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128-620: Renault Sport ( French pronunciation: [ʁəno spɔʁ] ) or Renaultsport , was a motorsport , performance and special vehicles division for Renault -badged cars and later a sub-badge of Renault cars managed by Alpine . The first Renault Sport was officially established as a company in 1976 as a merger between the Alpine and Gordini competition departments. It was made a division and reorganised in 2002 and 2016. In December 2021, all Renault Sport operations were merged into an Alpine-led business unit. The Renault Sport car range under Alpine

256-643: A Nissan GT-R engine participated at the Pike's Peak hillclimbing . In 1994, Renault discontinued the Alpine marque, badging since then its sport cars manufactured at the Dieppe factory as Renault Sport, beginning with the Renault Sport Spider in 1996. The production of Renault Sport cars for the mainstream markets at Dieppe ended in 2018. Renault Sport models are also produced at Renault Spain 's Palencia factory ( Mégane Renault Sport ). Renault Sport

384-472: A barrier, necessitating the safety car's deployment. The safety car was withdrawn five laps later, and racing resumed with di Grassi using his FanBoost to pull clear from Vergne's Techeetah. Vergne drew close to di Grassi in the final two laps. Di Grassi defended the lead from Vergne. Buemi closed up to third-place Sarrazin on the final lap; he did not get ahead, as di Grassi won the event. A visibly angered Buemi argued with Félix da Costa, Frijns and Abt after

512-416: A brisk getaway off the line. Shortly after, an information display error on his steering wheel's dashboard limited the information available to him. Rosenqvist had opened a five-second advantage over Bird; Vergne caught Rosenqvist by more than four-tenths of a second per lap. Albeit with less electrical energy, Vergne caught and overtook Bird for second on the 16th lap. On the same lap, the pit stops for

640-422: A calmer environment. This allowed Bird to extend his advantage by another second. Heidfeld allowed his teammate Rosenqvist to reclaim second on the 48th (and penultimate) lap. An oversteer in the race's final moments did not deter Bird, who took his second consecutive victory of the season and the fifth of his career. Gasly caught Rosenqvist and Heidfeld on the final lap; all three drivers concertinaed through

768-522: A charity football match four days prior to the first race— took his second pole position of the season with the closest margin in FE history, 0.001 seconds over López. Di Grassi took an early lead, as a slow getaway from López meant the Mahindras of Heidfeld and Rosenqvist passed him. By the start of lap five, di Grassi led Rosenqvist by 1.2 seconds and the latter required extra electrical energy to attack in

896-405: A collision with a barrier, ending his race. Vergne's stricken car necessitated the safety car's deployment, and racing resumed four laps later with Buemi closely followed by López and Heidfeld. With two laps remaining, di Grassi locked his tyres and crashed into the wall, prompting the race to end behind the safety car for the second consecutive year. This enabled Buemi to take his fifth victory of

1024-433: A distance of eight miles. It was won by the locomotive of Isaac Watt Boulton , one of six he said he had run over the years, perhaps driven by his 22-year-old son, James W. The race was against Daniel Adamson's carriage, likely the one made for Mr. Schmidt and perhaps driven by Mr. Schmidt himself. The reports do not indicate who was driving, since both were violating the red-flag law then fully in force. Boulton's carriage

1152-406: A driving mistake by Prost. Di Grassi pushed hard in an attempt to close up to Vergne; the latter responded by stabilising the time deficit to two seconds. Buemi had braking difficulties with his second car rendered him unable to brake in a straight line, and won his third race of the season and the ninth of his career. He also became the first driver in FE to win three consecutive ePrix. Prior to

1280-593: A high-speed test, car handling manoeuvres can be tested such as precision drifting , donuts, handbrake turns, reversing and so on. Other disciplines of automobile sport include: The international motorcycle sport governing body recognised by the International Olympic Committee is the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). Disciplines include: The international powerboating governing body recognised by

1408-591: A hill, at private and closed roadways where higher speeds and distances can be reached than at an autotesting course for example. Time attack are terms used by series that run sprints at racing circuits where competitors try to set the quickest lap time rather than racing head-to-head with others. Time trials are run by the Sports Car Club of America , amongst others. Rallysprints are mainly sanctioned and held in continental Europe. Ultimately, they are similar to other time trial sprints but originate from

