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33-619: The Direktionsbezirk Leipzig came into existence on 1 August 2008 and succeeded the Regierungsbezirk Leipzig. The territory of Regierungsbezirk Leipzig was slightly larger, and included the former district of Döbeln . With the exception of the districts Altenburg and Schmölln, the territory of the Regierungsbezirk corresponded to that of the former Bezirk Leipzig which existed from 1952 to 1990. A Regierungsbezirk Leipzig existed already from 1939 to 1943, when

66-488: A Landesverwaltungsamt (county administration office) with three offices at the former seats of the Bezirksregierungen . On 1 January 2005, Lower Saxony followed suit, disbanding its remaining four Regierungsbezirke of Brunswick , Hanover , Lüneburg , and Weser-Ems . On 1 August 2008, Saxony restructured its counties ( Landkreise , German: [ˈlantˌkʁaɪ̯zə] ), changed

99-579: A Land or state of the new Federal Republic of Germany , informally referred to as " West Germany " until 1990. The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 87-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen , elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of

132-562: A lack of major company headquarters. At the turn of the new century, unemployment in Bremen stood at 13%, a rate matched in the Federal Republic only by the "new states" in former East Germany. By 2022, while reduced to 10.2% it was the highest among all 16 German states. Despite historic job losses in the industrial sector, Bremen State has retained, and continues to develop, a broad manufacturing base: The University of Bremen

165-454: A large migrant worker population, drawn largely from Turkey and southern Europe. Some of the city's heavier industries failed to recover from the oil-price-shock recession of the early 1970s. Specialist construction yards, ship outfitters and parts suppliers remain, but AG Weser (which employed 16,000 workers at its peak) and Bremer Vulcan , Bremen's major shipbuilders, closed in 1983 and 1997 respectively. Further job losses were caused by

198-478: A total of 19 Regierungsbezirke , ranging in population from 5,255,000 ( Düsseldorf ) to 1,065,000 ( Gießen ): [REDACTED] Media related to Regierungsbezirk at Wikimedia Commons Bremen (state) Bremen ( German: [ˈbʁeːmən] ), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen ( German : Freie Hansestadt Bremen ; Low German : Free Hansestadt Bremen ),

231-631: Is in Friedehorst Park (32.5 metres; 107'). When the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in 1806, what had been since 1646 (after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) the Free Imperial City of Bremen was not mediatised . Rather than being incorporated into the enlarged territory of one of the surrounding monarchies, it was recognised (along with Hamburg ) as a sovereign Free Hanseatic City . Its currency until 1873

264-497: Is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states . It is informally called Land Bremen ('State of Bremen'), although the term is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen and its seaport exclave , Bremerhaven , surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony in northern Germany. The state of Bremen consists of two non-contiguous territories. These enclaves contain Bremen , officially

297-670: The state parliament . Regierungsbezirk is a German term variously translated into English as "governmental district", "administrative district" or "province", with the first two being the closest literal translations. The first Regierungsbezirke were established in the Kingdom of Bavaria and the Kingdom of Prussia in 1808. During the course of the Prussian reforms between 1808 and 1816, Prussia subdivided its provinces into 25 Regierungsbezirke , eventually featuring 37 such districts within 12 provinces. By 1871, at

330-575: The 'City' ( Stadtgemeinde Bremen ) which is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven ( Stadt Bremerhaven ). Both are located on the River Weser ; Bremerhaven ("Bremen's harbour") is further downstream on the mouth of the Weser with open access to the North Sea . Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony ( Niedersachsen ). The highest point in the state

363-402: The 1980s mechanisation of the port and closure of the city's leading shipbuilder induced an employment crisis and shook the confidence of the party's traditional voter base. The SPD, which had still polled 51% in 1987, lost its effective majority. The once dominant left-liberal vote split, and coalition government became the norm. The 2019 Bremen state election was held on 26 May 2019 to elect

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396-825: The Conservatives. During the Weimar Republic , there were seven elections to the Burgerschaft , the Bremen parliament. At the November 1932 German federal election , the last broadly free election during this time, the Social Democrats won 31.2% of the vote, and the Communists (KPD) 16.8%, compared to 20.8% for the Nazis . Following the heavily compromised national elections of March 1933,

