67-578: The Maturazeugnis , also known simply as the Matura , is the secondary school leaving qualification in Austria . It is a school leaving certificate documenting the grades earned from the Reifeprüfung examinations. The Maturazeugnis contains only the grades of the written and oral exams. The grading is done on a scale of 1 (Very Good) to 5 (Not Enough). In addition, it contains an overall summary of
134-462: A 4-point scale, and some historians say this is the origin of the standard modern American GPA scale. Bob Marlin argues that the concept of grading students' work quantitatively was developed by a tutor named William Farish and first implemented by the University of Cambridge in 1792. That assertion has been questioned by Christopher Stray, who finds the evidence for Farish as the inventor of
201-454: A 5 is the lowest passing mark; applicants fill out forms indicating their preferred universities with no ranking between them. The State Matura replaced an admission system conducted individually by each faculty/university which was seen as abusive. The official term for Matura in Austria is Reifeprüfung . The document received after the successful completion of the written and oral exams
268-606: A candidate's former schoolmates is not encouraged, and indeed rare. It is possible for Austrians of all age groups to take the Matura. Adults from their twenties on are usually tutored at private institutions of adult education before taking their final tests, held separately before a regional examination board. In 2015, the old Matura system was replaced by a new concept called Zentralmatura (centralized Matura). Graduation exams are now put together by bifie (an institution for research in education) and every graduation exam in Austria
335-403: A classroom in which a commissioner must be present. The oral exam is divided into two 15 minute parts (except Czech language and literature, where the preparation time is 20 minutes), first a student draws a number of their question and then begins 15 minutes of preparation often called potítko ("sweat lodge") after the first 15 minutes they are called in to the 15 minute oral exam. The commission
402-476: A degree, candidates may choose as many additional exam subjects as they wish. Students can choose between standard ( közép ) or higher ( emelt ) level for each subject. The exams do not necessarily have to be taken in Hungarian; at the candidate's request, they can be taken in any language (with the exception of Hungarian literature and grammar for obvious reasons). The Hungarian literature and grammar, History,
469-473: A document that contains their grades and which enables them to go to a university. Hungarian students have to take an exam from Hungarian literature and grammar ( "magyar nyelv és irodalom" ), Mathematics ( "matematika" ), History ( "történelem" ), one foreign language ( "idegen nyelv" ), and one more subject of the student's choice that can be anything that the student had learned for at least 2 years in school. While these five subjects are mandatory for obtaining
536-486: A foreign language (English, except for students in dual-language schools). Students in high schools must also take one additional exam which they choose themselves out of a list of eight subjects. The Matura exams take place in four separate days usually in the June/July period. The first three days are for each of the compulsory subjects; the fourth day is for the additional exam. The basic marks range from 4 to 10 where
603-543: A free topic, intended to showcase the ability to cover different sides of the topic using extensively the notions and methods learnt in school. The scoring has been changed various times since 1969: The score is calculated by adding up: The students who are able to reach 100 points without needing a bonus can be awarded the lode ("cum laude") praise by the examination board. In Kosovo , Testi i Maturës Shtetërore/Državni maturski ispit (the State Mature Exam)
670-405: A given topic, but they can also choose to analyse and comment on a text (usually a poem). The second test changes according to the type of school the student attended, so it can be on a wide variety of different subjects, such as pedagogy and psychology , mathematics , foreign language, Latin , and Ancient Greek . It is identical nationwide for schools of the same type. The subject is decided by
737-489: A grading scale for students was at Yale University. Yale University historian George Wilson Pierson writes: "According to tradition the first grades issued at Yale (and possibly the first in the country) were given out in the year 1785, when President Ezra Stiles , after examining 58 Seniors, recorded in his diary that there were 'Twenty Optimi , sixteen second Optimi , twelve Inferiores ( Boni ), ten Pejores .'" By 1837, Yale had converted these adjectives into numbers on
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#1732782486699804-404: A personal and intellectual maturity concerning the various subjects of his or her last school year; the examining commission is supposed to ask about every subject, but has got to make sure that the candidate is also able to discuss about a variety of themes explaining and justifying his or her opinion; also, in recent years has become customary for each student to prepare a short essay ( tesina ) on