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1536-506: A lap behind the leaders. Turvey kept the lead at the restart three laps later. López followed Turvey until the latter retired with power issues, promoting López to first place, and necessitating the safety car's second appearance. With the field closed up, di Grassi and Jérôme d'Ambrosio opted to make the mandatory switch to their second cars on the 18th lap. The change enabled the duo to gain positions when other drivers made their stops; it required them to conserve electrical energy towards

1664-470: A maximum power lap— caught Mitch Evans 's Jaguar and challenged him for the final points-scoring position of tenth by the 13th lap. Upfront, Rosenqvist and Buemi pulled away from López and both were separated by a second. López was challenged by teammate Bird for third; the latter had difficulty overtaking until Bird executed a failed overtake four laps later that resulted in contact. Bird fell to seventh behind Vergne, di Grassi and Abt. At this stage, Buemi

1792-461: A means of expanding their electric vehicle portfolio. Dragon Racing manufactured its own powertrain after using one supplied by Venturi in the previous season . It entered into a technical partnership with American start-up technology company Faraday Future in July 2016 for the next four seasons, with an option for a further four years after the current agreement expires. Andretti announced

1920-420: A new entity named Techeetah in its place. Senior personnel from Team Aguri, including team principal Mark Preston , retained their jobs with Techeetah, and the cars ran a custom Renault powertrain. 2015 FIA Formula Three European Championship winner and two-time Macau Grand Prix victor Felix Rosenqvist joined the series with Mahindra to partner Nick Heidfeld , in lieu of Bruno Senna , who focused on

2048-499: A particular competition, series or championship. Groups of these are often categorised informally, such as by vehicle type, surface type or propulsion method. Examples of categories within a discipline are formula racing , touring car racing , sports car racing , etc. The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred in the north west of England at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyne and Old Trafford, Manchester ,

2176-448: A pit stop for car repairs. Heidfeld's right-rear suspension collapsed from heavy contact with a kerb and stopped on the track on the 37th lap, necessitating the safety car's deployment. This prompted a two-lap sprint to the finish from lap 42 with Bird leading. Sarrazin took third after Abt slowed with a battery management system failure on the final lap; Abt narrowly avoided collecting his teammate di Grassi as he endeavoured to rejoin

2304-772: A race in New York." On 21 September 2016, officials announced that the New York City ePrix would be held on the 1.210-mile (1.947 km) long Brooklyn Street Circuit in the neighbourhood of Red Hook, Brooklyn . Montreal's Mayor Denis Coderre announced in September 2014 that he had entered into advanced discussions with FIA's President Jean Todt over holding a race in the city. After flying to Miami to meet with series officials six months later, Coderre said in May 2015 that "informal agreements" had been reached, and planning for

2432-452: A race is between competitors running head-to-head, in its International Sporting Code, the FIA defines racing as two or more cars competing on the same course simultaneously. Circuit racing takes place on sealed-surface courses at permanent autodromes or on temporary street circuits . Competitors race over a set number of laps of the circuit with the winner being the first to finish, or for

2560-600: A redesigned steering wheel , which provided drivers with additional functionality options and provided them with the new strategic choices made possible by battery modifications. Starting from the Berlin ePrix, teams were required to display a driver's name and racing number on the car's external bodywork for improved visual identification for spectators. Two pre-season test sessions, held at Donington Park, were conducted on 23 to 25 August and 5 to 7 September 2016. The test sessions saw quick times laid down throughout, and marked

2688-464: A sealed surface such as asphalt or concrete. Notable off-road races on open terrain include the Baja 1000 desert race, organised by SCORE International . The FIA authorise Extreme E , an electric off-road series whose organisers have announced a hydrogen fuel series, Extreme H, to begin in 2025. Examples of off-road racing disciplines and series include: Drag racing is an acceleration contest from

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2816-467: A second over Vergne. Di Grassi kept the lead at the beginning of the event, and Vergne held off Buemi for second place. Carroll remained stationary at his grid slot on the opening lap; he was able to start his car and racing resumed on the next lap. Vergne immediately began challenging for first and overtook di Grassi at turn four on the third lap to move into the lead. Buemi passed di Grassi three turns later to claim second place while Vergne established

