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91-474: The inhabitants of Reggio nell'Emilia are called Reggiani , while the inhabitants of Reggio di Calabria , in the southwest of the country, are called Reggini . The old town has a hexagonal form, which derives from the ancient walls, and the main buildings are from the 16th–17th centuries. The commune's territory lies entirely on a plain, crossed by the Crostolo stream. Reggio began as a historical site with

182-736: A Hebrew text, a Rashi commentary on the Pentateuch , printed in 1475 in La Giudecca of Reggio, even though scholars consider Rome as the city where Hebrew printing began. The Jewish community of Reggio was also considered to be among the foremost internationally, for the dyeing and the trading of silk : silk woven in Reggio was esteemed and bought by the Spaniards, the Genoese, the Dutch,

273-641: A Perugine hermit , entered the city, and this event calmed the situation for a while, spurring a momentous flourishing of religious fervour. But disputes soon resurfaced, and as early as 1265 the Ghibellines killed the Guelph's leader, Caco da Reggio, and gained preeminence. Arguments with the Bishop continued and two new parties formed, the Inferiori and Superiori. Final victory went to the latter. To thwart

364-606: A metropolitan city . It holds the record of the worst city in terms of quality of life for environmental and cultural parameters, ranking among the worst Italian cities for quality of life. Reggio is located on the "toe" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina . It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte , a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through

455-574: A Christian fleet coming from Pisa sacked the city and massacred all the Saracens to the great jubilation of the local population. In 1060 the Normans , under Robert Guiscard and Roger I of Sicily , captured Reggio but Greek cultural and religious elements persisted until the 17th century. In 1194 Reggio and the whole of southern Italy went to the Hohenstaufen , who held it until 1266. In 1234

546-598: A cultural centre, as is demonstrated by the presence of academies of art, philosophy, and science, such as the Pythagorean School, and also by its well-known poet Ibycus , the historian Ippys , the musicologist Glaucus, and the sculptors Pythagoras and Clearchus . Rhegion made an alliance with the Roman republic in 282 BC, shortly before the Pyrrhic War . The Legio Campana  [ de ] , under

637-496: A disastrous earthquake damaged Reggio, all of southern Calabria and Messina . The precious citrus fruit, Bergamot orange , had been cultivated and used in the Reggio area since the 15th century. By 1750 it was being grown intensively in the Rada Giunchi area of Reggio and was the first plantation of its kind in the world. In 1806, Napoleon Bonaparte took Reggio and made the city a Duchy and General Headquarters. After

728-534: A flourishing city, a Municipium with its own statutes, magistrates and art colleges. Apollinaris of Ravenna brought Christianity in the 1st century CE. The sources confirm the presence of a bishopric in Reggio after the Edict of Milan (313). In 440 the Reggio diocese was placed under the jurisdiction of Ravenna by Western Roman Emperor Valentinianus III . At the end of the 4th century, however, Reggio had decayed so much that Saint Ambrose included it among

819-699: A hostage of emperor Frederick II since 1238, was poisoned with his barren wife, Adelaide da Romano. Without any other sons to continue his line, the Margrave Azzo VII saw in Obizzo the only chance of survival of the House of Este and fought for his recognition as his heir. Obizzo was legitimated by the Pope Innocent IV in 1252, shortly after his mother was drowned in the Adriatic . In 1264 he

910-537: A lieutenant in the Polish troops of General Jan Henryk Dąbrowski , an ally of Napoleon, composed in Reggio the Mazurek Dąbrowskiego , which in 1927 became the Polish national anthem. The 1815 Treaty of Vienna returned Reggio to Francis IV of Austria-Este, but in 1831 Modena rose up against him, and Reggio followed its example organizing a corps under the command of General Carlo Zucchi . However, on 9 March,

1001-631: A metropolis of the Byzantine possessions in Italy and was also the capital of the Duchy of Calabria several times between 536 and 1060 AD. Following wars between the Lombards and Byzantines in the 6th century, Bruttium was renamed Calabria. As a Byzantine centre of culture, certain monks there undertook scribal work, carrying out the transcription of ancient classical works. Until the 15th century, Reggio

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1092-559: A partially covered piazza. It houses offices, gyms, craft laboratories, cinema and flexible auditoria. The city's main association football team is Reggina . They play at the Stadio Oreste Granillo and are fierce rivals with neighbours Messina , who are just a twenty-five minutes ferry ride apart from each other. Throughout their histories they have clashed in the Derby dello Stretto ( Strait of Messina Derby). There

1183-512: A period of prosperity: Reggio adopted new statutes, had a mint, schools with celebrated masters, and developed its trades and arts. It also increasingly subjugated the castles of the neighbouring areas. At this time the Crostolo stream was deviated westwards, to gain space for the city. The former course of the stream was turned into an avenue called Corso della Ghiara (gravel), nowadays Corso Garibaldi. The 12th and 13th century, however, were also

