SECTION 20

#1732783782535

1210-488: The RNDP is concerned largely with the improvement of comfort and accessibility for passengers. Among its proposals are standards for directional signage , the widespread introduction of real-time tracking of bus and train services and new passenger information display systems for buses and coaches. The requirement to upgrade transport facilities to comply with the Disability Discrimination Act

1265-623: The US, interstate compacts ) or other political entities in a particular drainage basin to manage the body or bodies of water into which it drains. Examples of such interstate compacts are the Great Lakes Commission and the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency . In hydrology , the drainage basin is a logical unit of focus for studying the movement of water within the hydrological cycle . The process of finding

1320-406: The basin, it can form tributaries that change the structure of the land. There are three different main types, which are affected by the rocks and ground underneath. Rock that is quick to erode forms dendritic patterns, and these are seen most often. The two other types of patterns that form are trellis patterns and rectangular patterns. Rain gauge data is used to measure total precipitation over

1375-463: The comfort and reliability of commuter journeys to and from Melbourne. This unprecedented growth in demand for regional public transport resulted in capacity constraints becoming apparent on much of the V/Line network, limiting the provision of new services. After public transport became a major issue at the 2014 Victorian election , the new Labor government led by Premier Daniel Andrews announced

1430-549: The commencement of public consultation for a Regional Network Development Plan in May 2015. Public consultation meetings with the aim of establishing public transport priorities across the state began in June 2015. At the same time, an online forum was set up to facilitate comments on the state of transport services in regional Victoria. The consultation process was led by a Regional Transport Advisory Group, co-chaired by Jaclyn Symes ,

1485-491: The consultation a "solid start", but observed that significant investment would be required to realise any long-term benefits of the plan. The Weekly Times , a statewide newspaper with a rural focus, noted that it would be important for future planning to prioritise the needs identified in the consultation carefully. The feedback channels closed on the same day as the final workshop, held in Maryborough on 9 October, and

1540-447: The consultation period, and were attended by about 1,400 people. In addition to this, approximately 1,700 surveys were returned in various formats, and 102 "detailed submissions" were made to the project by stakeholder groups. The process received generally positive feedback in regional media outlets, with a number of established advocacy campaigns praising the opportunity for their demands to be discussed. The Ballarat Courier called

1595-696: The coordinating authority of Victoria's public transport, was formed in December 2011 with the aim of improving services by better planning and stronger intermodal organisation. In March 2013, PTV released the NDPMR in partial fulfilment of these objectives, saying that it would be followed by similar plans for other modes of public transport by the end of that year. However, a report by the Victorian Auditor-General released in August 2014 found that

1650-430: The discharge of water from a basin may be made by a stream gauge located at the basin's outlet. Depending on the conditions of the drainage basin, as rainfall occurs some of it seeps directly into the ground. This water will either remain underground, slowly making its way downhill and eventually reaching the basin, or it will permeate deeper into the soil and consolidate into groundwater aquifers. As water flows through

1705-441: The drainage area is dependent on the soil type. Certain soil types such as sandy soils are very free-draining, and rainfall on sandy soil is likely to be absorbed by the ground. However, soils containing clay can be almost impermeable and therefore rainfall on clay soils will run off and contribute to flood volumes. After prolonged rainfall even free-draining soils can become saturated , meaning that any further rainfall will reach

Regional Network Development Plan - Misplaced Pages Continue

1760-697: The drainage basin to the mouth, and may accumulate there, disturbing the natural mineral balance. This can cause eutrophication where plant growth is accelerated by the additional material. Because drainage basins are coherent entities in a hydrological sense, it has become common to manage water resources on the basis of individual basins. In the U.S. state of Minnesota , governmental entities that perform this function are called " watershed districts ". In New Zealand, they are called catchment boards. Comparable community groups based in Ontario, Canada, are called conservation authorities . In North America, this function

