87-553: The Reichsoberhandelsgericht , abbreviated ROHG (English: Imperial High Commercial Court ), was a short-lived German supreme court seated in Leipzig , which primarily dealt with appeals concerning commercial law , but later expanded its subject-matter jurisdiction . It was the first German court with local jurisdiction for all German territories since the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. The court
174-601: A Saxon city. The court should be headed by a president and the other members of the court should be a vice-president and a number of ordinary judges. All judges should be appointed on the recommendation of the Bundesrat by its president, the King of Prussia . The bill further set out that the court should have subject-matter jurisdiction for the Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch and
261-564: A federal supreme court, because the Confederation left the sovereignty of the individual territories and states largely untouched. But due to the lack of a federal supreme court, some concern existed in the confederation about the fragmentation of the law. These concerns intensified after a uniform German commercial law, the Allgemeines Deutsches Handelsgesetzbuch (General German Commercial Code),
348-691: A house of study) in Leipzig to provide different forms of studies to Jewish students who were prohibited from attending any institutions in Germany. Jewish studies were emphasized and much of the Jewish community of Leipzig became involved. Like all other cities claimed by the Nazis, Leipzig was subject to aryanisation . Beginning in 1933 and increasing in 1939, Jewish business owners were forced to give up their possessions and stores. This eventually intensified to
435-619: A judge of the court was the eligibility to serve at a high court in one of the German territories or to be a professor of law in Germany, Levin Goldschmidt being the only professor of law serving at the court in its initial composition (though later other professors joined it, e.g. Robert Römer [ de ] ). All judges had life tenure. Of the 32 judges of the Reichsoberhandelsgericht , 20 transferred to
522-422: A legal scholar, argued that the court proved to be the hoped-for keystone for the unification of German commercial law and that its establishment was an unexpectedly large step for the unification of German civil law in general. Fellow legal scholar Regina Ogorek [ de ] observed that the court marked the institutional beginning of the end of an epoch of fragmentation in the law. The establishment of
609-570: A national point of view, it is definitive". The deliberations once more resulted in minor revisions only and the bill was approved by the Reichstag on 13 March 1869. According to the legislative process of the North German Confederation, the bill was then sent back to the Bundesrat again, which finally approved it against the opposition of both Mecklenburgs, Bremen and Hamburg. William I gave his royal assent to
696-590: A significant role in precipitating the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe, mainly through demonstrations starting from St. Nicholas Church . The immediate effects of the reunification of Germany included the collapse of the local economy (which had come to depend on highly polluting heavy industry ), severe unemployment, and urban blight. By the early 2000s the trend had reversed, and since then Leipzig has undergone some significant changes, including urban and economic rejuvenation, and modernisation of
783-570: A total of 63 Ortsteile (localities). Some of these correspond to outlying villages which have been annexed by Leipzig. Like many cities in Eastern Germany, Leipzig has an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ), with significant continental influences due to its inland location. Winters are cold, with an average temperature of around 1 °C (34 °F). Summers are generally warm, averaging at 19 °C (66 °F) with daytime temperatures of 24 °C (75 °F). Precipitation in winter
870-844: A trade city since at least the time of the Holy Roman Empire . The city sits at the intersection of the Via Regia and the Via Imperii , two important medieval trade routes. Leipzig's trade fair dates back to 1190. Between 1764 and 1945, the city was a centre of publishing. After the Second World War and during the period of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Leipzig remained a major urban centre in East Germany, but its cultural and economic importance declined. Events in Leipzig in 1989 played
957-556: Is about half that of the summer. The amount of sunshine differs significantly between winter and summer, with an average of around 51 hours of sunshine in December (1.7 hours per day) compared with 229 hours of sunshine in July (7.4 hours per day). Leipzig was first documented in 1015 in the chronicles of Bishop Thietmar of Merseburg as urbs Libzi ( Chronicon , VII, 25) and endowed with city and market privileges in 1165 by Otto