1274-544: A period of violent internal struggle between the Scopazzati (meaning "swept away from the city with brooms", noblemen) and Mazzaperlini (meaning "lice killers", plebeians) parties, and later those of Ruggeri and Malaguzzi, involved in a bitter domestic rivalry. In 1152 Reggio also warred with Parma and in 1225 with Modena, as part of the general struggle between the Guelphs and Ghibellines . In 1260 25,000 penitents , led by

1365-473: A relevant autonomy, with laws and coinage of its own. Niccolò was succeeded by his illegitimate son Lionello , and, from 1450, by Borso d'Este . In 1452, Borso was awarded the title of Duke of Modena and Reggio by Frederick III . Borso's successor, Ercole I , imposed heavy levies on the city and appointed the poet Matteo Maria Boiardo , born in the nearby town of Scandiano , as its governor. Later another famous Italian writer, Francesco Guicciardini , held

1456-628: A renewal of this alliance in 433 BC. The Athenians supported Rhegion in a war with Locri during the First Sicilian Expedition (427–425 BC). However, when the Athenians launched the much larger Sicilian Expedition of 415–413 BC, Rhegion offered them only limited assistance. During the Third Sicilian War , Rhegion became hostile to Dionysius I of Syracuse . He attacked the city for the first time in 396 BC, but he

1547-601: A renewed and stronger identity. The symbol of the Reggio Spring is the Lungomare Falcomatà, the sea-side boulevard named after Italo Falcomatà, the centre-left mayor who initiated the recovery of the town. On 9 October 2012, the Italian government decided to dissolve the city council of Reggio Calabria for infiltration by the 'Ndrangheta. The move came after some councillors were suspected of having ties to

1638-896: A strong tradition that supported the development of consumers'cooperatives, as well as, building and banking cooperatives. New developments in mechanics and information technology are at the origin of some new companies operating in mechatronics . Another well-established sector is the ceramic tiles industry (mainly concentrated in the districts of Scandiano and Casalgrande ). Other leading sectors include: electronics ( Cellular Line , Phonocar , RCF audio ); finance ( Credito Emiliano ); fashion ( Marina Rinaldi , Max Mara ); food ( Newlat ); machinery ( ARGO SpA , Emak , Interpump Group , Landi Renzo , Lombardini S.r.l. ; Preston & Barbieri , Smeg (appliances) ); utilities ( Iren  [ it ] ). The industrial growth has attracted immigration from North and Central Africa, East Europe, and Far East (China, Pakistan, India). The immigration rate in

1729-785: A violent dispute for their rights. Finally, they made a divisionary treaty over the lands: Azzo retained Ferrara , Aldobrandino received Modena and Francesco obtained Reggio Emilia . Obizzo d'Este is cited in Dante's Inferno and is in the first compartment of the Seventh Circle of Hell for purchasing Ghisola from her brother Venedico Cacciamenico for sexual relations. In 1263 Obizzo married firstly with Giacomina (died December 1287), daughter of Niccolò Fieschi di Lavagna and niece of Pope Adrian V . They had five children: In 1289 Obizzo married secondly with Costanza (died 1306), daughter of Alberto I della Scala , Lord of Verona . This union

1820-402: Is Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese. Another is Lambrusco wine. Reggio Emilia produce also the "Balsamic Vinegar", a condiment for salad but also cheese, strawberries and many other dishes. In the twentieth century Reggio Emilia and its territory saw also a rapid development of small and medium industries, particularly in the sector of agricultural machinery. For more than 100 years, there has been

1911-543: Is twinned with: Reggio di Calabria Reggio di Calabria ( Southern Calabrian : Riggiu ; Calabrian Greek : Ρήγι , romanized :  Rìji ), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria , or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria. It has an estimated population between 150,000 and 200,000 and

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2002-405: Is twinned with: Reggio retains a somewhat rural ambience despite its sizable population. Industry in the city revolves primarily around agriculture and export, fruits, tobacco, briar and the precious essence of the bergamot which is used in perfume production. Reggio is a port city with a sizeable fishing industry. The beaches of the city have become a popular tourist destination . Tourism

2093-518: Is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto , is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Græcia , dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace , rare example of Greek bronze sculpture , which became one of

2184-491: Is a period when it is snowing. Due to the rather high temperatures, it does not settle, or if it does, the layer of snow is not very consistent. During Autumn and Winter it is very common, especially in the areas outside the city, to encounter very thick fog, even though nowadays it is less frequent than in the past. Other meteorological phenomena that one can expect in the area is the hard rain, freezing rain during winter, and hail during summer but rarely during spring. The area

