A three-wheeler is a vehicle with three wheels . Some are motorized tricycles , which may be legally classed as motorcycles , while others are tricycles without a motor , some of which are human-powered vehicles and animal-powered vehicles .
80-664: The Reliant Robin is a small three-wheeled car produced by the Reliant Motor Company in Tamworth , England. It was offered in several versions (Mk1, Mk2 and Mk3) over a period of 30 years. It is the second-most popular fibreglass car in history after the Chevrolet Corvette , with Reliant being the second-biggest British car manufacturer for a time. The Robin was first manufactured in October 1973 as
160-658: A de facto or government-issued identification document for the holder. The American Association of Motor Vehicle Administrators provides a standard for the design of driving permits and identification cards issued by AAMVA member jurisdictions, which include all 50 US states, the District of Columbia, and Canadian territories and provinces. The newest card design standard released is the 2020 AAMVA DL/ID Card Design Standard (CDS). The AAMVA standard generally follows part 1 and part 2 of ISO/IEC 18013-1 (ISO compliant driving license). The ISO standard in turn specifies requirements for
240-533: A Reliant Robin cannot be driven with a provisional licence ; unless the driver meets certain disability criteria. Miss Shepherd owned one Reliant Robin in The Lady in the Van , a 1989 book, 1999 play and 2015 film by Alan Bennett , a real-life portrayal of a case of Diógenes syndrome . The British sitcom series Mr. Bean (1990-1995) starring Rowan Atkinson has a running gag with a blue Reliant Robin getting into
320-537: A bank account and perform any other activities that require official identification. Identification cards serve as government-issued photo ID but do not enable a person to operate a motor vehicle, a fact typically noted on the ID via the phrase 'Not a driver's licence' or similar wording. This type of photo ID is referred to as a Photo Card in some jurisdictions (for example, the Ontario Photo Card). In Canada and
400-626: A card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic, namely the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic and the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . Most government issuers of driving permits also provide a government-issued identification card with similar attributes to those residents within their jurisdictions who do not have or maintain a valid driving permit, making it easier for them to do things such as open
480-690: A certain period. The minimum driving age in India is 16 to drive any kind of gearless motorcycle like scooters and mopeds, and 18 for cars, three wheelers (with automatic or manual transmissions) and motorcycles with gear like motorcycles or scooters with manual transmissions. Unlike certain countries which issue driving licenses based on the engine capacity of vehicles, transmission is the only criteria for issuing licenses in India. Every state and union territory have Regional Transport Offices (RTO/RTA) which issue their own driving licenses to people living in their jurisdictions. Drivers are legally obliged to carry
560-479: A clean lap in the specially doctored Robin. Later on, Clarkson admitted that the Robin used in the show had the differential modified to allow "the poor little thing" to roll over easily. The car also had unequal sized wheels fitted creating an imbalance toward the driver's side. Three-wheeled car Many three-wheelers which exist in the form of motorcycle-based machines are often called trikes and often have
640-554: A common means of public transportation in many countries in the world, and are an essential form of urban transport in many developing countries such as India and the Philippines . Early automotive pioneer Karl Benz developed a number of three-wheeled models. One of these, the Benz Patent Motorwagen , is regarded as the first purpose-built automobile. It was made in 1885. In 1896, John Henry Knight showed
720-542: A direct replacement for the Reliant Regal . These models feature a 750 cc engine, but in 1975, the car gained a number of improvements including an engine boost to 850 cc. The Reliant Robin was well received in the 1970s because of good work executed by Ogle Design (who had previously designed the Bond Bug , and Reliant Scimitar ) and affordable price, considering 70 and 85 mph (113 and 137 km/h)
800-421: A driving permit is 18 for private cars, light goods vehicle, motorcycles and motortricycles. For commercial vehicles the age is 21. Drivers are legally obliged to carry a valid driving licence whilst driving and this must be produced if required to do so by a police officer. People older than 70 have to undergo strict medical tests in order to obtain a permit that has limited validity and requires renewal after
880-482: A driving permit is not valid for identification in every European country. In the United Kingdom, most drivers are not required to carry their "Driving Licence". A driver may be required by a constable or vehicle examiner to produce this, but may provide it at a specified police station within seven days; the police issue a form for this purpose. In Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Spain and Sweden,