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#17327758362551044-497: Is now part of the city, Friedrich Schiller wrote his poem " Ode to Joy ". An older spelling of Leipzig in English is Leipsic . The Latin name Lipsia was also used. The name Leipzig is commonly held to derive from lipa , the common Slavic designation for linden trees , making the city's name etymologically related to Lipetsk, Russia and Liepaja, Latvia . Based on medieval attestations like Lipzk (c. 1190),
1131-467: Is one of the oldest symphony orchestras in the world. Several well-known composers lived and worked in Leipzig, including Johann Sebastian Bach (1723 to 1750) and Felix Mendelssohn (1835 to 1847). The University of Music and Theatre "Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy" was founded in 1843. The Oper Leipzig , one of the most prominent opera houses in Germany, was founded in 1693. During a stay in Gohlis , which
1218-542: Is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony . The city has a population of 628,718 inhabitants as of 2023. It is the eighth-largest city in Germany and is part of the Central German Metropolitan Region . The name of the city is usually interpreted as a Slavic term meaning place of linden trees , in line with many other Slavic placenames in the region. Leipzig is located about 150 km (90 mi) southwest of Berlin, in
1305-925: Is the part of the North European Plain in Germany. The city sits on the White Elster , a river that rises in the Czech Republic and flows into the Saale south of Halle. The Pleiße and the Parthe join the White Elster in Leipzig, and the large inland delta-like landscape the three rivers form is called Leipziger Gewässerknoten . The site is characterized by swampy areas such as the Leipzig Riparian Forest ( Leipziger Auenwald ), though there are also some limestone areas to
1392-497: The East German government . The reunification of Germany , however, was at first not good for Leipzig. The centrally planned heavy industry that had become the city's specialty was, in terms of the advanced economy of reunited Germany, almost completely unviable, and closed. Within only six years, 90% of jobs in industry had vanished. As unemployment rocketed, the population fell dramatically; some 100,000 people left Leipzig in
1479-653: The Kingdom of Saxony , introduced its bill titled Entwurf eines Gesetzes, betreffend die Errichtung eines obersten Gerichtshofes in Handelssachen (Draft of a law concerning the establishment of a supreme court in commercial matters) in the Bundesrat . The bill proposed the establishment of a Federal High Commercial Court (the Bundesoberhandelsgericht ), which should be seated in Leipzig ,
1566-638: The Nazi government officially renamed the city Reichsmessestadt Leipzig (Reich Trade Fair City Leipzig). In 1989 Leipzig was dubbed a Hero City ( Heldenstadt ), alluding to the honorary title awarded in the former Soviet Union to certain cities that played a key role in the victory of the Allies during the Second World War, in recognition of the role that the Monday demonstrations there played in
1653-805: The Nuremberg Laws . However, due to the Leipzig Trade Fair and the international attention it garnered, Leipzig was especially cautious about its public image. Despite this, the Leipzig authorities were not afraid to strictly apply and enforce anti-semitic measures. On 20 December 1937, after the Nazis took control of the city, they renamed it Reichsmessestadt Leipzig, meaning the "Imperial Trade Fair City Leipzig". In early 1938, Leipzig saw an increase in Zionism through Jewish citizens. Many of these Zionists attempted to flee before deportations began. On 28 October 1938, Heinrich Himmler ordered
1740-734: The Potsdam Agreement . In the mid-20th century, the city's trade fair assumed renewed importance as a point of contact with the Comecon Eastern Europe economic bloc, of which East Germany was a member. At this time, trade fairs were held at a site in the south of the city, near the Monument to the Battle of the Nations . The planned economy of the German Democratic Republic, however, was not kind to Leipzig. Before
1827-575: The Prussian War . When the main line of Prussian Hohenzollerns died out in 1618, the Duchy passed to a different branch of the family, who also reigned as Electors of Brandenburg in the Holy Roman Empire . While still nominally two different territories, Prussia under the suzerainty of Poland and Brandenburg under the suzerainty of the Holy Roman Empire , the two states are known together historiographically as Brandenburg-Prussia . Following
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#17327758362551914-496: The Reichsoberhandelsgericht had to conclude its position as a German supreme court on 30 September 1879. On 1 October 1879, the Reichsoberhandelsgericht was succeeded by the Reichsgericht . The case law of the Reichsoberhandelsgericht had a lasting influence on the practice and teaching of German promissory notes law and commercial law in general. As a judge of the court, Levin Goldschmidt argued that it