2275-728: Is also a major Calabrian derby with Crotone . There is also a second much smaller team HinterReggio Calcio . The members of Parliament representing Reggio Calabria are Federica Dieni ( M5S ) in the Chamber and Marco Siclari ( FI ) in the Senate . Reggio is a road junction on the SS18 Naples -Reggio and on the SS106 Reggio- Taranto roads and also on the A2 Salerno-Reggio motorway . The Tramway of Reggio

2366-743: Is distributed between the Ionian coast (Costa Jonica), the Tyrrhenian coast (the Costa Viola, Purple Coast) and the Aspromonte mountain behind the city, containing the natural reserve of the Aspromonte National Park where, at 1,300–1,950 metres above sea level, there is a panoramic view of the Strait of Messina from the snowy mount Etna to the Aeolian Islands . The new waterfront, designed by architect Zaha Hadid ,

2457-870: Is divided into 15 sub-municipalities ( circoscrizioni ) containing the frazioni ('subdivisions', mainly villages and hamlets) of Catona , Gallico, Archi, Pentimele, Gallina, Mosorrofa ( Greek : Messorofè ), Ortì ( Greek : Orthioi ), Pellaro ( Greek : Pèllaros ) and Saracinello. They are: Centro Storico (1st); Pineta Zerbi, Tremulini and Eremo (2nd); Santa Caterina, San Brunello and Vito (3rd); Trabochetto, Condera and Spirito Santo (4th); Rione Ferrovieri, Stadio and Gebbione (5th); Sbarre (6th); San Giorgio, Modena, Scido and San Sperato (7th); Catona, Salice, Rosalì and Villa San Giuseppe (8th); Gallico and Sambatello (9th); Archi (10th); Ortì, Podàrgoni and Terreti (11th); Cannavò, Mosorrofa and Cataforio (12th); Ravagnese, San Gregorio, Croce Valanidi and Trunca (13th); Gallina (14th); Pellaro and Bocale (15th). Reggio di Calabria

2548-419: Is located on a narrow strait separating Italy from Sicily . The museum (13,400 m ) draws inspiration from the organic form of the starfish, utilizing a radial symmetry to coordinate communication and circulation between different program elements: exhibition spaces, restoration facilities, archive, aquarium and library. A second, multifunctional building (8,000 m ), comprises two separate elements, placed around

2639-492: Is not particularly windy and there are often days of total calm, especially during the anticyclonic phases in winter, while spring is more ventilated. The most intense winds are the ones blowing from North-East (Bora) or from South-West (Libeccio). The latter, during its descent from the Northern Apennines, it sometimes tends to become a downslope wind and thus being very dry and hot. In rare and particular conditions,

2730-560: Is still visible today on the sea-front. Due to its seismic activity, the area was often damaged by earthquakes, such as in 91 BC, AD 17, 305 and 374. Numerous occupying armies came to Reggio during the early Middle Ages due to the city's strategic importance. Invasions by the Vandals , the Lombards and the Goths occurred in the 5th–6th centuries. Then, under Byzantine rule, it became

2821-455: Is temperate continental, with hot rather moist summers (the temperatures can sometimes rise above 35 °C) (95 °F) and fairly frigid winters with frequent frosts (the temperatures can go below -10 °C) (14 °F). Precipitations are evenly distributed all year long, but October, November and April are the most rainy months, while July and January are the most arid. In the city you can rarely see snow, even though almost every year there

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2912-579: Is the twenty-first most populous city in Italy , after Modena and other Italian cities, and the 100th most populated city in Europe . Reggio Calabria is located near the center of the Mediterranean and is known for its climate, ethnic and cultural diversity. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy . About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italy as

3003-594: Is well known around the world. It is based and inspired on theories of Malaguzzi, Bruner, Vygotsky, Dewey, Piaget and Gardner. Reggio Emilia holds the Loris Malaguzzi International Centre , a modern structure where the Reggio Emilia approach is implemented, exported and spread around the world. The economy of the province of Reggio Emilia was for a long time based on agriculture. One typical product, known worldwide and imitated,

3094-528: The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . Bruno Antonio Rossi (the mayor of Reggio after the historian Domenico Spanò Bolani, who helped the citizenship during the previous turbulent years) was the first in the kingdom to proclaim the new Garibaldi Dictatorship and the end of the rule of Francis II . On 28 December 1908, at 5:21 am, the town was hit by a heavy earthquake and shook violently for 31 seconds. Damage

3185-1128: The Mancasale Industrial zone in the north to Rivalta in the south, stopping at the Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana railway station , Reggio Emilia railway station and other neighborhoods. The tram system has undergone a feasibility study, and is set to open in 2026. Reggio Emilia is home to various professional sports clubs and arenas: The main sports venues in the city are: - Bagno - Cadè - Canali - Cavazzoli - Castellazzo - Cella - Codemondo - Corticella - Coviolo - Fogliano - Gaida - Gavassa - Gavasseto - Mancasale - Marmirolo - Masone - Massenzatico - Ospizio - Pieve Modolena - Pratofontana - Rivalta - Roncadella - Roncocesi - Sabbione - San Bartolomeo - San Maurizio - San Pellegrino - San Prospero Strinati - Sesso. - Acque Chiare - Baragalla - Buco del Signore - Canalina - Centro Storico (Historical Centre) - Lungocrostolo - Mirabello - Ospedale (Hospital) - Ospizio - Quartier Giardino - Rosta Nuova - Stazione (Railway station) Reggio Emilia