SECTION 10
#1732786710974960-576: A driving permit. Most identity cards and driving permits are credit card size —the "ID-1" size and shape defined in ISO/IEC 7810. A Hong Kong Driving Licence carries the same number as the holder's ID card , but has no photograph. As such, it is not a legal document for proof of age for purchase of alcohol. Upon control, both must be presented. Plans to make the newly phased in Smart ID contain driver licensing information have been shelved. Similarly,
1040-474: A four-wheeled car, or a triangle for a trike) then the vehicle will tip and eventually fall over. This is true for any vehicle. With all vehicles it is critical that the vehicle should be engineered to slide before this point of instability is reached. This can be achieved in several ways: In the case of a three-wheeled ATV, tipping may be avoided by the rider leaning into turns. To improve stability some three-wheelers are designed to tilt while cornering like
1120-685: A four-wheeler with a front wheel missing. Three-wheelers, including some cyclecars , bubble cars and microcars , are built for economic and legal reasons: in the UK for tax advantages, or in the US to take advantage of lower safety regulations, being classed as motorcycles. As a result of their light construction and potential better streamlining, three-wheeled cars are usually less expensive to operate. Some inexpensive three-wheelers have been designed specifically to improve mobility for disabled people. Three-wheeler transport vehicles known as auto rickshaws are
1200-422: A front engine driving the single rear wheel, similar to the rear engine driving the rear wheel. The wheel must support acceleration loads as well as lateral forces when in a turn, and loss of traction can be a challenge. A new tadpole configuration has been proposed with a rear engine driving the front wheels. This concept (Dragonfly Three Wheeler ) claims both stability and traction (two driven wheels), as well as
1280-583: A green rocker cover) which features hardened exhaust valve seats. As well as this, the new models joined the range with the LX, SLX, BRG, and Royale models. Royale and BRG models were top of the range and cost over £9,000. New colors such as metallic silver, British racing green, royal blue and NightFire red were used, along with a range of retro-style optional extras such as minilite alloy wheels and jaguar custom seat patterns, which then became available on all Robin models. The Robin received another facelift in 1999, with
1360-525: A holder of a full category A motorcycle licence over the age of 21 may drive a three-wheeled vehicle of any power. This age restriction applies to full Category B holders also. In a further change in 2014, the UK government created a new descriptor "motor tricycles with power output over 15kW" within the top-level category A (including its related driver age restriction of 21 years), into which the Reliant 3 wheeler range fits. Because of these licensing changes,
1440-466: A licensed driver accompanying them. Driving a vehicle on public roads without a licensed driver or a trainer is a offence which attracts fines. After the training, people apply for a permanent driving license test at their nearest RTOs. This can be done anytime before the expiry of the LL. A person is given a total of three attempts in these six months, and if one fails the third attempt, they have to go through
1520-491: A motorcyclist would do. The tilt may be controlled manually, mechanically or by computer. A tilting three-wheeler's body or wheels, or both, tilt in the direction of the turn. Such vehicles can corner safely even with a narrow track. Some tilting three-wheelers could be considered to be forms of feet forward motorcycles or cabin motorcycles or both. Three-wheeled battery powered designs include: Here are three notable examples of solar-powered three wheelers; two race cars,
1600-597: A passport for land and sea (but not air) border crossings between the US and Canada. The EDL program was also previously offered in Ontario and Quebec, but is no longer offered there. In the Dominican Republic, the driving permit number is the same as the citizen's ID number. In Venezuela, the driving permit number is the same as the citizen's ID number. In the United States, New Zealand, Australia,
1680-471: A person had to do was drive six metres forward and then reverse six metres. The test was updated to make it more difficult; now the applicant has to get 8 out of 10 answers correct in a computer test, then pass a forward and reverse S-track test in addition to an assessment of parking skills. Driver's licensing in Ghana is conducted by the nation's Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority . The legal driving age
SECTION 20
#17327867109741760-521: A public road. Such licenses are often plastic and the size of a credit card . In most international agreements, the wording "driving permit" is used, for instance in the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic . In American English , the terms " driver license " or " driver's license " are used. In Australian English , Canadian English and New Zealand English , the terms " driver licence " or " driver's licence " are used while in British English