429-701: The French , this became the German Empire with Bremen as one of the Reich 's 26 constituent states. As an international port and industrial centre, Bremen had a strong left and liberal tradition. In January 1913, at the last elections to the Imperial Reichstag in Berlin, the Social Democrats (SPD) secured over half the vote, or 53.4%. Left Liberals (Linksliberale) took another 41.4%. Only 5.1% went to

462-623: The Nazis still achieved only a third of the popular vote in Bremen (32.7%). Bremen, like all the German states, then underwent the process of Gleichschaltung (coordination) whereby the Nazi regime, through a campaign of violent demonstrations and intimidation, first forced the resignation of the executive Senate and later dissolved the Bürgerschaft . Bremen remained for the next twelve years under

495-460: The Province of Hanover and Schaumburg-Lippe. These differences in autonomy and size were levelled on 1 January 1978, when four Regierungsbezirke replaced the two Verwaltungsbezirke and the six Regierungsbezirke : Brunswick and Oldenburg, Aurich , Hanover (remaining mostly the same), Hildesheim, Lüneburg, Osnabrück and Stade . Following the reunification of Germany in 1990,

528-582: The city's built fabric, including much of its historic centre. Following a further bombardment, British troops entered Bremen in late April 1945. Transferred to the Americans, Bremen became the supply port for the US zones of occupation in west Berlin and southern Germany. The city was reestablished as a state in 1947 and, from 1949, was again known as the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen , becoming

561-421: The direct authority of a Reichsstatthalter (Reich Governor) who simultaneously held the post of Nazi Party Gauleiter of Gau Weser-Ems . During these years, Bremen's small Jewish community (1,438 people registered at the beginning of 1933) was destroyed through coerced emigration and deportation to death camps in the occupied east . Allied bombing during World War II destroyed or severely damaged 60% of

594-400: The education and business-park infrastructure for new science-based and digital enterprises. In this an important role is accorded to the growing university sector. Further investment went into the revitalisation of the city centre but a culture-driven regeneration around entertainment and tourism was not very successful. Several experts described Bremen's service sector as underdeveloped, due to

627-547: The election, the SPD, Greens, and Left agreed to form a coalition government. Carsten Sieling resigned as mayor and was replaced by fellow SPD member Andreas Bovenschulte . The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include: Bremen's post- World War II economy boomed in line with the West German Wirtschaftswunder of the 1950s and 60s. This saw the growth, and permanent settlement, in Bremen of

660-969: The former Kreishauptmannschaften in Saxony were renamed following the custom in Prussia. Kreise (districts) Kreisfreie Städte (district-free towns) Regierungsbezirk A Regierungsbezirk ( German pronunciation: [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌtsɪʁk] ) means "governmental district" and is a type of administrative division in Germany. Currently, four of sixteen Bundesländer ( states of Germany ) are split into Regierungsbezirke . Beneath these are rural and urban districts Regierungsbezirke ( pronounced [ʁeˈɡiːʁʊŋsbəˌt͡sɪʁkə] ) serve as regional mid-level local government units in four of Germany's sixteen federal states : Baden-Württemberg , Bavaria , Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia . Each of

693-488: The members of the Bürgerschaft of Bremen , as well as the city councils of Bremen and Bremerhaven . The election took place on the same day as the 2019 European Parliament election . The Christian Democratic Union (CDU), for the first time, became the largest party in the Bürgerschaft, while the Social Democratic Party (SPD) fell to second place. The Greens and The Left made small gains. After

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726-593: The mouth of the Weser from the Kingdom of Hanover , in order to build a new seaport, Bremerhaven . This ensured that Bremen remained Germany's main port of embarkation for emigrants to the Americas, and that it developed as an entrepôt for Germany's late developing colonial trade. In 1867, the year following Prussia 's defeat of Austria and its annexation of Hanover, Bremen joined the North German Confederation . In 1871, following victory over

759-667: The municipality of the workplace, but after that, by the municipality of the residency. Incorporating surrounding suburban municipalities, is not an option for Bremen as these belong to the state of Lower Saxony. With financial assistance from the European Union , and from the Federal Government, economic policy has focused on supporting those established economic sectors that are based on advanced technology, such as aerospace and aircraft production, automobile production, maritime and logistics services, and on developing