871-467: A range (for example, 1 to 6), percentages, or as numbers out of a possible total (often out of 100). The exact system that is used varies worldwide. In some countries, grades are averaged to create a grade point average ( GPA ). GPA is calculated by using the number of grade points a student earns in a given period of time. A GPA is often calculated for high school , undergraduate , and graduate students. A cumulative grade point average ( CGPA ),
938-545: A similar format. All examinations are held at the school which the candidate last attended. Candidates have the option to write a scholarly paper (called Fachbereichsarbeit ) to be submitted at the beginning of the February preceding the final exams, which, if accepted, counts as a subject and must be defended in a corresponding oral exam. The grading system is the one universally used in Austrian schools: 1 ( sehr gut )
1005-475: A third and fourth subject. Each exam consists of a single written test. The second subject must be chosen between: In 2008, according to the statistics on the web site of the Bulgarian Ministry of Education, 76,013 students have registered for the matura exams. Of them only 1748 students registered for a third, voluntary subject. Only 845 of them passed the third examination successfully. Because of
1072-710: Is maturita or maturitní zkouška . In 2010, the Czech Republic introduced a system of state exams, which divided the previous system into two parts. The first is the state exam, which consists of two compulsory subjects: Czech language and literature and either a foreign language (mostly English , but also German , Russian , Spanish or French ) or mathematics (the combination is chosen by students). The second part consists of Czech language and literature and at least two, but usually three, "profile" subjects, which vary between schools. Gymnázium (similar to grammar school) students usually choose from: The state part of
1139-410: Is also new is that every student now has to write a graduation paper called VWA ( Vorwissenschaftliche Arbeit or, literally translated, "Pre-scientific paper"). They can choose any topic they want, usually one year before graduating. When they have finished writing it (it should usually be 30.000 to 60.000 characters long), they have to present it to teachers and to the head ( Vorsitzende(r) ). The VWA
1206-470: Is another grade in the Maturazeugnis . In Bulgarian the matura is formally called държавен зрелостен изпит ( Romanization : darzhaven zrelosten izpit , State Maturity Exam) or ДЗИ (DZI), but usually it is called simply матура . There is only one compulsory subject – Bulgarian Language and Literature , but students are required to select an additional subject of their choice; they can also request
1273-632: Is called Maturazeugnis . In the Gymnasium (AHS), which, as opposed to vocational schools, focuses on general education, the Matura consists of three to four written exams (referred to as Klausurarbeiten , four to five hours each) to be taken on consecutive mornings (usually in May) and two to three oral exams to be taken on the same half-day about a month later (usually in June); The higher vocational education schools (BHS) such as HBLAs, HTLs, and HTBLAs follow
1340-401: Is composed mostly of the multiple choice assignments and matching questions assignments, whereas the essay part of the exam requires an essay ranging from 400 to 600 words written with notable understanding of a given literature text. The literature appearing in the exam changes annually; however, the list of works that can appear remains the same. The B level exam literature list consists of
1407-564: Is composed of the class teacher, commissioner and either a principal or a representative principal. The student is examined by the examiner and an assessor. The examiner and the assessor usually agree on a grade which should be assigned to the student and if not the commission takes a vote for the grade. Students can graduate with a grade better than 5 (grades are 1–5, where 1 is the best). Exam duration, for both oral and written exams, as well as preparation time, can be longer for students with disabilities. If students fail in one subject, they have
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#17327824866991474-714: Is excellent; 2 ( gut ) is good; 3 ( befriedigend ) is satisfactory; 4 ( genügend ) is passed and 5 ( nicht genügend ) means that the candidate has failed. In addition, a candidate's Maturazeugnis contains a formalized overall assessment: " mit ausgezeichnetem Erfolg bestanden " (pass with distinction: an average of 1.5 or better, no grade above 3), " mit gutem Erfolg bestanden " (pass with merit: an average of 2.0 or better, no grade above 3), " bestanden " (pass: no grade above 4); and '" nicht bestanden " (fail: at least one grade 5). Candidates who have failed may re-take their exams in September/October or February/March of