2001-528: The Reichsoberhandelsgericht succeeded the French Court of Cassation for all appeals concerning cases originating from Alsace–Lorraine . As the name of the court suggests it was originally conceived as a civil court for commercial law matters. Accordingly, its subject-matter jurisdiction only extended to cases concerning commercial law. Section 13 of the court's establishment statue elaborated what specific commercial law questions were covered. Later
2088-620: The third Northern War , a series of treaties freed the Duchy of Prussia from vassalage to any other state, making it a fully sovereign Duchy in its own right. This complex situation (where the Hohenzollern ruler of the independent Duchy of Prussia was also a subject of the Holy Roman Emperor as Elector of Brandenburg) laid the eventual groundwork for the establishment of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701. For diplomatic reasons,
2175-672: The 9 years of its existence, the president of the court was Heinrich Eduard von Pape [ de ] . With the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the judicial activities of the two imperial German supreme courts – the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court) in Wetzlar and the Reichshofrat (Aulic Council) in Vienna – ended. For more than six decades no federal supreme court existed in
2262-494: The American Consulate was closed, and its building became a temporary place of stay for Americans and Allied refugees from Serbia , Romania and Japan . During the 1930s and 1940s, music was prominent throughout Leipzig. Many students attended Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy College of Music and Theatre (then named Landeskonservatorium.) However, in 1944, it was closed due to World War II . It re-opened soon after
2349-559: The German Empire. This territorial gain started the process of expanding the court's subject-matter jurisdiction beyond the confines of commercial law. Shortly after the war, a law dated 14 June 1871 was passed which established the court as the supreme court for Alsace–Lorraine effective 28 August 1871. The court thereby took the place of the French Court of Cassation in Paris for all cases stemming from this territory. This
2436-845: The German territories until the Reichsoberhandelsgericht was formed in 1869. During the time of the German Confederation (1815–1866) and the North German Federation (1867–1871) the only court with local jurisdiction for more than one territory was the Oberappellationsgericht der vier Freien Städte (High Court of Appeal of the Four Free Cities) in Lübeck (1820–1879), which had territorial jurisdiction for Bremen, Frankfurt, Hamburg and Lübeck. The German Confederation did not establish
2523-634: The Imperial Court), abbreviated RGZ / RGSt , and the Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofs (Judgments of the Federal Court of Justice), abbreviated BGHZ / BGHSt , still stand today. Originally, the Reichsoberhandelsgericht had no panels, the decisions therefore had to be taken in plenary sessions. This was rectified with effect from 1 September 1871 when the court formed two panels. The first panel (Erster Senat)
2610-731: The Imperial High Commercial Court), which is now housed at the Federal Court of Justice in Karlsruhe. Of those 12,173 decisions, the court identified 2,764 ( 22.7%) as its most important decisions and published them in its authoritative collection Entscheidungen des Reichsoberhandelsgerichts (Judgments of the Imperial High Commercial Court; 25 volumes). A. Stegemann, a lawyer, also collected and published some cases of
2697-591: The Leipzig-Thekla subcamp who were unable to march were either burned alive, shot or beaten to death by the Gestapo, SS , Volkssturm and German civilians in the Abtnaundorf massacre. Some were rescued by Polish forced laborers of another camp; at least 67 people survived. 84 victims were buried on 27 April 1945, however, the total number of victims remains unknown. During World War II, Leipzig
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2784-704: The Polish Consulate and its library. In 1941, the American Consulate was also closed by order of the German authorities. During the war, Leipzig was the location of five subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp , in which over 8,000 men, women and children were imprisoned, mostly Polish, Jewish, Soviet and French, but also Italian, Czech and Belgian. In April 1945, most surviving prisoners were sent on death marches to various destinations in Saxony and German-occupied Czechoslovakia , whereas prisoners of