792-747: The name of its Regierungsbezirke to Direktionsbezirke (directorate districts), and moved some responsibilities to the districts. The Direktionsbezirke were still named Chemnitz , Dresden , and Leipzig , but a border change was necessary because the new district of Mittelsachsen crossed the borders of the old Regierungsbezirke . On 1 March 2012, the Direktionsbezirke were merged into one Landesdirektion (county directorate). Currently, only four German states out of 16 in total are divided into Regierungsbezirke ; all others are directly divided into districts without mid-level agencies. Those four states are divided into

825-457: The nineteen Regierungsbezirke features a non- legislative governing body called a Regierungspräsidium (governing presidium) or Bezirksregierung (district government) headed by a Regierungspräsident (governing president), concerned mostly with administrative decisions on a local level for districts within its jurisdiction. Saxony has Direktionsbezirke (directorate districts) with more responsibilities shifted from

858-614: The restructuring and increasing mechanisation of harbour-related activities and other industrial sectors. Semi and unskilled harbour workers found it very difficult to re-enter the labour market, and unemployment—for a period in the 1980s almost double the West German average—remained comparatively high. At a time when structural change in the economy has forced Bremen to spend more on social services, suburbanisation has reduced population and tax revenue, namely due to 1969 federal tax reform - before that, income taxes would be collected by

891-536: The senate ( Senatspräsident ), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen ( Bürgermeister ) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by

924-501: The senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party . On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately: In post-war Bremen, the port, shipyards and related industries sustained a large and unionised working class. As before 1933, this translated into support for the Social Democrats, considered Bremen's natural governing party. However, in

957-739: The state of North Rhine-Westphalia in modern Germany are in direct continuation of those created in the Prussian Rhine and Westphalia provinces in 1816. Regierungsbezirke never existed in Bremen , Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein , and Saarland . In 1946, Lower Saxony was founded by the merger of the three former Free States of Brunswick , Oldenburg , Schaumburg-Lippe , and the former Prussian province of Hanover . Brunswick and Oldenburg became Verwaltungsbezirke [fɛɐ̯ˈvaltʊŋsbəˌt͡sɪʁkə] (roughly administrative regions of extended competence) alongside six less autonomous Prussian-style Regierungsbezirke comprising

990-513: The territory of the former East Germany was organized into six re-established new federal states , including a reunified Berlin . Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt established three Regierungsbezirke each, while the other new states didn't implement them. During the 2000s, four German states discontinued the use of Regierungsbezirke . On 1 January 2000, Rhineland-Palatinate disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke of Koblenz , Rheinhessen-Pfalz and Trier . The employees and assets of

1023-548: The three Bezirksregierungen ( German pronunciation: [bəˈt͡sɪʁksʁeˌɡiːʁʊŋən] ) were converted into three public authorities responsible for the whole state, each covering a part of the former responsibilities of the Bezirksregierung ( German: [bəˈt͡sɪʁksʁeˌɡiːʁʊŋ] ). On 1 January 2004, Saxony-Anhalt disbanded its three Regierungsbezirke of Dessau , Halle and Magdeburg . The responsibilities are now covered by

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1056-947: The time of German unification , the concept of Regierungsbezirke had been adopted by most States of the German Empire . Similar entities were initially established in other states under different names, including Kreishauptmannschaft (district captainship) in Saxony , Kreis (district) in Bavaria and Württemberg (not to be confused with the present-day Kreis or Landkreis districts), and province in Hesse. The names of these equivalent administrative divisions were standardized to Regierungsbezirk in Nazi Germany , but after World War II these naming reforms were reverted. The Regierungsbezirke in

1089-613: Was the Bremen thaler . In 1811, in an effort to enforce Napoleon 's Berlin Decree embargoing Britain, the First French Empire had annexed the city-state . But at the Congress of Vienna of 1815 , Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster , Johann Smidt , lobbied successfully to have the city's independence restored as one of the 39 sovereign states within the new German Confederation . In 1827, Bremen bought land at

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