3276-633: The March of Tuscany , later held by Matilde of Canossa . Reggio became a free commune around the end of the 11th or the beginning of the 12th century. In 1167 it was a member of the Lombard League and took part in the Battle of Legnano . In 1183 the city signed the Treaty of Konstanz , from which the city's consul , Rolando della Carità, received the imperial investiture. The subsequent peace spurred

3367-596: The Milanese Visconti , helped by 2,000 exiled Reggiani, captured the city, starting an unsettled period of powersharing with the Gonzaga. In the end the latter sold Reggio to the Visconti for 5,000 ducats . In 1405 Ottobono Terzi of Parma seized Reggio, but was killed by Michele Attendolo , who handed the city over to Nicolò III d'Este , who therefore became seignor of Reggio. The city, however, maintained

3458-561: The 'Ndrangheta as well as urban decay. The town is home to several 'ndrine , such as the Condello - Imerti and the De Stefano - Tegano clans, who were involved in bloody wars against each other during this period. The 'Ndrangheta extorts protection money ( pizzo ) from every shop and viable business in town and has more power than the city council in awarding licences to retailers. The spiral of corruption reached its zenith in

3549-612: The 10th–11th centuries the city was ruled by the Arabs and, renamed Rivàh (or sometimes Rŷu ), became part of the Emirate of Sicily . During the period of Arab rule various beneficial ideas were introduced into Calabria, such as citrus fruit trees, mulberry trees (used in silk production) and several ways of cooking local vegetables such as aubergines. The Arabs introduced water ices and ice cream and also greatly improved agricultural and hydraulic techniques for irrigation. In 1005,

3640-589: The 1783 earthquake, the English traveller and painter Edward Lear remarked "Reggio is indeed one vast garden, and doubtless one of the loveliest spots to be seen on earth. A half-ruined castle, beautiful in colour and picturesque in form, overlooks all the long city, the wide straits, and snow-topped Mongibello beyond." On 21 August 1860, during the Battaglia di Piazza Duomo  [ it ; fr ; ru ] (Cathedral Square Battle), Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered

3731-740: The Battle of Montechiarugolo . Though minor, this clash is considered the first one of the Italian Risorgimento . Napoleon himself awarded the Reggiani with 500 rifles and 4 guns. Later he occupied Emilia and formed a new province, the Cispadane Republic , whose existence was proclaimed in Reggio on 7 January 1797. The Italian national flag , named Il Tricolore (three-colours flag), was sewn on that occasion by Reggio women. In this period of patriotic fervour, Jozef Wybicki ,

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3822-591: The Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the "city of bergamot ", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the "city of Fatamorgana ", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside. During its 3,500-year history Reggio has often been renamed. Each name corresponds with the city's major historical phases: The toponym of the city might derive from an Italic word rec (meaning 'king', cognate with Latin rex ). Ancient Greek and Roman etymologists derived it from

3913-567: The Duke conquered the city with his escort of Austrian soldiers. In 1848, Duke Francis V left his state fearing a revolution and Reggio proclaimed its union with Piedmont . The latter's defeat at the Novara brought the city back under the Este control. In 1859 Reggio, under dictator Luigi Carlo Farini , became part of the united Italy and, with the plebiscite of 10 March 1860, definitively entered

4004-621: The Emperor Henry VII imposed Marquis Spinetto Malaspina as vicar, but he was soon driven out. The republic ended in 1326 when Cardinal Bertrando del Poggetto annexed Reggio to the Papal States . The city was subsequently under the suzerainty of John of Bohemia , Nicolò Fogliani and Mastino II della Scala , who in 1336 gave it to Luigi Gonzaga . Gonzaga built a citadel in the St. Nazario quarter, and destroyed 144 houses. In 1356

4095-787: The English and the Venetians, as it was recognised as the best silk in the Kingdom of Naples. From the early 16th century, the Kingdom of Naples was under the Habsburgs of Spain , who put Reggio under a viceroy from 1504 to 1713. The 16th and 17th centuries were an age of decay due to high Spanish taxes, pestilence, the 1562 earthquake, and the Ottoman Turkish invasions suffered by Reggio between 1534 and 1594. In 1534, facing attack by an Ottoman fleet under Hayreddin Barbarossa ,