2871-552: The Prussian state grew through several wars and diplomatic moves throughout the 18th century, it became apparent that Prussia had become a Great Power in its own right. By 1772, the pretense was dropped, and the style "King of Prussia" was adopted. The Prussian kings continued to use the title "Elector of Brandenburg" until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, reflecting the legal fiction that their domains within
2958-643: The Rich . Leipzig Trade Fair , started in the Middle Ages , has become an event of international importance and is the oldest surviving trade fair in the world. This encouraged the grewing of the Leipzig merchant bourgeoisie . There are records of commercial fishing operations on the river Pleiße that, most likely, refer to Leipzig dating back to 1305, when the Margrave Dietrich the Younger granted
3045-459: The Second World War, Leipzig had developed a mixture of industry, creative business (notably publishing), and services (including legal services). During the period of the German Democratic Republic, services became the concern of the state, concentrated in East Berlin ; creative business moved to West Germany ; and Leipzig was left only with heavy industry. To make matters worse, this industry
3132-486: The Swedish-led side. On 24 December 1701, when Franz Conrad Romanus was mayor, an oil-fueled street lighting system was introduced. The city employed light guards who had to follow a specific schedule to ensure the punctual lighting of the 700 lanterns. The Leipzig region was the arena of the 1813 Battle of Leipzig between Napoleonic France and an allied coalition of Prussia , Russia , Austria and Sweden. It
3219-479: The addition of patent law to the court's jurisdiction started in 1877 and the court was asked to compile regulations to handle this new material. After these were finished, the court attained appellate authority for patent law on 1 May 1878 by the passage of an ordnance from the same day . Before the Reichsjustizgesetze [ de ] of 1878 entered into force on 1 October 1879,
3306-590: The bill on 12 June 1869 and on 18 June 1869 the Gesetz, betreffend die Errichtung eines obersten Gerichtshofes für Handelssachen was published in the official gazette of the North German Confederation, the Bundesgesetzblatt des Norddeutschen Bundes [ de ] . After the law establishing the Bundesoberhandelsgericht was promulgated, an ordinance dated 22 June 1870 decreed its entry into force on 5 August 1870. On that day,
3393-469: The bill passed the Bundesrat with only seven votes against it. On 5 April 1869, the bill was sent to the Reichstag . In the Reichstag , the bill was debated between 10 April and 13 May 1869. During the parliamentary deliberations Johannes von Miquel notably argued – with a possible German unification in mind – that "from a legal point of view, this Court is provisional, but from
3480-572: The buildings hit, a firestorm occurred. This prompted firefighters to rush to the city; however, they were unable to control the fires. Unlike the firebombing of the neighbouring city of Dresden , this was a largely conventional bombing with high explosives rather than incendiaries. The resultant pattern of loss was a patchwork, rather than wholesale loss of its centre, but was nevertheless extensive. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Leipzig in late April 1945. The U.S. 2nd Infantry Division and U.S. 69th Infantry Division fought their way into
3567-499: The centrepiece of the S-Bahn Mitteldeutschland ( S-Bahn Central Germany ) public transit system, Germany's largest S-Bahn network, with a system length of 802 km (498 mi). Leipzig has long been a major centre for music, including classical and modern dark wave . The Thomanerchor (English: St. Thomas Choir of Leipzig), a boys' choir, was founded in 1212. The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra , established in 1743,
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3654-588: The city on 18 April and completed its capture after fierce urban action, in which fighting was often house-to-house and block-to-block, on 19 April 1945. In April 1945, the Mayor of Leipzig, SS- Gruppenführer Alfred Freyberg , his wife and daughter, together with Deputy Mayor and City Treasurer Ernest Kurt Lisso, his wife, daughter and Volkssturm Major and former Mayor Walter Dönicke, all committed suicide in Leipzig City Hall. The United States turned
3741-524: The city over to the Red Army as it pulled back from the line of contact with Soviet forces in July 1945 to the designated occupation zone boundaries. Leipzig became one of the major cities of the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ). Following the end of World War II in 1945, Leipzig saw a slow return of Jews to the city. They were joined by large numbers of German refugees who had been expelled from Central and Eastern Europe in accordance with