1541-617: Is held in two days, like the Matura Exam before. The Tests are provided by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology, and are in Albanian, Serbian, Turkish and Bosniak, who make the ethnical groups of Kosovo. Grading in education Grading in education is the application of standardized measurements to evaluate different levels of student achievement in a course. Grades can be expressed as letters (usually A to F), as
1608-673: Is mandatory for every high school student in order to get the high school certificate. Without passing the Matura Exam, one cannot apply to any university within Kosovo. It has different number of questions per subject, depending on the High School's profile. It is held every year in June, and with the latest reforms, there are two tests, on two different days: From 2020 to 2022, it has 100 questions (25 per subject) on Albanian, Mathematics, English and another self-chosen subject. This exam change
1675-453: Is more interested in a topic, has learned to deal better with failure and whether he has developed new ideas cannot be answered with grades. Instead, Precht suggests a differentiated written assessment of the students' learning and development path. In his opinion, the grading system comes from a psychologically and pedagogically uninformed era and does not belong in the 21st century. German educational innovator Margret Rasfeld criticizes
1742-490: Is now held on the same day. However, the teachers still correct all the exams themselves using an answer sheet that is included in the exam packages. Students can still choose either four or three written exams (maths, German and one foreign language are compulsory; one additional language can also be chosen). When students choose three written exams, they will have to do another three oral exams. When choosing four written exams, only two additional oral exams are necessary. What
1809-509: Is taken by young adults (usually aged from 17 to 20) at the end of their secondary education , and generally must be passed in order to apply to a university or other institutions of higher education . Matura is a matriculation examination and can be compared to A-Level exams , the Abitur or the Baccalauréat . The official name is Matura Shtetërore (State Matura) which
1876-503: Is the average of all the GPAs a student has achieved during their time at the institution. Students are sometimes required to maintain a certain GPA in order to be admitted to a certain academic program or to remain in that program. Grades are also used in decisions to provide a student with financial aid or a scholarship. Grades are seen as an indicator for academic success and ability, and GPA
1943-531: Is thought to indicate future job effectiveness and success. In addition, research has shown a correlation between GPA and future Job satisfaction . Studies have also shown that a higher GPA leads to a higher income. Students were given assessments as far back as 500 B.C. but no methods existed to formally measure student performance or track mastery of the subject. In the mid 1600’s Harvard University started to require exit exams to evaluate students, but they were not scored with letter grades. The first record of
2010-471: The Matura with different exam structures and subjects. The Matura is a centralized affair, conducted by the QSHA (Center for Educational Services) which is in charge of selecting tasks, appointing national examiners, grading the sheets; other agencies ensure the safety and integrity of the exams. The three compulsory subjects to complete secondary education are Albanian language and literature, mathematics and
2077-512: The School of Medicine, University of Zagreb , the following criteria needs to be met: they have acquired at least 55% on the compulsory admission exam (select advanced areas in Chemistry, Biology and Physics), and they have passed the A level exams of the compulsory Matura subjects. Their final points are then calculated based on the following: The official term for matura in the Czech Republic
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2144-405: The Ministry a few months before the exam: it is almost always the same for some types of school (for example Mathematics for liceo scientifico ) and it is chosen among the "written" subjects for other schools (for example, it is chosen between Latin and Ancient Greek for liceo classico or one of the three different foreign languages studied, included English, in liceo linguistico ). Finally,
2211-518: The Rye , Sophocles' Antigone, Šimić's Preobraženja, and Šoljan's Kratki izlet. The optional subjects are Biology , Chemistry , Computer science , Ethics , Geography , History , Logics , Music , Philosophy , Physics , Politics , Psychology , Religious studies , Sociology , and Visual arts . Optional subjects are available only at a single level. A gymnasium student is considered to have finished their high school education program upon passing only
2278-457: The Sciences (e.g. biology) and foreign language exams are made up of a written and an oral part, while the standard-level Mathematics exam contains only a written part. (Should a candidate fail their standard-level Mathematics exam, they can have an oral exam in order to pass). The higher-level Mathematics exam consists of both a written and an oral part. The grading scale of the érettségi is