1840-534: A saving of £55 a year over a conventional car. Up until 2001, the B1 licence entitlement was given to those who passed the category A motorcycle test, leading to the common misconception that people could drive a Robin on a motorcycle licence. Those passing their motorcycle test after 2001 could not drive a Robin, until the law changed in December 2012. As of 29 December 2012, tricycles such as the Robin no longer fall within
1920-424: A state-by-state basis. Some states require drivers of three wheeled vehicles to have a motorcycle license and register the vehicle as a motorcycle. Some states, including Virginia, Kansas, and Indiana, classify some three wheeled vehicles as autocycles. Virginia defines an autocycle as "a three-wheeled motor vehicle that has a steering wheel and seating that does not require the operator to straddle or sit astride and
2000-612: A subsequent episode of Top Gear (series 15, episode 1), a modified 1994 Reliant Robin was used by Jeremy Clarkson to drive 14 miles from Sheffield to Rotherham. He described driving it as dangerous as "inviting your mum 'round for an evening on chatroulette ", and that the Robin "wasn't funny, it was a complete menace". During the segment, Clarkson rolled a specially side-weighted Robin at least six times. The following two episodes featured racing driver The Stig and Ken Block on their test track in Robins, and neither of them could finish
2080-464: A teardrop shape is often used. A teardrop is wide and round at the front, tapering at the back. The three-wheel configuration allows the two front wheels to create the wide round surface of the vehicle. The single rear wheel allows the vehicle to taper at the back. Examples include the Aptera (solar electric vehicle) and Myers Motors NmG . Having one wheel in front and two in the rear for power reduces
2160-429: A three-wheeled vehicle with an enclosed passenger compartment or partially enclosed seat is considered an automobile. Driver%27s licence A driver's license , driving licence , or driving permit is a legal authorization, or the official document confirming such an authorization, for a specific individual to operate one or more types of motorized vehicles—such as motorcycles , cars , trucks , or buses —on
2240-424: A top speed of 85 mph, they also give a very good economy figure of up to 70 mpg; the later Mk3 Reliant Robin was quoted to give 60 to 100 mpg. Despite its size, by being a three-wheeler with an official mass below 450 kg (992 lb), the Robin could traditionally be driven by holders of a B1 category driving licence in the United Kingdom, and registered and taxed at motorcycle rates, which gave
2320-494: A tri-car at The Great Exhibition . In 1897, Edward Butler made the Butler Petrol Cycle, another three-wheeled car. A Conti 6 hp Tri-car competed in (but did not complete) a 1907 Peking to Paris race sponsored by a French newspaper, Le Matin . A configuration of two wheels in the front and one wheel at the back presents two advantages: it has improved aerodynamics , and that it readily enables
2400-473: A unique driving experience. With two wheels in the front (the "tadpole" form or "reverse trike") the vehicle is far more stable in braking turns, but remains more prone to overturning in normal turns compared to an equivalent four-wheeled vehicle, unless the center of mass is lower and/or further forward. Motorcycle-derived designs suffer from most of the weight being toward the rear of the vehicle. For lower wind resistance (which increases fuel efficiency ),
2480-421: A valid driving license in India while operating a vehicle, and it must be produced if required to do so by a police officer. People applying for a driving license for the first time, or adding a class of vehicle in their existing license have to apply for a learner's license (LL) first, which is valid for six months. This legally certifies LL holders as valid drivers as long as they drive only for training and have
Reliant Robin - Misplaced Pages Continue
2560-488: A variety of mishaps- usually regarding Mr. Bean's mini car. The 2011 Disney film Cars 2 features a French character named Tomber who is patterned on a Reliant Regal saloon car, though he also has been compared to a Robin. His name means "falling" in French, referencing the instability of three-wheel vehicles. The 2018 music video for Rick Astley 's She Makes Me , from the album Beautiful Life prominently features
2640-515: A yellow Reliant Rialto. On 18 February 2007 episode of Top Gear (series 9, episode 4), a Reliant Robin was used by Richard Hammond and James May in an attempt to modify a normal K-reg Robin into a reusable Space Shuttle . The booster rockets separated cleanly, but the fuel tank did not detach, and the Robin crashed into the ground, where it promptly exploded. This launch was the "largest non-commercial rocket launch in European history". In