1815-857: The eastern coast of Africa, the coasts of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf , the Indian subcontinent , Burma, and most parts of Australia . The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are those of the Amazon (7 million km ), the Congo (4 million km ), the Nile (3.4 million km ), the Mississippi (3.22 million km ), and the Río de la Plata (3.17 million km ). The three rivers that drain

1870-583: The greatest portion of western Sub-Saharan Africa , as well as Western Sahara and part of Morocco . The two major mediterranean seas of the world also flow to the Atlantic. The Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico basin includes most of the U.S. interior between the Appalachian and Rocky Mountains , a small part of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan , eastern Central America ,

1925-435: The ground and along rivers it can pick up nutrients , sediment , and pollutants . With the water, they are transported towards the outlet of the basin, and can affect the ecological processes along the way as well as in the receiving water body . Modern use of artificial fertilizers , containing nitrogen (as nitrates ), phosphorus , and potassium , has affected the mouths of drainage basins. The minerals are carried by

1980-781: The ground at its terminus, the area can go by several names, such playa, salt flat, dry lake , or alkali sink . The largest endorheic basins are in Central Asia , including the Caspian Sea , the Aral Sea , and numerous smaller lakes. Other endorheic regions include the Great Basin in the United States, much of the Sahara Desert , the drainage basin of the Okavango River ( Kalahari Basin ), highlands near

2035-521: The introductory material of the plan, these priorities reflect the need for a "clearly defined" public transport network across modes and regions. This section of the plan focuses largely on upgrading and building upon the existing rail and long-distance coach networks. The plan specifies 2 further orders of VLocity trains, for a total of 48 further carriages, and the development of a "next generation" regional train to replace N type and H type carriages, particularly on long-haul routes. The RNDP also noted

2090-639: The islands of the Caribbean and the Gulf, and a small part of northern South America. The Mediterranean Sea basin, with the Black Sea , includes much of North Africa , east-central Africa (through the Nile River ), Southern , Central, and Eastern Europe , Turkey , and the coastal areas of Israel , Lebanon , and Syria . The Arctic Ocean drains most of Western Canada and Northern Canada east of

2145-485: The major shortfalll of the RNDP as its lack of cost estimates or definite timeframes for most projects, and quoted the concerns of local politicians that it did not provide any guarantees of progress. The Border Mail , similarly, published the criticisms of the Border Rail Action Group which described the plan as a "bland handout" without any specific benefit to long-distance services such as those in

2200-514: The most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganges , and Congo rivers. Endorheic basin are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Endorheic basins cover around 18% of the Earth's land. Some endorheic basins drain to an Endorheic lake or Inland sea . Many of these lakes are ephemeral or vary dramatically in size depending on climate and inflow. If water evaporates or infiltrates into

2255-435: The ongoing requirement for further construction of stabling facilities, and sets a target of 20 minute service frequency for the commuter lines during peak times , and 40 minutes at other times. Improvements to regional railway station infrastructure are also outlined in this section, along with concurrent improvements to interchange facilities. The RNDP also proposes the introduction of express coach connections to rail, and

Regional Network Development Plan - Misplaced Pages Continue

2310-527: The passenger-carrying rail lines and included track duplication and signalling upgrades to increase capacity. The RRR was to be funded by funds from the Federal Government released after the lease of the Port of Melbourne , and was cast into doubt when the government of Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull initially refused to back the proposal. The Regional Rail Revival will be overseen and managed by

2365-571: The plan also deals with constraints on the existing network, suggesting the use of buses to provide extra capacity in peak times where rail capacity is not available, and introducing seasonal bus services for a variety of fluctuating transport requirements. The RNDP also deals briefly with the need to encourage walking and cycling in regional areas, and to better orient the public transport network to tourism within Victoria. The plan received generally negative coverage on its release, particularly from regional newspapers. The Ballarat Courier identified

2420-518: The potential for economic growth incentives provided by improvements to rail freight services and the enhanced intra-regional connectivity offered by improved bus services. Two further high-profile transport planning documents were released by private groups in Victoria later in 2016. The first of these, produced by Consolidated Land and Rail Australia , focused on the construction of a high-speed train between Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney , but also included plans to improve intrastate transport along