2345-501: The United States in 1971. It has been criticized that grades are only short-term snapshots of how much a student has learned in a given period of time, which only partially reflect the actual performance and does not take sufficient account of the individual development of students. Likewise, poor grades over a longer period of time would give students the impression that they would learn very little or nothing, which jeopardizes
2412-401: The answer sheet (used for scanning students' answers for faster grading process), a concept booklet, a new opaque silver bag, and a piece of paper with barcode stickers used for candidate identification. Before they start taking the exam, students need to stick the barcodes on every booklet, paper and bag that they received. At the end, students gather all the examination material and seal it in
2479-524: The candidate to take certain or all compulsory subject exams at the A level. On the other hand, there are higher-education programmes requiring only the B level exams. In such cases, the candidate taking an exam in a certain subject on the A level is credited more points than a candidate taking the B level exam: 1 point of the A level exam is worth 1.6 points of the B level exam. The three compulsory subjects are: The Croatian language exam has two parts: literature written exam, and an essay. The literature exam
2546-614: The class, a white flag is hoisted, symbolic of the secondary school graduates. Matura Matura or its translated terms ( mature , matur , maturita , maturità , Maturität , maturité , матура , érettségi ) is a Latin name for the secondary school exit exam or "maturity diploma" in various European countries, including Albania , Austria , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Croatia , Czech Republic , Hungary , Italy , Kosovo , Liechtenstein , Montenegro , North Macedonia , Poland , Serbia , Slovakia , Slovenia , Switzerland and Ukraine . It
2613-411: The exam is supervised by CERMAT (formerly Centrum pro reformu maturitní zkoušky , "Centre for Maturita Reform; now Centrum pro zjišťování výsledků vzdělávání , "Centre for Determination of Education Results"), a state managed company. CERMAT issues final tests for the state part of the exam, documentation and practical tests, holds training for teachers who correct essays and supervise the students during
2680-600: The exam's challenging nature, students who request a third subject have a significant advantage in the university admissions process. The nationwide leaving exams ( državna matura ) were introduced for gymnasium (and other four-year high school programme) students in the school year 2009/2010. The examinations are conducted by the National Center for External Evaluation of Education ( Nacionalni centar za vanjsko vrednovanje obrazovanja – NCVVO). There are two available terms during which candidates can take their exams:
2747-413: The exams. The main part of the company is the tech centre, which is used for auto correcting the students exams. State exams are subject to continual improvement. Today the tests consist of four exams from which two are state organized and two school organized, in the future the state wants to add at least one more state exam and one more compulsory school exam. In 2012 the state part of the maturita exam
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2814-615: The following school year. Compulsory subjects for the written finals are always German and Mathematics , as well as a foreign language (usually English , French , Spanish , Italian , Latin or sometimes Ancient Greek ). Schools with a focus on science may require their students to take written finals in Biology or Physics. The Austrian Matura used to be a decentralized affair, however since 2014 tests in Mathematics , German and foreign languages are now centralized and held at
2881-543: The following: Camus' The Stranger , Cesarić's Lirika, Gundulić's Dubravka, Ibsen's A Doll's House , Krleža's The Glembays , Matoš's Pjesme, Novak's Posljednji Stipančići, and Sophocles' Antigone . The A level works are: Camus' Stranger, Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment , Držić's Dundo Maroje, Flaubert's Madame Bovary , Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther , Kafka's The Metamorphosis , Krleža's The Glembays and The Return of Filip Latinovicz, Marinković's Ruke, Nehajev's Bijeg, Poe's The Black Cat , Salinger's The Catcher in
2948-552: The future, but this mostly means that they should finish study on that another school in full length, e.g. 4 years. The official term for the matura exam in Hungary is "érettségi vizsga" or simply "érettségi" . It is usually taken after 12 or 13 years of schooling, at the age of 17 to 19, but may also be taken at a later age. The exam of certain subjects like foreign languages and IT can be completed at an earlier age. Candidates who pass their final exams (school-leaving exams) receive