2720-412: Is 18. The legal driving age is 18 years old. The permit must include: The legal driving age of Moroccan citizens is 21. In Nigeria, the minimum age to qualify for a drivers licence is 18. The applicant would first attend training at an accredited driving school. Then, the driving school will present the applicant to a Vehicle Inspection Officer (VIO) for a driving test. Upon passing the driving test
2800-537: Is an arm of the government under the Ministry of Transport & Infrastructural Development. Drivers can be licensed for class 4 vehicles at the age of sixteen and eighteen for class 2 vehicles. Public transport vehicles are in class 1 and the minimum age is twenty five. A theory based learners licence which has 25 questions is the first step. The questions for this test include diagrams, road rules and road signs and has to be answered in under eight minutes. After passing
2880-484: Is manufactured to comply with federal safety requirements for motorcycles." Indiana defines it as "a three (3) wheeled motor vehicle in which the operator and passenger ride in a completely or partially enclosed seating area that is equipped with:(1) a rollcage or roll hoops; (2) safety belts for each occupant; and (3) antilock brakes;and is designed to be controlled with a steering wheel and pedals." In other jurisdictions, such as British Columbia , Canada, and Connecticut,
2960-768: The Guinness World Record , on 20 August 2014. It took the record from another three-wheeler, Sunswift IV , designed and built at the University of New South Wales in Australia, by a margin of almost 3 km/h. The Aptera solar electric vehicle uses a tadpole layout and is being designed to have a top speed of over 100 mph. The Aptera uses 42 KW in-wheel electric motors and can be ordered with two ( front-wheel drive ) or three ( all-wheel drive ) motors. The Aptera's roof and dashboard, and optionally its hood and hatch, are fitted with solar panels, with
3040-562: The U.S , the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration defines and regulates three-wheeled vehicles as motorcycles . However, in 2015 a bill was introduced in Congress that would prevent some three wheeled vehicles from being classified as motorcycles in the United States, instead creating a new classification for "autocycles". Driver's license and registration requirements vary on
3120-471: The United Nations hosted the Geneva Convention on Road Traffic that standardised rules on roads, occupants, rules, signs, driver's permits and such. It specified that national "driving permits" should be pink and that an "International Driving Permit" for driving in a number of countries should have grey covers with white pages and that "The entire last page shall be drawn up in French". In 1968,
3200-521: The Vienna Convention on Road Traffic , ratified in 1977 and further updated in 2011, further modernised these agreements. Its main regulations about drivers permits are in Annex 6 (Domestic Driving Permit) and Annex 7 (International Driving Permit). The currently active version of those is in force in each contracting party no later than "29 March 2011" (Article 43). Article 41 of the convention describes key requirements: In 2018, ISO/IEC standard 18013
3280-557: The 20th century, European authorities issued similar permits to drive motor vehicles ad hoc, if at all. Mandatory licensing for drivers in the United Kingdom came into force on 1 January 1904 after the Motor Car Act 1903 received royal assent . Every car owner had to register their vehicle with their local government authority and be able to prove registration of their vehicle on request. The minimum qualifying age
Reliant Robin - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-464: The B1 category licence; in-line with European Union law, tricycles are now classified under the category A "motorcycle licence". As such, any person holding a "full motorcycle licence" may legally drive a Robin. As it was not the licence entitlement that changed, but rather the categorisation of tricycles into an existing category, the change applies to all holders of category A motorcycle licences, whenever they were obtained. Shortly after this an oversight
3440-688: The Federal Road Safety Corps (FRSC) Officer at the DLC for biometric data capture. He is given a temporary drivers licence which is valid for 60 days. He picks up the original drivers licence at the BIR Office after 60 days. The minimum driving age in South Africa is 17, when drivers may drive with an adult who holds a valid driving licence, after passing a learner's theory test. At 18, a driving licence can be obtained after passing
3520-657: The Infinium and the Sky Ace TIGA, and a vehicle planned for production, the Aptera. The Infinium, built by the University of Michigan Solar Car Team , came in 3rd place in the 2009 World Solar Challenge held in Australia, and won the 2010 American Solar Challenge . Ashiya University 's Sky Ace TIGA achieved 91.332 kilometres per hour (56.751 mph) at Shimojishima Airport , in Miyakojima, Okinawa, Japan, to win
3600-526: The Robin name, producing a new and totally revamped Robin featuring a new fibreglass body featuring a hatchback, with later an estate and van joining the range. The Rialto continued in production alongside the new Robin until 1998 as purely a cheaper model in saloon, estate and van models also. Later on in production, the Robin received new, 12 inch wheels, improved brakes (from the original mini) and an improved interior with new dials and interior trim. Reliant also started offering an unleaded engine (shown by having