4186-502: The Greek regnynai ( ῥηγνυναι , 'break'), referring to a mythic earthquake in which Sicily was broken off from the Italian mainland. The history of the area before the arrival of the Greeks in the eighth century BC is not reliably known. Mythical accounts record a series of different peoples in the region, including the Osci (sometimes referred to as Opici ), Trojans , Oenotrians , Ligures , Ausones , Mamertines , Taureani , Sicels , Morgetes and Itali . They also claim that

4277-861: The Strutt family and Elizabeth Byron (in 1840), Edward Lear (in 1847), Norman Douglas (in 1911), D. H. Lawrence (in c. 1920) and Eric Whelpton (in 1950s) and the Belgian Jules Destrée (in 1915 and in 1930) visited Reggio. With an exceptionally high population density, Reggio Calabria was cited as having the least green space in a study of 386 European cities. The study reported that green space coverage varied markedly, averaging 18.6 per cent and "ranging from 1.9 (Reggio di Calabria, Italy) to 46 ( Ferrol , Spain) per cent." The study further reported "Per capita green space provision varied by two orders of magnitude, from 3 to 4 m per person in Cádiz, Fuenlabrada and Almería (Spain) and Reggio di Calabria (Italy) to more than 300 m in Liège ( Belgium ), Oulu ( Finland ) and Valenciennes ( France )." Even so, outside of

4368-433: The abuses of powerful families such as the Sessi, Fogliani and Canossa, the Senate of Reggio gave the city's rule for a period of three years to Obizzo II d'Este . This choice marked the future path of Reggio under the seignory of the latter's family , as Obizzo continued to rule de facto after his mandate has ceased. His son Azzo was expelled by the Reggiani in 1306, creating a republic ruled by 800 common people. In 1310

4459-514: The bishop the authority to exercise royal authority over the city and established the diocese' limits (781). In 888, Reggio was handed over to the Kings of Italy . In 899, the Magyars heavily damaged it, killing Bishop Azzo II. As a result of this, new walls were built. On 31 October 900 Emperor Louis III gave authority for the erection of a castrum (castle) in the city's centre. In 1002, Reggio's territory, together with that of Parma , Brescia , Modena , Mantua and Ferrara , were merged into

4550-421: The catastrophic earthquake of 1908 , which destroyed most of the city. Before that seismic event, the region has been subject to several other previous earthquakes. The seismicity is caused by Reggio being on the Eurasian Plate near the faultline where it meets the African Plate that runs through the strait, dividing the two European regions of Calabria and Sicily into two different tectonic regions. It

4641-424: The centre of the region. As a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina , which lies across the strait in Sicily , forming a metro city of less than 1 million people. Reggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia . Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after

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4732-418: The city and surrounding countryside. On 27 April 2023 the City of Reggio Emilia is one of the winner of the prize European Capitals of Inclusion and Diversity. Jews began arriving to Reggio in the early 15th century. Many Jews were Sephardim from Spain , Portugal and other parts of Italy . Nearly all were fleeing religious persecution. The Jewish community was prosperous and enjoyed considerable growth for

4823-439: The city for 18 months until a new election . According to anti-mafia investigators in 2016, Scopelliti was elected thanks to votes from the 'Ndrangheta. Reggio has been destroyed by earthquakes several times over the centuries, such as in 91 BC, after which the city was reconstructed by order of the Emperor Augustus, followed by another in the year 17 AD; yet another one in 305 AD, and again another in 374. In 1562 one destroyed

4914-525: The city of Messina through a ferryboat line system. Reggio Calabria, served by air from the Reggio Calabria Airport ( IATA : REG , ICAO : LICR ) also known as Aeroporto dello Stretto or Tito Minniti Airport , is located a few kilometres south of Reggio. The airport has been at the center of polemics about its financial loss, risking to be closed. It is currently connected to the airports of Rome Fiumicino and Milan Linate . Obizzo II d%27Este Obizzo II d'Este (c. 1247 – 13 February 1293)

5005-402: The command of Decius Vibellus, was installed as a garrison but subsequently launched a violent coup and seized control of the city. Roman forces deposed Decius and restored the city's independence in 271 BC. Thereafter, Rhegium was an important ally of Rome, with the status of municipium and socia navalis (naval ally). It retained its Greek customs and language, as well as its mint . It

5096-401: The construction by Marcus Aemilius Lepidus of the Via Aemilia , leading from Piacenza to Rimini (187 BC). Reggio became a judicial administration centre, with a forum called at first Regium Lepidi , then simply Regium , whence the city's current name. During the Roman age Regium is cited only by Festus and Cicero , as one of the military stations on the Via Aemilia. However, it was