2944-493: A set length of time with the winner having completed the highest number of laps, with others classified subsequently. Circuit racing replaced point-to-point (city-to-city) racing early in the history of motorsport, for both spectator appeal and as safety concerns brought in regulation of the sport, forcing organisers to use closed, marshalled and policed circuits on closed public roads. Aspendale Racecourse in Australia in 1906

3072-424: A small lead over Buemi. Buemi got a better exit leaving the final corner and out-braked Vergne for the lead three laps further on. Di Grassi struggled with his car's handling , enabling Turvey to pass him for third, and he was put under pressure by the other e.Dams car of Prost. The pit stop phase began on lap 18 and when it ended Buemi regained the lead. Six laps later, di Grassi returned to third by capitalising on

3200-515: A solitary point for the fastest lap, Renault e.Dams retained the Teams' Championship for the third successive season. Points were awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, the pole position starter, and the driver who set the fastest lap, using the following structure: Bold  – Pole Italics  – Fastest Lap * – FanBoost † – Drivers did not finish the race, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of

3328-399: A standing start along a short and straight course. Vehicles of various types can compete, usually between two vehicles. Winners can be the first to finish of competing pairs or by setting the fastest time, and competitions may have heats and/or series of runs. Kart racing is a form of circuit racing using very small and low vehicles not considered as automobiles known as go-karts. It is one of

3456-490: A two-second advantage over the slower di Grassi and the latter activated his FanBoost to defend from the closing Heidfeld. Rosenqvist led the rest of the race to achieve his (and Mahindra's) first FE victory. Elsewhere, Buemi recovered from a sub-par qualifying performance to finish fifth on the road. He was later disqualified because all four tyres on both his cars were below the minimum mandated pressure of 1.60-bar (160 kPa). Rosenqvist carried over his strong form into

3584-677: A two-year technical partnership with BMW , enabling the German marque to familiarise itself with the series in view of a potential works team for the 2018–19 season . Team Aguri principal Aguri Suzuki announced he would leave the team in April 2016 as senior personnel entered "a period of consultation" over a future change in ownership. In the week before the 2016 London ePrix , the Chinese public equity and venture capital firm China Media Capital announced its purchase of Team Aguri and established

3712-416: A weight reduction, and better energy management. The tyres were expected to gain optimum temperature faster and have the same high amount of longevity as the previous generation of tyres. The front wing mounted on all cars was redesigned for a more aggressive cosmetic appearance, and to give the series "a strong visual identity" to distinguish itself from other motor racing championships. Cars also ran with

3840-453: Is a form of motorsport where drivers intentionally lose rolling traction in corners through oversteering but maintain momentum with effective throttle control, clutch use and corrective steering. In competition a panel of judges award marks on artistry and car control through the corner or series of corners. Competitions often feature pairs of cars driving together where a lead car and a chase car go head-to-head, with only one car going through to

3968-409: Is also involved in other racing series but not as Renault Sport. Motorsport Different manifestations of motorsport with their own objectives and specific rules are called disciplines. Examples include circuit racing , rallying and trials . Governing bodies, also called sanctioning bodies, often have general rules for each discipline, but allow supplementary rules to define the character of

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4096-498: Is called a series, and a grouping of competitions often forms the basis of a championship , cup or trophy . Not all nations have a sporting authority affiliated with the FIA, some disciplines may not fall within the FIA's remit of control, or organisations may choose to ignore the claim of the authority of others. Examples include banger racing and stock car racing in the United Kingdom which are claimed by both

4224-596: Is in charge of the conception and manufacturing of the Gordini-badged sport cars and also of modifying cars and vans for special purposes (transporting people with reduced mobility, driving school cars, business fleets) through its division Renault Tech. Renault Sport organises several national and international one-make racing championships. Many international subsidiaries of Renault have their own Renault Sport division, including Renault UK, Renault Argentina , Renault Spain and Renault Italy, among others. Renault