3680-694: The Saudi Arabian government require all drivers to carry an ID card in addition to a driving permit and present them whenever requested. In Saudi Arabia using a permit instead is only permitted if the request is made for on-site inspection/identification purposes, especially at checkpoints. Expatriates may be requested to present their visas as well. In India, Japan, South Korea, and Singapore, driving permit cards are widely used as identification. Many European countries require drivers to produce their permit on demand when driving. Some European countries require adults to carry proof of identity at all times, but
3760-408: The UK, Ireland and sometimes Canada, people who drive commercially are required to have permits. The cost of taking the tests and examinations usually means that an employer will subsidize their drivers. Egyptian citizens are entitled to a driver's licence once they have reached the age of 18. To obtain their licences, applicants must pass a driving test as well as several computer test. To pass, all
3840-456: The United States, the abbreviation DLN is commonly used for a driver's license number. Five states in the northern United States (Michigan, Minnesota, New York, Vermont and Washington) and two provinces in Canada (British Columbia and Manitoba) also offer an " enhanced driver's license " (EDL), which is a driving permit that has an embedded RFID chip and is accepted at the federal level in lieu of
3920-636: The applicant would obtain a certificate of proficiency from the VIO. The applicant then completes a drivers license application form at the Drivers Licence Centre (DLC) or downloads the form online. Afterwards he pays a licence fee online or at the Bank and presents his application form to the Board of Internal Revenue (BIR) Officer and VIO at the DLC for endorsement. After all these procedures he goes to
4000-542: The back and two at the front (2F1R), (for example: Morgan Motor Company ) or one wheel at the front and two at the back (1F2R) (such as the Reliant Robin ). Due to better safety when braking, an increasingly popular form is the front-steering "tadpole" or "reverse trike" sometimes with front drive but usually with rear drive. A variant on the 'one at the front' layout was the Scott Sociable , which resembled
4080-567: The correct answer. Some Driving Licence Test Centres use computers for the test, whereas others require test-takers to complete the test using a test paper and pen. Driving licences are issued by the Tanzania Revenue Authority . The legal driving age for motorcycles is 16 and for other motor vehicles is 18. Zimbabwean drivers licences are issued by the Vehicle Inspection Department (VID) which
SECTION 50
#17327867109744160-406: The cost of the steering mechanism but greatly decreases lateral stability when cornering while braking. When the single wheel is in the front (the "delta" form, as in a child's pedal tricycle ), the vehicle is inherently unstable in a braking turn, as the combined tipping forces at the center of mass from turning and braking can rapidly extend beyond the triangle formed by the contact patches of
4240-482: The data elements, with sufficient freedom afforded to the issuing authorities of driving licences to meet domestic needs. The ISO standard specifies requirements for a card that is aligned with the UN Conventions on Road Traffic. This standard however has no official mandate or recognition from the WP.1 of UNECE as a replacement for the current IDP standards as described in the 1949 and 1968 Conventions. The specifications of
4320-403: The design executed by Andy Plumb, chief designer at Reliant at that time. This final version was launched boasting the biggest changes since the original launch, with completely new panels and Vauxhall Corsa front lamps. It was the first Robin to be designed with the use of a computer. An electric and a diesel version along with a pickup variant were conceptualised, but never made. A hatchback van
4400-433: The driving permit number is listed along with the bearer's national identification number . Banks and public authorities use the same number for customer databases, making the permit fully useful for identification purposes. In Canada, Mexico, and the United States, driving permits are issued by the provinces or states, respectively, (or either country's territories), and do not look the same nationwide. They are also used as
4480-459: The driving test varies considerably between jurisdictions, as do factors such as age and the required level of competence and practice. Karl Benz , inventor of the modern car, received a written " Genehmigung " (permit) from the Grand Ducal authorities to operate his car on public roads in 1888 after residents complained about the noise and smell of his Motorwagen . Up until the start of