3828-438: The city. Another, somewhat old-fashioned epithet is Pleiß-Athen ( Athens on the Pleiße River ), hinting at Leipzig's long academic and literary tradition, as the seat of one of the oldest German universities and a centre of the book trade. It is also referred to as "Little Paris" ( Klein-Paris ) after Johann Wolfgang Goethe 's Faust I , which is partly set in the famous Leipzig restaurant Auerbachs Keller . In 1937
3915-428: The court commenced an institutional tradition that has continued through the Reichsgericht to today's Bundesgerichtshof . Exemplary for this tradition is the collection of its important cases named Entscheidungen des Reichsoberhandelsgerichts (Judgments of the Imperial High Commercial Court), abbreviated ROHGE or BOHGE , in whose tradition the later Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts (Judgments of
4002-426: The court constituted itself in Leipzig. Contrary to original plans, Otto von Bismarck – then the Chancellor of the North German Confederation – was unable to attend the court's investiture in the Georgenhalle [ de ] , the seat of the court in Leipzig, due to the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War . During the ceremonies, the court' president, Heinrich Eduard von Pape [ de ] , swore in
4089-497: The court in the 8 volumes of Die Rechtsprechung des deutschen Oberhandelsgerichtes zu Leipzig (The case law of the German High Commercial Court in Leipzig). During the nine years of its existence, the Reichsoberhandelsgericht had only one president, Heinrich Eduard von Pape. The court had two vice-presidents – August Drechsler and Karl Hocheder (the latter joining it in 1873) – and 29 judges (Reichsoberhandelsgerichtsräte) in total. The formal requirement to become
4176-458: The court's first judges and remarked on the importance of the establishment of the court for future German national and legal unity. After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, the Bundesoberhandelsgericht was no longer a court of the North German Confederation but of the recently founded empire. It was accordingly renamed to Reichsoberhandelsgericht on 2 September 1871 by a plenary declaration of its members. The renaming reflected
4263-403: The court's subject-matter jurisdiction was rapidly expanded by statute. For example, matters concerning copyright law, patent law and trademark law were added to the court's docket. But not only newly developing matters like intellectual property law were added, even some specific matters of general civil law – for example matters concerning strict liability for operators of trains – were added to
4350-419: The court's subject-matter jurisdiction. For Alsace–Lorraine, the court even gained jurisdiction in criminal matters, but private law still remained firmly at the centre of the court's jurisdiction. All of the 12,173 decisions of the Reichsoberhandelsgericht have been preserved in the 82 volumes of the Sammlung Sämmtlicher Erkenntnisse des Reichs-Oberhandelsgerichts (Collection of all findings of
4437-440: The deportation of Polish Jews from Leipzig to Poland. The Polish Consulate sheltered 1,300 Polish Jews, preventing their deportation. On 9 November 1938, as part of Kristallnacht , in Gottschedstrasse , synagogues and businesses were set on fire. Only a couple of days later, on 11 November 1938, many Jews in the Leipzig area were deported to the Buchenwald Concentration Camp. As World War II came to an end, much of Leipzig
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#17327758362554524-428: The dominion over the village Unterwirbach [ de ] . After Bismarck's approval, the court agreed to take the case and rendered an arbitral award in 1876. Between 1873 and 1876, the subject-matter jurisdiction of the court expanded again. The court then, inter alia , gained jurisdiction for the adjudication of trademark and banking law. After the passage of the German patent act, discussions concerning
4611-423: The eastern coast of the Baltic Sea . The Teutonic Knights were under the leadership of a Grand Master , the last of whom, Albert , converted to Protestantism and secularized the lands, which then became the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy was initially a vassal of the Kingdom of Poland , as a result of the terms of the Prussian Homage whereby Albert was granted the Duchy as part of the terms of peace following
4698-430: The eastern one for the Royal Saxon State Railways and the western one for the Prussian state railways . In the 19th century, Leipzig was a centre of the German and Saxon liberal movements. The first German labor party , the General German Workers' Association ( Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein , ADAV) was founded in Leipzig on 23 May 1863 by Ferdinand Lassalle ; about 600 workers from across Germany travelled to