2475-408: The preparation of plans for "on-road public transport" (including the tram network and bus network ) and regional services was "progressing slowly". Meanwhile, patronage on V/Line rail services had doubled in the previous decade, in part due to population growth and the increasing costs of car travel, but also as a result of the introduction of new VLocity trains which had substantially improved

2530-589: The project's total cost is being funded by the Australian Government. It was delivered by Rail Projects Victoria (RPV) until April 2024, and then by the Level Crossing Removal Project . The project is guided by the 2016 Regional Network Development Plan , which outlines the short, medium and long-term priorities for a modernised regional rail network. Regional Rail Revival is made up of multiple projects: Member of

2585-418: The rainfall on the area of land included in its polygon. These polygons are made by drawing lines between gauges, then making perpendicular bisectors of those lines form the polygons. The isohyetal method involves contours of equal precipitation are drawn over the gauges on a map. Calculating the area between these curves and adding up the volume of water is time-consuming. Isochrone maps can be used to show

2640-631: The responsibility of the countries sharing it. Nile Basin Initiative , OMVS for Senegal River , Mekong River Commission are a few examples of arrangements involving management of shared river basins. Management of shared drainage basins is also seen as a way to build lasting peaceful relationships among countries. The catchment is the most significant factor determining the amount or likelihood of flooding . Catchment factors are: topography , shape, size, soil type, and land use (paved or roofed areas). Catchment topography and shape determine

2695-461: The river rather than being absorbed by the ground. If the surface is impermeable the precipitation will create surface run-off which will lead to higher risk of flooding; if the ground is permeable, the precipitation will infiltrate the soil. Land use can contribute to the volume of water reaching the river, in a similar way to clay soils. For example, rainfall on roofs, pavements , and roads will be collected by rivers with almost no absorption into

2750-418: The speed with which the runoff reaches a river. A long thin catchment will take longer to drain than a circular catchment. Size will help determine the amount of water reaching the river, as the larger the catchment the greater the potential for flooding. It is also determined on the basis of length and width of the drainage basin. Soil type will help determine how much water reaches the river. The runoff from

2805-415: The time taken for rain to reach the river, while catchment size, soil type, and development determine the amount of water to reach the river. Generally, topography plays a big part in how fast runoff will reach a river. Rain that falls in steep mountainous areas will reach the primary river in the drainage basin faster than flat or lightly sloping areas (e.g., > 1% gradient). Shape will contribute to

SECTION 50

#1732783782535

2860-477: The time taken for runoff water within a drainage basin to reach a lake, reservoir or outlet, assuming constant and uniform effective rainfall. Drainage basins are the principal hydrologic unit considered in fluvial geomorphology . A drainage basin is the source for water and sediment that moves from higher elevation through the river system to lower elevations as they reshape the channel forms. Drainage basins are important in ecology . As water flows over

2915-558: The train's route. The second plan, developed by the Rail Futures Institute, addressed the RNDP more explicitly in its public release. RFI president John Hearns, while announcing the InterCity plan, called the RNDP a "fairly political document" that was "not really a long-term plan". InterCity covers a 30-year timeframe and calls for a substantially higher level of investment in regional rail. The published version of

2970-673: The world's land drains to the Atlantic Ocean . In North America , surface water drains to the Atlantic via the Saint Lawrence River and Great Lakes basins, the Eastern Seaboard of the United States, the Canadian Maritimes , and most of Newfoundland and Labrador . Nearly all of South America east of the Andes also drains to the Atlantic, as does most of Western and Central Europe and

3025-485: Was largely perceived as a reaction to the major disruptions caused by wheel wear earlier that year. The investment in part duplication of the Ballarat line was also viewed as a precursor to eventual electrification of the commuter service to Melton . The 2017–18 State Budget included further investment in regional railway services under the "Regional Rail Revival" (RRR) branding. The promised works extended to each of

#534465