4560-402: The front single wheel and mechanics similar to that of a motorcycle and the rear axle similar to that of a car. Often such vehicles are owner-constructed using a portion of a rear-engine, rear-drive Volkswagen Beetle in combination with a motorcycle front end. Other trikes include All-terrain vehicles that are specially constructed for off-road use. Three-wheelers can have either one wheel at
4640-500: The full compliment being designed to add a range of up to 40 miles per day and 11,000 miles per year in the sunniest climates. First customer availability is planned for before the end of 2024. The world's first full-size self-propelled land vehicle was a three-wheeler. French Army Captain Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot 's 1770 fardier à vapeur (steam dray), a steam tricycle with a top speed of around 3 km/h (2 mph),
4720-448: The layout of the booklet is defined in Annex G of ISO/IEC 18013-1:2018. There are two options; a booklet with some personalisation or a booklet with no personalisation. The booklet shall be marginally larger than an ID-1 size card, with an insert pocket for storage of the card, and for convenient carrying of the booklet. The front cover should include the logo of the UN or the issuing country and
4800-534: The original owner's engraved name. The selling price was £10,000. The last Reliant Robin produced was given away by The Sun newspaper in a Valentine's Day competition in 2001. Manufacturing of the Robin resumed under licence by B&N Plastics in July 2001. This firm was allowed to produce 250 cars a year, but it was stalled by problems and production faults and went into financial trouble after producing just 40 or so complete cars up to October 2002. The BN-1 Robin
4880-477: The road test. Small motorcycles may be driven from the age of 16. To obtain a permit, applicants must pass a written or computer-based test to obtain a learner's licence, and then pass a road test to obtain the driving license. Categories for permits include CODE B (normal vehicles), CODE C1 (LDV), CODE EC (heavy trucks), CODE A (motorcycle). The learners licence theory test will contain three sets of questions with multiple answer options; test-takers will have to select
SECTION 60
#17327867109744960-635: The state of New Jersey became the first to require all drivers to pass a mandatory examination before being licensed. In 1909, the Convention with Respect to the International Circulation of Motor Vehicles recognized the need for qualifications, examination, and authorization for international driving. The notion of an " International Driving Permit " was first mooted in an international convention held in Paris in 1926. In 1949,
5040-499: The term is " driving licence ". In some countries the term " driving license " is used. The laws relating to the licensing of drivers vary between jurisdictions. In some jurisdictions, a permit is issued after the recipient has passed a driving test, while in others a person acquires their permit or a learner's permit before beginning to drive. Different categories of permit often exist for different types of motor vehicles, particularly large trucks and passenger vehicles. The difficulty of
5120-433: The test, the candidate gets a provisional learners license which enables the candidate to drive under supervision from a driving instructor or anyone with a full driving licence. After the theory test learner drivers have to start practical driving lessons covering key driving skills. To qualify for a driving test one must have completed thirty lessons. Skills tested in the driving test include: Minimum age for holding
5200-495: The use of a small lightweight motorcycle powerplant and rear wheel. This approach was used by the Messerschmitt KR200 and BMW Isetta . Alternatively, a more conventional front-engine, front wheel drive layout as is common in four-wheeled cars can be used, with subsequent advantages for transversal stability (the center of mass is further to the front) and traction (two driven wheels instead of one). Some vehicles have
5280-446: The vehicle stationary, the line will be vertical. As the vehicle accelerates, that imaginary line tilts backward, remaining anchored to the centre of mass the point at which the line intersects the ground moves backward. As you brake it moves forward, with cornering it moves sideward. Should the point at which this line intersects the ground move outside of the boundary formed by connecting the tyre contact patches together (a rectangle for
5360-400: The wheels. This type, if not tipped, also has a greater tendency to spin out ("swap ends") when handled roughly. The disadvantage of a three-wheel configuration is that lateral stability is lower than with a four-wheeled vehicle. With any vehicle, an imaginary line can be projected from the vehicles centre of mass to the ground, representing the force exerted on the vehicle by its mass. With
5440-414: The words "Translation of Driving Licence" and "Traduction du Permis de Conduire ". Many countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have no national identification cards . Since many people do have driving permits, they are often accepted as proof of identity. In some territories, non-drivers can apply for identification-only cards with a similar format to