5187-1180: The decline. Today, only one Jew remains in Reggio Emilia. The Jewish Community of Reggio Emilia was merged with Modena's. However, an unused synagogue and burial ground still exist. In 2016 the City Council posed some small street plates in front of the houses of the deported Jews to preserve their remembrance. Many notable rabbinic scholars have resided in Reggio. These include Isaac Foa, Immanuel Sonino, Obadiah ben Israel Sforno, Nathan ben Reuben David Spira, Menahem Azariah Fano, Baruch Abraham ben Elhanan David Foa, Hezekiah ben Isaac Foa, Isaac ben Vardama Foa, Israel Nissim Foa, Israel Solomon Longhi, Isaiah Mordecai ben Israel Hezekiah Bassani, Israel Benjamin ben Isaiah Bassani, Elhanan David Carmi, Benjamin ben Eliezer ha-Kohen, Joshua ben Raphael Fermi, Moses Benjamin Foa, Abram Michael Fontanella, Judah Ḥayyim Fontanella, Israel Berechiah Fontanella, Raphael Jehiel Sanguinetti, Isaac Samson d'Angeli, R. J. Bolognese, Hananiah Elhanan Ḥai ha-Kohen, Jacob Levi, Moses Benjamin Levi, Israel Berechiah Sanguinetti, David Jacob Maroni, Giuseppe Lattes, Alessandro da Fano, Lazzaro Laide Tedesco, and Shimshon Chaim Nachmani. The climate in Reggio Emilia

5278-404: The dilapidated cities. Further damage occurred with the Barbarian invasions. After the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476 Reggio was part of Odoacer 's realm. In 489 it came under Ostrogothic control; from 539 it was part of the Roman Empire (Italy), but was taken by Alboin 's Lombards in 569. Reggio was chosen as Duchy of Reggio seat. In 773, the Franks took Reggio. Charlemagne gave

5369-402: The downwind of the Alps, the Foehn, can reach Reggio Emilia from the North-West. In Reggio Emilia, the average annual high temperature is 18 °C (64 °F), the annual low temperature is 9 °C (48 °F), and the annual precipitation is 700 millimetres (27.56 inches ). The Reggio Emilia approach to preschool education was started by the schools of Reggio Emilia after World War II and

5460-446: The early 1990s. The sitting mayor at the time, Agatino Licandro  [ it ] , made a confession reporting "suitcases coming into city hall stuffed with money but going out empty". As a result of the nationwide corruption scandals most of the city council was arrested. Since the early 1990s, the so-called "Primavera di Reggio" (Reggio Spring)—a spontaneous movement of people and government institutions—encouraged city recovery and

5551-416: The eastern edge of the city centre. The other major railway station, Reggio Emilia AV Mediopadana , is on the Milan–Bologna high-speed railway (there is also a connection with Reggio Emilia-Guastalla railway). It is located at the Mancasale locality, approximately 4 kilometres (2.5 miles) north from the city centre. Along with this, there is a plan to construct a tram in the city. The tram will run from

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5642-409: The first Northern European travellers, several famous names such as the Flemish Pieter Bruegel (in c. 1550), the German Johann Hermann von Riedesel  [ it ; de ; fr ] (in 1767), the Frenchmen Jean Claude Richard de Saint-Non (in 1778) and Stendhal (in 1817), the British travellers Henry Swinburne (in c. 1775), Richard Keppel Craven (in c. 1820), Craufurd Tait Ramage (in 1828),

5733-408: The former's fall, in 1816, the two ancient Kingdoms of Naples and of Sicily were unified, becoming the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies . During the course of the 19th century new public gardens were laid out, the piazzas (or squares) were embellished and cafés and a theatre were opened. On the newly opened sea promenade a Civic Museum was inaugurated. In fact, some 60 years after the devastation caused by

5824-469: The government choice of Catanzaro as capital of the newly instituted Region of Calabria. The revolt was taken over by young neofascists of the Italian Social Movement , backed by the 'Ndrangheta , a Mafia -type criminal organisation based in Calabria. The Reggio Calabria protests were the expression of malcontent about cronyism and the lack of industrial planning. In the 1970s and 1980s, Reggio went through twenty years of increasing organized crime by

5915-417: The land around Reggio was first known as Saturnia, or Neptunia. The term 'Italia' initially referred to the area around Reggio itself, before expanding to cover present-day southern Calabria (later known as Bruttium ), and finally becoming the name of the whole Italian peninsula around the third century BC. Allegedly, the name derives from king Italus , an Oenotrian king of the region. After Cumae , Reggio

6006-469: The name of "Rhegion" ( Ῥήγιον ). Pseudo-Scylax also writes that it was a Greek city. Rhegion was one of the most important cities in Magna Graecia , reaching great economic and political power during the 5th and 6th centuries BC under Anaxilas , who reigned as tyrant from 494 to 476 BC. Anaxilas conquered Zancle (modern Messina ), extending Rhegian control over both shores of the Straits of Messina. He attempted to conquer Locri as well in 477 BC but