3015-468: The grades earned by the student in the exams: Students who have not passed the Matura in the first attempt have the opportunity to repeat the final examination for the secondary appointments in September / October and January / February as well as in the coming school year. A tradition has developed that upon successful completion of the final examination of all candidates in the school, or sometimes in
3082-578: The indiscrimination by the examinees shown by the psychometric analysis. Further enrollment into higher education is conducted on-line via the National Computer System for Applications for Higher Education Institutions ( Nacionalni informacijski sustav prijava na visoka učilišta – NISpVU). Each candidate has the right to attempt to enroll at a maximum of 10 colleges, faculties, schools, and academies of universities, or other types of higher-education institutions. Lists of students with
3149-414: The innate intrinsic motivation of every child to learn. Children who have already lost their desire to learn and only study for their grades have no reason to continue learning after they have achieved the best possible grade. In addition, poor grades represent destructive feedback for students, since they do not provide any constructive assistance, but only absolute key figures. It is also criticized that
3216-447: The numerical mark to be unpersuasive. Stray's article also explains the complex relationship between the mode of examination (oral or written) and the varying philosophies of education these modes imply to both the teacher and the student. The A-D/F system was first adopted by Mount Holyoke College in 1897. However, this system did not become widespread until the 1940s, and was still only used by 67% of primary and secondary schools in
3283-409: The opaque silver bag they had received, which will then be sent back to NCVVO for grading. The answers of the exam questions are published typically two days after the exam day. Examinees are allowed to file a complaint on grading, or even on the exam questions. On the 2012 Croatian language exam, a total of 7 exam questions were nullified due to multiple possible interpretations of the source text and
3350-419: The option to repeat the subject, if they fail more than one subject, then they have to repeat the complete set of exams including the written part. All students have a maximum of three attempts to succeed in this exam, if they fail to succeed they end secondary school without the maturita and are unable to apply for college or university. They still have a chance to do maturita exam on another secondary school in
3417-420: The results of these tests and students can be accepted based on these results, however, they still have to succeed in the maturita exam. The examination itself is also divided between written and oral parts but not all subjects require both written and spoken input (for example math is formed by a written test only). Usually both the written and the oral part of the exam are set in late spring. The state part of
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#17327824866993484-400: The right to enrollment are processed by the central computers of each institution's division. The rank is formed based on Matura exams points and optional additional criteria or extra points set by the institution that ranks the applicants, for example, admission exams, or GPA of final grades of each year in certain or all high school subjects. For example, for a domestic student to enroll at
3551-404: The same as the usual grading used in Hungarian schools but the percentages differ: excellent (5), good (4), medium (3), pass (2), and fail (1). In Italy the examination is commonly called (esame di) maturità ("maturity exam") or just esame di Stato ("state exam"), but the official name is esame di Stato conclusivo del corso di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore ("Final state exam of
3618-468: The same day throughout Austria. There is only one external examiner: candidates are set tasks both for their written and oral finals by their own (former) teachers. Formally, however, there is an examination board consisting of a candidate's teachers/examiners, the headmaster/headmistress and one external Vorsitzende(r) (head), usually a high-ranking school official or the head of another school. Oral exams are held publicly, but attendance by anyone other than
3685-402: The same evaluation standards". Grading may also reflect the bias of the instructor thereby reinforcing systematic bias. As educators have begun to recognize the potential drawbacks, alternative grading methods, including competency-based assessment, specifications grading, and "ungrading" have become more popular. Most nations have their own grading system, and different institutions in
3752-502: The student's school, three external teachers and an external president of the board. Every year the Ministry of Education decides which subjects will be assigned to external teachers; these are different depending on the type of school. The exam is divided into written and oral sections. The written section consists of three tests. The first one is Italian and is identical nationwide: students are required to write an essay, an article on