5520-409: Was based on the Robin 65 limited edition, and featured all the expensive extras but with a more modern feature set. The car had a completely redesigned interior, with a new dashboard and interior in black. The body also received some under-the-skin features, including integrated fibreglass skims for the door hinges and a new whole-body fabrication process, which resulted in reduced weight. The revised car
5600-505: Was charged with conducting these tests. In 1910, the German imperial government mandated the licensing of drivers on a national scale, establishing a system of tests and driver's education requirements that was adopted in other countries. Other countries in Europe also introduced driving tests during the twentieth century, the last of them being Belgium where, until as recently as 1977, it
5680-604: Was intended for hauling artillery . Another of the earliest preserved examples is the Long steam tricycle , built by George A. Long around 1880 and patented in 1883, now on display at the Smithsonian Institution . The Whike is a recumbent tricycle with a sail, made in the Netherlands. Due to the incidence of injuries and deaths related to their use, a 10-year ban, entirely voluntary for manufacturers,
5760-444: Was manufactured. In 2000, it was announced the final Reliant Robin would be built after 65 limited editions were made. It was named the "Reliant Robin 65" and had a very high specification. All 65s had gold metallic paint, red and grey leather seats, red carpets, walnut dashboards, white dials, minilite alloy wheels, premium stereo systems, electronic ignitions and gold plaques on the dashboards which were individually numbered and bore
5840-554: Was placed on the sale of new three-wheeled all-terrain vehicles in the United States in January 1988. More injuries were sustained by riders by not applying a proper riding technique, and lack of wearing proper safety gear such as helmets and riding boots. In a search conducted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, it was determined that "no inherent flaw was found in the three wheel design". In
5920-479: Was possible to drive a three-wheeled Reliant with a motorcycle permit, as a full motorcycle permit included a B1 class endorsement, which gave a driver the right to drive vehicles with three or four wheels of up to 550 kg (10¾ cwt). However, the DVLA ceased to issue the B1 endorsement in 2001. Interest in the Reliant increased once more after January 2013, when the licensing scheme was changed once again. From 2013,
6000-500: Was possible to purchase and hold a permit without having to undergo a driving test. As traffic-related fatalities soared in North America, public outcry provoked legislators to begin studying the French and German statutes as models. On 1 August 1910, North America's first licensing law for motor vehicles went into effect in the U.S. state of New York, though it initially applied only to professional chauffeurs . In July 1913,
6080-627: Was possible, and orders increased with the 1970s fuel crisis. The final original version of the Robin rolled off the production line in 1982, and after a number of limited editions, including the GBS and the Jubilee, it was replaced by the restyled Reliant Rialto designed by IAD in Worthing, UK. The vehicle was also produced under licence in Greece by MEBEA between 1974 and 1978. In 1989, Reliant revived
6160-416: Was published which established guidelines for the design format and data content of an ISO-compliant driving licence (IDL). The design approach is to establish a secure domestic driving permit (DDP) and accompanying booklet for international use, instead of the international driving permit (IDP) paper document. The main ideology is a minimum acceptable set of requirements with regards to content and layout of
6240-574: Was reapproved, so that it was legal for sale in the UK. The BN-2 Robin was a higher specification model, featuring higher-grade materials for the interior, a custom metallic paint finish, a radio-CD (instead of radio-cassette) and front electric windows, a first for the Robin. The single wheel in the front is responsible for the steering, while the engine (also in the front) drives the rear axle. The Reliant Robin aimed to provide economical and predictable personal transport. The 850 cc engine gives an acceleration of 0 to 60 mph in 14 seconds and
6320-667: Was set at 17. The "driving licence" gave its holder 'freedom of the road' with a maximum 20 mph (32 km/h) speed limit. Compulsory testing was introduced in 1934, with the passing of the Road Traffic Act . Prussia , then a kingdom within the German Empire , introduced compulsory licensing on 29 September 1903. A test on mechanical aptitude had to be passed and the Dampfkesselüberwachungsverein ("steam boiler supervision association")
6400-468: Was that a person with a full car licence could no longer drive a three-wheeled vehicle; this was then altered by the UK government after car companies which produce three-wheeled vehicles (such as Morgan ) protested over the licensing changes, this resulted in car licence holders now being able to drive a three-wheeled vehicle, but an age limit of 21 was also added; this 21 or over age limit also applies to motorcycle category A licence holders. Originally, it
#973026