6097-411: The natural, medieval port of the city and brought about the submersion of the Calamizzi promontory, known in ancient times as the Pallantiòn, where, we are told, the first Greek settlers, the Calcidesi, had set foot. The particularly devastating of 1783 and that of 1908, which was the worst natural calamity to take place in Europe in human memory, both profoundly altered the urban aspect of the city, due to

6188-435: The new unified Kingdom. Reggio then went through a period of economic and population growth from 1873 to the destruction of the ancient walls. In 1911, it had 70,000 inhabitants. A strong socialist tradition grew. On 7 July, the city hosted the 13th National Congress of the Italian Socialist Party . On 26 July 1943, the fascist régime's fall was cheered with enthusiasm by the Reggiani. Numerous partisan bands were formed in

6279-411: The next several hundred years. The Synagogue of Reggio Emilia was relocated in 1672 into the ghetto, and rebuilt in 1858. After the Napoleonic era the Jews of Reggio gained emancipation and began to migrate to other parts of Europe looking for greater economic and social freedom. Thus, the Jewish community in Reggio began to lower. The German occupation during World War II and the Holocaust hastened

6370-424: The powerful crime syndicate, under the 10-year centre-right rule of Giuseppe Scopelliti, mayor from 2002 to 2010. His successor, the centre-right mayor Demetrio Arena and all 30 city councillors, were sacked to prevent any "mafia contagion" in the local government. It was the first time that the entire government of a provincial capital had been dismissed over suspected links to organized crime. Three commissioners ran

6461-444: The province is about 25%. Researches on the quality of life indicate that in recent years Reggio Emilia is in very good position among Italian provinces. Reggio Emilia railway station , opened in 1859, forms part of the Milan–Bologna railway . It is also a terminus of three secondary railways, linking Reggio Emilia with Ciano d'Enza , Guastalla and Sassuolo , respectively. The station is situated at Piazza Guglielmo Marconi , at

6552-523: The same position. In 1474, Ludovico Ariosto , author of Orlando Furioso , was born in the Malaguzzi palace, near the present day townhall. He was the first son of a knight from Ferrara , who was in charge of the Citadel, and a noblewoman from Reggio, Daria Maleguzzi Valeri. As a grown man he would be sent to Reggio as governor on behalf of the dukes of Ferrara , and would spend time in a villa outside

6643-582: The successive re-building which gave the present-day layout of straight, intersecting roads, planned by Giovanbattista Mori in 1784 and by Pietro de Nava  [ it ] in 1911. But some town-planning policies at the time were decided upon with no respect for the architectural history of Reggio, as is shown by the demolition of the remaining Norman part of the Castle, following the last big earthquake in 1923. Although Reggio and Calabria in general were less popular destinations than Sicily or Naples for

6734-627: The symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania. The city is home to football club Reggina , that previously played in the Italian top flight . The city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms . Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The "city of Bronzes", after

6825-407: The town ("Il Mauriziano") that still stands. In 1513, Reggio was handed over to Pope Julius II . The city was returned to the Este after the death of Hadrian VI on 29 September 1523. In 1551 Ercole II d'Este destroyed the suburbs of the city in his program of reconstruction of the walls. At the end of the century work on the city's famous Basilica della Ghiara began, on the site where a miracle

6916-683: The town fair was established by decree of King Frederick II . From 1266 it was ruled by the Angevins , under whom life in Calabria deteriorated because of their tendency to accumulate wealth in their capital, Naples, leaving Calabria in the power of local barons. In 1282, during the Sicilian Vespers , Reggio rallied in support of Messina and the other oriental Sicily cities because of the shared history, commercial and cultural interests. From 1147 to 1443 and again from 1465 to 1582, Reggio

7007-584: The townspeople abandoned Reggio. Barbarossa captured eight hundred of those who remained and then burned the town. After Barbary pirates attacked Reggio in 1558, they took most of its inhabitants as slaves to Tripoli . In 1714, southern Italy became once more property of the Austrian Habsburgs, who remained until 1734, when they were replaced by the Bourbons of Spain. Reggio was the capital of Calabria Ulteriore Prima from 1759 to 1860. In 1783,

7098-562: The urban area, the nearby elevated areas have plenty of green space and extensive forests. This includes the Aspromonte National Park . According to the Köppen climate classification , Reggio Calabria possesses a typical Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ). Its climate has warmer days and cooler nights than Messina which lies on the other side of the strait. Precipitation is another big difference since Messina receives approximately 300 mm (12 in) more. The municipality of Reggio

7189-592: The worst on record in modern western European history. During the World War II, due to its strategic military position, it suffered a devastating air raid and was used as the invasion target by the British Eighth Army in 1943, which led to the city's capture. After the war Reggio recovered considerably. During 1970–71 the city was the scene of a popular uprising—known as the Moti di Reggio —against

