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18-656: He was a brother of Marie Neurath . Beginning in 1912, he studied in Freiburg , Munich , Marburg , and Göttingen . In 1920, he got the Staatsexamen (master's degree) in mathematics, philosophy, physics, chemistry, and geology. He received his doctorate in 1921 with a thesis in algebraic number theory at the University of Hamburg under the supervision of Erich Hecke . He became interested in differential geometry ; he edited Wilhelm Blaschke 's second volume on

36-702: A bibliography of closely related authors. In 1925 he became a full professor at the University of Königsberg ; he stayed until 1933, when he was regarded politically unsound by the Nazis and dismissed from his position. Whilst there he organised the Second Conference on the Epistemology of the Exact Sciences in conjunction with journal Erkenntnis . Blaschke managed to get a promise about Reidemeister's reappointment, and in autumn 1934 he got

54-403: A comprehensible and memorable visual form. The data was illustrated and interconnections were to be presented, the result was a promoted democratisation of knowledge. Neurath collected the information, Arntz developed the pictograms and graphics and Reidemeister converted the information and data into a visual understandable presentation. She linked technical experts and graphic designers as well as

72-784: A family of Protestant merchants, Arntz was educated at a private academy in Düsseldorf and later attended the school of applied arts in Barmen (1921). He acquired the Düsseldorf studio of Otto Dix in 1925, when Dix moved to Berlin . Arntz travelled widely through Europe, and lived in Vienna , Cologne , and Moscow among other cities. Arntz was a core member of the Cologne Progressives art group. From 1926 Otto Neurath sought his collaboration in designing pictograms for

90-781: A wide acquaintance among the artists and political activists of his generation. When the Nazis invaded the Netherlands in May 1940, Arntz just missed escaping to England with Neurath. However he was able to salvage much of Neurath's belongings and the contents of the Mundaneum with the help of the Dutch Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS). With the support of Philip Idenburg of the CBS he joined Jan van Ettinger in establishing

108-623: The "Kunstschule" (art school) in 1919. Just before graduating she met Otto Neurath and soon moved to Vienna . In 1925 she began work at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum in Wien (Social and Economic Museum of Vienna). The museum was founded to communicate the city's social reform programme to the public. This was the start of her long activity as the main "transformer" (in English, one would now say designer) working with Otto Neurath in

126-706: The 'All-union institute of pictorial statistics of Soviet construction and economy' (Всесоюзный институт изобразительной статистики советского строительства и хозяйства), commonly abbreviated to IZOSTAT (ИЗОСТАТ). After the brief civil war in Austria in 1934 he emigrated to the Netherlands , joining Neurath and Reidemeister in The Hague, where they continued their collaboration at the International Foundation for Visual Education. Arntz cultivated

144-469: The Dutch Foundation for Statistics in The Hague. Here he continued the isotype approach to infographics. However, in 1943, this was interrupted when he was conscripted into German military service and later was a prisoner of war. Neurath wrote in support of Arntz's anti-fascist activity and he was eventually released in 1946 and returned to the Netherlands where Idenburg vouched for him when he

162-681: The Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics ( Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik ; later renamed Isotype ). From the beginning of 1929 Arntz worked at the Gesellschafts- und Wirtschaftsmuseum (Social and economic museum) directed by Neurath in Vienna. Eventually, Arntz designed around 4000 pictograms . Between 1931 and 1934 he travelled periodically to the Soviet Union (along with Neurath and Marie Reidemeister ) in order to help set up

180-625: The chair of Kurt Hensel at the University of Marburg . He stayed there, except for a visit to the Princeton Institute for Advanced Study in 1948–1950, until he got appointed to Göttingen University in 1955, where he stayed until his emeritation . Reidemeister's interests were mainly in combinatorial group theory , combinatorial topology , geometric group theory , and the foundations of geometry . His works include Knoten und Gruppen (1926), Einführung in die kombinatorische Topologie (1932), and Knotentheorie (1932). He co-edited

198-433: The journal Mathematische Annalen from 1947 until 1963. He was also a philosopher. His book "Das exakte Denken der Griechen" (1949) is not as well known as his mathematical work. In it he remarks that mathematical thought is "just the beginning of thought". Marie Neurath Marie Neurath , born Marie Reidemeister (27 May 1898 – 10 October 1986), was a German designer , social scientist and author. Neurath

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216-747: The target audience. Otto Neurath called this position the "trustee of the public". In 1940, as the German army invaded the Netherlands , Reidemeister escaped with Neurath to England , while Arntz stayed behind in The Hague. In 1941, after release from internment (as " enemy aliens "), Marie and Otto Neurath were married, and resumed their work in Oxford , founding the Isotype Institute. The Isotype Institute produced more than 80 illustrated children’s books, half are dedicated to science education. After Otto Neurath’s death in 1945, Marie Neurath carried on

234-547: The teams that made graphic displays of social information, an early form of information design. The other essential member of the Neurath group, the German artist Gerd Arntz , joined in 1928. Marie Reidemeister worked at this museum in Vienna until the brief civil war in Austria in 1934, moving then with Neurath (a prominent Social Democrat ) and Arntz (who had allegiances to radical-left groups) to The Hague . A new name

252-585: The topic, and both made an acclaimed contribution to the Jena DMV conference in September 1921. In October 1922 or 1923 he was appointed assistant professor at the University of Vienna . While there he became familiar with the work of Wilhelm Wirtinger on knot theory , and became closely connected to Hans Hahn and the Vienna Circle . Its 1929 manifesto lists one of Reidemeister's publications in

270-728: The work with a small number of English assistants, moving to London in 1948. After her retirement in 1971, she gave the working material of the Isotype Institute to the University of Reading , where it is housed in the Department of Typography & Graphic Communication as the Otto and Marie Neurath Isotype Collection. Thereafter she devoted much energy to establishing a record of Otto Neurath’s life and work, and editing and translating his writings. She died in London in 1986. Gerd Arntz Gerd Arntz (11 December 1900 – 4 December 1988)

288-627: Was a German Modernist artist renowned for his black and white woodcuts. A core member of the Cologne Progressives , he was also a council communist . The Cologne Progressives participated in the revolutionary unions AAUD ( KAPD ) and its offshoot the AAUE in the 1920s. In 1928 Arntz contributed prints to the AAUE paper Die Proletarische Revolution , calling for workers to abandon parliament and form and participate in worker's councils . These woodcut prints feature recurring themes of class. Born into

306-637: Was a member of the team that developed a simplified pictographic language, the Vienna Method of Pictorial Statistics ( Wiener Methode der Bildstatistik ), which she later renamed Isotype . She was also a prolific writer and designer of educational books for younger readers. Marie Reidemeister was born in Braunschweig , Germany on 27 May 1898. Her brother was mathematician Kurt Reidemeister . Reidemeister studied mathematics and physics from 1917 to 1924 in Göttingen , Germany, while also taking courses at

324-404: Was needed for the Vienna Method now that its original context was left behind: Marie Neurath developed the acronym Isotype (International System of Typographic Picture Education) in 1935 on the analogy of Charles Kay Ogden 's " Basic English ". It was intended as a method of pictorial statistics that could clarify scientific relationships for non specialists. Large data volumes were translated in

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