4352-648: The GP2 Series with Super Nova Racing , along with occasional testing for the Renault F1 team in 2006. Jean-Éric Vergne 's future at Virgin Racing was under review since February and it was later confirmed he had left the team on 4 July. He signed with the Techeetah team three days later, and was joined by Ma Qinghua , who drove in the 2015–16 season's final three rounds. António Félix da Costa , who spent

4480-669: The International Olympic Committee is the Union Internationale Motonautique (UIM). The organisation's origins date back to 1922. The international air sports governing body recognised by the International Olympic Committee is the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). The FAI also governs non-powered air sport such as gliding and ballooning, however its motorised sports include: 2016%E2%80%9317 Formula E season The 2016–17 FIA Formula E Championship

4608-618: The Lausitzring and were replaced by Conway and Formula V8 3.5 Series champion Tom Dillmann respectively. Heading into the Berlin race, Stephane Sarrazin —who had raced for Venturi since the championship started in 2014—was granted permission to leave the team and joined Techeetah to replace Gutiérrez, who deputised for the injured Dale Coyne Racing driver Sébastien Bourdais in the IndyCar Series . His position at Venturi

4736-824: The Monaco ePrix was reinstated for the 2016–17 season with a scheduled date of 13 May to start a three-round streak in Europe. It had been proposed that the principality hold a race following the cancellation of the Moscow ePrix the previous season; it did not proceed because of a lack of preparation time. In December 2016, Berlin city officials voted against the ePrix returning to the Karl-Marx-Allee , citing "unreasonable road closures and restrictions for residents and road users," prompting race organisers to find an alternative venue. Following consultation with city authorities, it

4864-677: The Super Touring regulations introduced in the early 1990s, Renault made the decision to enter the British Touring Car Championship in 1993 with reigning champion Tim Harvey and Alain Menu signed as their drivers. Renault's first BTCC effort was based on the Renault 19 chassis, initially developed by test driver Jean Ragnotti . Success was almost immediate as Harvey and Menu scored a win each in 1993, before

4992-694: The United States , dirt track racing became popular. After World War II , the Grand Prix circuit became more formally organised. In the United States, stock car racing and drag racing became firmly established. The Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), formed in 1904, is the oldest and most prominent international governing body. It claims to be the sole international motor sporting authority for automobiles and other land vehicles with four or more wheels, whilst acknowledging

5120-582: The World Endurance Championship (WEC) in 2017 . Defending FIA GT World Cup champion Maro Engel , who had not driven a single-seater car since the 2007 British Formula Three Championship , was hired by Venturi to replace WEC driver Mike Conway , who left FE to focus on endurance racing. Three-time World Touring Car champion José María López was employed by Virgin Racing to join its regular driver Sam Bird . López had previously driven in single-seater motor racing series such as

5248-420: The 19 was replaced with the new Renault Laguna for 1994. The Laguna lent itself as a more competitive proposition than its predecessor and went on to be a highly successful car throughout its racing life, the highlight being in 1997 when Alain Menu took 12 victories on his way to the championship. In 2011, a Dacia Duster car prepared for Renault Sport Technologies, Sodemo and Tork Engineering and fitted with

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5376-702: The 1950s and 1960s, and Alpine, being a subsidiary of Renault, won the first World Rally Championship (WRC) in 1973. In the WRC, Renault had some success with cars such as the R5 Turbo and the R17 Gordini until it left international rallying in late 1994 (although it continued competing in national and promotional rally series). The European Rally Championship was won three times by a Renault car (1999, 2004, 2005). On 21 February 2013, Renault Sport Technologies announced its official return to international rallying in

5504-715: The 1960s. Alpine (a partially owned subsidiary of Renault since 1973) also developed cars for the category. In 1979, Alain Prost won the FIA European Formula Three Championship with a Renault engine prepared by Oreca . The last victory of a Renault engine before its withdrawal from the formula at the end of 2003 was in the 2003 Macau Grand Prix with a Sodemo -tuned unit from a Signature Team 's Dallara car driven by Nicolas Lapierre . Renault Sport Technologies announced its return to F3 as an engine supplier with Oreca again as engine tuner for

5632-531: The 2014 FIA European Formula Three Championship. However, this was indefinitely halted because of the lack of power of the Oreca-tuned engine compared to rivals. Renault Sport was responsible for Renault's sports car racing entries during the 1970s, including their win at the 1978 24 Hours of Le Mans race with the Renault Alpine A442 . Capitalising on the growing reputation and success of