7280-543: Was Marquis of Ferrara and Ancona . He was a bastard , the illegitimate son of Rinaldo I d'Este – the only son and heir of the Margrave Azzo VII d'Este – and a Neapolitan laundress. Soon after his birth, Obizzo was expelled from Ferrara with his mother and settled in Ravenna . For his birth, Obizzo was destined to an obscure future. Nevertheless, this situation changed in 1251 when his father Rinaldo,

7371-596: Was a central pivot for both maritime and mainland traffic, reached by the final part of the Via Popilia , which was built in the 2nd century BC and joined the older Via Appia at Capua , south of Rome. Close to Rhegion, on the Straits of Messina, was the busy port of Columna Rhegina. Under the Emperor Augustus , the city was renamed Rhegium Juli in honour of the emperor's adoptive father Julius Caesar and

7462-547: Was believed to have occurred. The Este rule continued until 1796, with short interruptions in 1702 and 1733–1734. The arrival of the republican French troops was greeted with enthusiasm in the city. On 21 August 1796, the ducal garrison of 600 men was driven off, and the Senate claimed the rule of Reggio and its duchy. On 26 September, the Provisional Government's volunteers pushed back an Austrian column, in

7553-504: Was even worse in Messina across the Straits. It is estimated that 25,000 people perished in Reggio and 65,000 in Messina. Reggio lost 27% of its inhabitants and Messina lost 42%. Ten minutes after the catastrophic earthquake, those who tried to escape by running towards the open spaces of the coast were engulfed by a 10-metre-high tsunami . Three waves of 6–12 metres swept away the whole waterfront. The 1908 Messina earthquake remains one of

7644-479: Was one of the first Greek colonies in southern Italy. The colony was settled by the inhabitants of Chalcis in 730 or 743 BC on the site of the older settlement, Erythra ( Ερυθρά ), meaning 'red'. The legendary founder of the city was King Iocastus, son of Aeolus , who was later said to be buried on the Punta Calamizzi promontory (called "Pallantion") and appeared on the city's coinage. The colony retained

7735-672: Was one of the most important Greek-rite Bishoprics in Italy—even today Greek words are used and are recognisable in local speech and Byzantine terms can be found in local liturgy, in religious icons and even in local recipes. During this period, constant migrations of Greeks fleeing the Slavic invasion of Peloponnese, further strengthened the Hellenic element of the city. The Arabs occupied Reggio in 918 and held some of its inhabitants to ransom or kept them prisoners as slaves. For brief periods in

7826-421: Was operative since 1918 until 1937. Tramway line was 5.3 km long, from Sbarre district (southern suburbs) until Annunziata bridge (northern part of town centre) passing by the whole historical centre. It has an important main central railway station , the largest in Calabria, opened in 1866, with ten smaller stations. The Port of Reggio was enlarged after the 1908 earthquake. It is directly connected to

7917-539: Was proclaimed lifelong ruler of Ferrara, Lord of Modena in 1288 and of Reggio in 1289. His rule marked the end of the communal period in Ferrara and the beginning of the Lordship, which lasted until the 17th century. He was most likely killed by his son Azzo VIII d'Este without having nominated an heir. Azzo claimed the government as the eldest son ( primogeniture ) but his brothers Aldobrandino and Francesco made

8008-588: Was rebuffed. Dionysius destroyed the Rhegian navy in 389 BC, besieged the city again in 388 BC and, when it finally fell in 387 BC, destroyed it. His son, Dionysius II refounded the city as 'Phoebeia' in the 360s BC. When he was expelled from Syracuse in 356 BC, he retained control of Phoebeia, but it was captured by Syracusan forces led by Leptines and Callippus in 351 BC. Rhegion then reverted to its original name. Throughout classical antiquity Rhegion remained an important maritime and commercial city as well as

8099-618: Was rebuffed. When he died in 476 BC, his two sons were too young to rule, so power was held by their regent Micythus . Under his rule, Rhegion founded a colony, Pyxous (modern Policastro Bussentino ) in Campania in 471 BC. Hieron I of Syracuse orchestrated Micythus' removal from power in 467 BC, after which Anaxilas' sons ruled on their own until they were deposed in 461 BC. During the Peloponnesian War , Rhegion allied with Athens . An Athenian inscription ( IG I 53) reports

8190-704: Was the capital of the Calabrian Giustizierato . It supported the Aragonese forces against the House of Anjou. In the 14th century it obtained new administrative powers. In 1459, the Aragonese enlarged its medieval castle. Reggio, throughout the Middle Ages, was first an important centre of calligraphy and then of printing after its invention. It boasts the first dated, printed edition of

8281-509: Was the seat of the corrēctor (governor) of "Regio III Lucania et Bruttii" (the southernmost of the eleven regiones into which Italy was divided). In AD 61 the apostle St. Paul passed through Rhegium on his final voyage towards Rome, converting the first local Christians and, according to tradition, laying the foundations of the Christianization of Bruttium. Rhegium boasted in imperial times nine thermal baths, one of which

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