4785-405: The empire were still under the ultimate overlordship of the Emperor. Legally, the Hohenzollerns ruled Brandenburg in personal union with their Prussian kingdom, but in practice they treated their domains as a single unit. The Hohenzollerns gained de jure sovereignty over Brandenburg when the empire dissolved in 1806, and Brandenburg was formally merged into Prussia. In 1871, in the aftermath of
4872-407: The fall of the East German regime. More recently, the city has sometimes been nicknamed Hypezig , the "Boomtown of eastern Germany", or "The better Berlin" ( Das bessere Berlin ) and is celebrated by the media as a hip urban centre for its vibrant lifestyle and creative scene with many startups . Leipzig is located in the Leipzig Bay , the southernmost part of the North German Plain , which
4959-479: The fishing rights to the church and convent of St Thomas. There were a number of monasteries in and around the city, including a Franciscan monastery after which the Barfußgäßchen (Barefoot Alley) is named and a monastery of Irish monks ( Jacobskirche , destroyed in 1544) near the present day Ranstädter Steinweg (the old Via Regia ). The University of Leipzig was founded in 1409 and Leipzig developed into an important centre of German law and of
5046-466: The foundation on the new railway. Leipzig expanded rapidly to more than 700,000 inhabitants. Huge Gründerzeit areas were built, which mostly survived both war and post-war demolition. With the opening of a fifth production hall in 1907, the Leipziger Baumwollspinnerei became the largest cotton mill company on the continent, housing over 240,000 spindles. Yearly production surpassed 5 million kilograms of yarn. During World War I , in 1917,
5133-476: The individual panels. To render a decision seven judges had to participate in a case and a majority for the decision had to be found. Any qualified lawyer or advocate – a unified bar was not created in the German Empire until 1879 – could plead before the Reichsoberhandelsgericht . No singular admission ( Singularzulassung [ de ] ) existed. The Reichsoberhandelsgericht could hear appeals when it had local and subject-matter jurisdiction. When it
5220-464: The intersection of the ancient roads known as the Via Regia (King's highway), which traversed Germany in an east–west direction, and the Via Imperii (Imperial highway), a north–south road. Leipzig was a walled city in the Middle Ages and the current "ring" road around the historic centre of the city follows the line of the old city walls. Since 1992 Leipzig has been divided administratively into ten Stadtbezirke (boroughs), which in turn contain
5307-468: The law on promissory notes. The content of the bill had probably been coordinated beforehand with Prussia . The bill was referred to the judicial committee of the Bundesrat , the Ausschuss für Justizwesen , on 1 March 1869. The judicial committee examined it on 17 and 18 March 1869 and submitted its report to the plenum of the Bundesrat a few days later. The judicial committee's report proposed only minor revisions. On 5 April 1869,
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#17327758362555394-430: The new responsibilities for the whole of the empire including Bavaria, Württemberg, Baden and Hesse. In 1871, the court attained minor additions to its subject-matter competence. It was now also responsible for the law of the Flösserei ( timber rafting ), some copyright law and tort liability concerning the operation of railways. After the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War, Alsace–Lorraine became part of
5481-407: The north of the city. The landscape is mostly flat, though there is also some evidence of moraine and drumlins . Although there are some forest parks within the city limits, the area surrounding Leipzig is relatively unforested. During the 20th century, there were several open-pit mines in the region, many of which have been converted to lakes. Also see: Neuseenland Leipzig is also situated at
5568-454: The original Slavic name of the city has been reconstructed as *Lipьsko , which is also reflected in similar forms in neighbouring modern Slavic languages (Sorbian/Polish Lipsk , Czech Lipsko ). This has, however, been questioned by more recent onomastic research based on the very oldest forms like Libzi (c. 1015). Due to the etymology mentioned above, Lindenstadt or Stadt der Linden (City of Linden Trees) are common poetic epithets for
5655-525: The plenum of the Bundesrat dealt with the bill. During the plenary session, Hesse, Mecklenburg and Hamburg argued that the establishment of the Bundesoberhandelsgericht was beyond the competencies of the North German Confederation and would require an amendment of the federal constitution. Hamburg, together with Lübeck, especially feared that the proposed federal court would result in a loss of influence for its Oberappellationsgericht der vier Freien Städte . But these sceptic voices did not prevail, and