3819-472: The summer term, taking place usually during June, and the fall term, typically occurring during September. Many university faculties and other higher-education institutions already have their applications closed by the end of the summer term due to having reached their first-year students enrollment quota for the upcoming academic year. The compulsory subjects are available at the basic (B) or higher (A) level exams. Certain higher-education institutions require
3886-537: The system of grades as unhelpful and, in her opinion, the resulting competitive thinking in schools and says: "School is there to organize success and not to document failure." German neuroscientist Gerald Hüther criticizes grades for being responsible for ensuring that students cannot specialize in any topic that they are enthusiastic about and have a talent for, since otherwise their grades in other areas would deteriorate. He also believes that "our society will not develop further...if we force all children to conform to
3953-489: The system of school grades in his book Anna, die Schule und der liebe Gott: Der Verrat des Bildungssystems an unseren Kindern . He believes that numbers from 1 to 6 (the school grading system used in Germany) do not do justice to the personalities of the children. In his opinion, grades are neither meaningful nor differentiated and therefore not helpful. For example, the questions whether a student has become more motivated,
4020-403: The third test is about a maximum of five selected subjects of the last year, and it is written by every single examining commission. The student does not know before which subjects are in the text. Starting the school year 2018–2019 the third test will be abolished leaving the first and the second written tests and the oral test. The interview section is to assess that the student has really reached
4087-411: The three compulsory subjects (alongside fulfilling the other prerequisites set by their high school); if a student fails a Matura exam on an optional subject, that subject simply will not be listed on their certificate. Students receive their exams in sealed opaque silver bags which they personally open typically by piercing the top with a pen and thus breaking the seal. Inside they get the exam booklet,
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#17327824866994154-444: The upper secondary cycle of studies"). This is the final exam for secondary school, which students are normally required to pass in order to be admitted to colleges and universities. In Italy, the maturità is informally regarded as a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood, after which secondary school graduates get ready for higher education and/or a job. Examination boards are composed of three internal teachers belonging to
4221-471: The way of thinking, which can often be traced back to the grading system, that bad grades lead to poor future prospects, leads to perplexity, pressure, stress and depression among parents and children. It is criticized that students often do not learn for their future life or out of interest in the material, but only for the grades and the associated status, which promotes bulimic learning . German philosopher and publicist Richard David Precht criticizes
4288-409: The written exam is set to one day in which students in the whole country write identical tests, different tests are always issued on the day the exam takes place. The school (profile) part is always different and is based on requirements of the school which issues the test so it may be both written and spoken, but it can also be only one of the options. The oral part of the maturita exam takes part in
4355-404: Was introduced in 2006 by the Ministry of Education and Science replacing the school based Provimet e Pjekurisë (Maturity Examination). The Matura is the obligatory exam after finishing the gjimnaz (secondary school) to have one's education formally recognized and to become eligible to enroll in universities. Vocational schools, art schools and schools participating in pilot programs are part of
4422-604: Was made due to Covid-19 and the students have higher requirements, since they have to obtain more than 40 points to pass. The tests are held on the same day for every school, usually in the middle of June. There is also a similar test for the Primary School pupils as well, called Testi i Semi-Maturës Shtetërore/Državni malomaturski ispit (State Semi-Matura Exam) which has 100 questions, and is mandatory for every pupil who will continue to High School. The Semi-Matura Exam has also changed in June 2022. It now has 200 points and it
4489-427: Was split into two difficulty levels – students could choose between basic and advanced tests. This solution was found to be ineffective and was canceled the following year. The Czech Republic also has a separate examination system called Národní srovnávací zkoušky ("National Comparative Test"), owned and managed by the private company Scio, s.r.o. which provides tests for all subjects. Some Czech universities recognize
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