5742-412: The point where Nazi officials were strong enough to evict the Jews from their own homes. They also had the power to force many of the Jews living in the city to sell their houses. Many people who sold their homes emigrated elsewhere, outside of Leipzig. Others moved to Judenhäuser, which were smaller houses that acted as ghettos, housing large groups of people. The Jews of Leipzig were greatly affected by
5829-452: The press to support local and state militias, patriotic wartime mobilization, humanitarian relief and postwar commemorative practices and rituals. When it was made a terminus of the first German long-distance railway to Dresden (the capital of Saxony) in 1839, Leipzig became a hub of Central European railway traffic, with Leipzig Hauptbahnhof the largest terminal station by area in Europe. The railway station has two grand entrance halls,
5916-439: The publishing industry in Germany, resulting, in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the Reichsgericht (Imperial Court of Justice) and the German National Library being located here. During the Thirty Years' War , two battles took place in Breitenfeld , about 8 km (5 mi) outside Leipzig city walls. The first Battle of Breitenfeld took place in 1631 and the second in 1642. Both battles resulted in victories for
6003-418: The remaining 18 Jews still in Leipzig were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz. According to records of the two waves of deportations to Auschwitz there were no survivors. According to records of the Theresienstadt deportation, only 53 Jews survived. During the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II , in September 1939, the Gestapo carried out arrests of prominent local Poles , and seized
6090-406: The rulers of Prussia called themselves King in Prussia from 1701 to 1772. They still nominally owed fealty to the Emperor as Electors of Brandenburg, so the "King in Prussia" title (as opposed to "King of Prussia") avoided offending the Emperor. Additionally, calling themselves "King of Prussia" implied sovereignty over the entire Prussian region, parts of which were still part of Poland . As
6177-528: The service of the newly formed Reichsgericht in 1879. The court's president von Pape did not transfer, he became the chairperson of the first commission to draft a German Civil Code, an activity which in 1896 resulted in the momentous promulgation of the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (the German Civil Code). Leipzig Leipzig ( / ˈ l aɪ p s ɪ ɡ , - s ɪ x / LYPE -sig, -sikh , German: [ˈlaɪptsɪç] ; Upper Saxon : Leibz'sch ; Upper Sorbian : Lipsk )
6264-660: The southernmost part of the North German Plain (the Leipzig Bay ), at the confluence of the White Elster and its tributaries Pleiße and Parthe , that form an extensive inland delta in the city known as Leipziger Gewässerknoten [ de ] , along which Leipzig Riverside Forest , Europe's largest intra-city riparian forest has developed. Leipzig is at the centre of Neuseenland ( new lake district ), consisting of several artificial lakes created from former lignite open-pit mines . Leipzig has been
6351-559: The ten years after reunification, and vacant and derelict housing became an urgent problem. List of monarchs of Prussia The monarchs of Prussia were members of the House of Hohenzollern who were the hereditary rulers of the former German state of Prussia from its founding in 1525 as the Duchy of Prussia . The Duchy had evolved out of the Teutonic Order , a Roman Catholic crusader state and theocracy located along
6438-1034: The transport infrastructure. Leipzig is home to one of the oldest universities in Europe ( Leipzig University ). It is the main seat of the German National Library (the second is Frankfurt ), the seat of the German Music Archive , as well as of the German Federal Administrative Court . Leipzig Zoo is one of the most modern zoos in Europe and as of 2018 ranks first in Germany and second in Europe. Leipzig's late-19th-century Gründerzeit architecture consists of around 12,500 buildings. The city's central railway terminus Leipzig Hauptbahnhof is, at 83,460 square metres (898,400 sq ft), Europe's largest railway station measured by floor area. Since Leipzig City Tunnel came into operation in 2013, it has formed
6525-409: The unified areas of law – meaning commercial law and the law on promissory notes – a federal supreme court would be a necessity to ensure a consistent development of the law. Two years after the North German Confederation had been formed, the formal legislative process for the establishment of the Bundesoberhandelsgericht was started. On 23 February 1869, Richard von Friesen , the delegate of
6612-413: The war ended in 1945. On 22 May 1930, Carl Friedrich Goerdeler was elected mayor of Leipzig. He later became an opponent of the Nazi regime . He resigned in 1937 when, in his absence, his Nazi deputy ordered the destruction of the city's statue of Felix Mendelssohn . On Kristallnacht in 1938, the 1855 Moorish Revival Leipzig synagogue , one of the city's most architecturally significant buildings,
6699-479: Was repeatedly struck by Allied bombing raids , beginning in 1943 and lasting until 1945. The first raid occurred on the morning of 4 December 1943, when 442 bombers of the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropped a total amount of almost 1,400 tons of explosives and incendiaries on the city, destroying large parts of the city centre. This bombing was the largest up to that time. Due to the close proximity of many of
6786-400: Was chaired by the court's president, Heinrich Eduard von Pape [ de ] , while the second panel (Zweiter Senat) was led by its vice president August Drechsler [ de ] . On 9 July 1874, a third panel (Dritter Senat) was formed and chaired by Karl Hocheder [ de ] , who became a further vice president. The president distributed the cases to
6873-483: Was competent, it replaced the supreme court of the respective German territory for this case. In 1870, the local jurisdiction of the court extended throughout the North German Confederation. When the North German Confederation was succeeded by the German Empire in 1871, the local jurisdiction of the court was now the Empire's territory. The last extension of the court's local jurisdiction happened on 14 June 1871, when
6960-587: Was deliberately destroyed. Goerdeler was later executed by the Nazis on 2 February 1945. Several thousand forced labourers were stationed in Leipzig during the Second World War. Beginning in 1933, many Jewish citizens of Leipzig were members of the Gemeinde , a large Jewish religious community spread throughout Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In October 1935, the Gemeinde helped found the Lehrhaus (English:
7047-614: Was destroyed. Following the war, the Communist Party of Germany provided aid for the reconstruction of the city. In 1933, a census recorded that over 11,000 Jews were living in Leipzig. In the 1939 census, the number had fallen to roughly 4,500, and by January 1942 only 2,000 remained. In that month, these 2,000 Jews began to be deported. On 13 July 1942, 170 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Auschwitz concentration camp . On 19 September 1942, 440 Jews were deported from Leipzig to Theresienstadt concentration camp . On 18 June 1943,
7134-550: Was established in 1870 named Bundesoberhandelsgericht , abbreviated BOHG (English: Federal High Commercial Court), as a body of the North German Confederation . After the formation of the German Empire in 1871, it was renamed to Reichsoberhandelsgericht and now had jurisdiction for the whole empire. In 1879, the court was dissolved and replaced by the newly founded Reichsgericht . During
7221-402: Was extremely polluting, making Leipzig an even less attractive city to live in. Between 1950 and the end of the German Democratic Republic, the population of Leipzig fell from 600,000 to 500,000. In October 1989, after prayers for peace at St. Nicholas Church , established in 1983 as part of the peace movement, the Monday demonstrations started as the most prominent mass protest against
7308-483: Was introduced in the Confederation in 1861 without a federal supreme court being able to ensure its uniform application and interpretation. The German Jurists Forum [ de ] ( Deutscher Juristentag ), a deliberative congress of German lawyers, therefore called in 1860, 1861, 1863, 1864 and 1867 for the establishment of such a court. In 1860, the German Jurist Forum argued, that at least for
7395-403: Was of major importance because the court was now competent to hear criminal cases from this territory and was thus in a position to rule on the new German Criminal Code of 1871 . In 1873, the court was asked to adjudicate an interstate dispute between Saxe-Meiningen and Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt , two states of the German Empire. It should function as a court of arbitration for a dispute about
7482-585: Was the largest battle in Europe before the First World War and the coalition victory ended Napoleon 's presence in Germany and would ultimately lead to his first exile on Elba . The Monument to the Battle of the Nations celebrating the centenary of this event was completed in 1913. In addition to stimulating German nationalism, the war had a major impact in mobilizing a civic spirit in numerous volunteer activities. Many volunteer militias and civic associations were formed, and collaborated with churches and
7569-403: Was the natural task of the court to preserve unity in the application of the law and to further the development of the unified areas of law. Due to the expansion of its subject-matter jurisdiction, many contemporaries saw the court not as a special court for commercial law but as a general German supreme court, a view that is shared by commentators today. Andreas M. Fleckner [ de ] ,
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