5760-576: The 2014–15 season before schedule negotiations and approval from local authorities, and motorsport's international governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), delayed its debut. In October 2015, the Hong Kong ePrix was announced by FE's CEO and founder Alejandro Agag at a press conference at the Central Harbour Front Event Space pending further review by the FIA. In February 2016, Stéphane Roux,

5888-459: The 2016–17 FIA Formula E Championship (FE): All teams used Spark chassis. Several team changes took place before the season began. Car manufacturer Jaguar announced their return to motor racing in December 2015 as a works team for the first time since its withdrawal from Formula One (F1) at the end of 2004 . It entered the sport in collaboration with Williams Grand Prix Engineering , as

6016-631: The ASNs must be obtained to organise events using their rules, and their licenses must be held by participants. Not all ASNs function in the same manner, some are private companies such as Motorsport UK, some are supported by the state such as France's FFSA, or in the case of the US's ACCUS, a council of sanctioning bodies is the national representative at FIA meetings. ASNs, their affiliated clubs or independent commercial promotors organise motorsport events which often include competitions . A collective of events

6144-518: The Alpine company announced it would absorb both Renault Sport Racing and Renault Sport Cars to form an Alpine business unit. The Renault Sport range, under Alpine, is slowly being phased out. The final new Renault Sport-badged car, the Megane Renault Sport Ultime (a variant of the fourth-generation Megane model) introduced in early 2023, was set to cease production in late 2023. Gordini-tuned Renault cars won many rallies during

6272-487: The Drivers' and Teams' Championships. The calendar featured eleven significant changes from the 2015–16 season . The first two were the introduction of the Hong Kong and Marrakesh races, with the latter taking the championship to its first African city. The third was the return of the Monaco ePrix , held for the first time since the 2014–15 season . The fourth was the Berlin ePrix returning to Tempelhof Airport after

6400-675: The European Rally Championship. † Without Renault Sport assistance. In 1979, the Marreau brothers finished in second place in the cars category at the Rally Dakar driving a Sinpar -prepared 4L 4x4 . They won the 1982 edition with a Renault Sport backed Renault 20 Turbo 4x4. Later, Renault Sport powered and sponsored the Schlesser -Renault Elf buggies which won the 1999 and 2000 editions. The 1999 car

6528-905: The F1 team to promote Alpine. Alpine constructed various chassis and prepared engines for Formula Two (F2). In 1973, Renault-Gordini (later Renault Sport) introduced a two-litre V6 engine for F2, the CH , which was the basis of its future Le Mans and F1 engines. Jean-Pierre Jabouille and René Arnoux won the 1976 and 1977 European Formula Two Championships with Renault-powered cars. ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) ( key ) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Note: During this season Scuderia Everest also entered Renault-powered cars, although those were not supplied by Renault Sport. Gordini and Alpine-tuned Renault engines were used in various Formula Three (F3) series since

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6656-639: The Oshkosh and the Green Bay (the machines were referred to by their town of origin). This is examined and illustrated in detail in The Great Race of 1878 by Richard Backus, Farm Collector, May/June 2004. In 1894, the French newspaper Le Petit Journal organised a contest for horseless carriages featuring a run from Paris to Rouen. This is widely accepted as the world's first motorsport event, and

6784-690: The Oval Racing Council and the National Stock car Association, despite the claim by the FIA affiliated ASN, Motorsport UK , to be the "governing body of all four-wheel motorsport in the UK". SCORE International , National Auto Sport Association and National Off-Road Racing Association of the United States are also not members of the FIA affiliation system but may work with members for international matters. Although English dictionaries do not unanimously agree and singularly define that

6912-549: The Viry-Châtillon-based Gordini focussed on engines. However, several conflicts emerged between them, and Renault took the decision to unify both departments into a single location in order to achieve a greater integration and harmony. The company concentrated principally on developing a car for Formula One, although it also participated in other series. In 2002, the Viry-Châtillon factory became

7040-451: The agreed minimum pit stop time. He emerged in tenth, behind his teammate Abt. After the pit stops, Rosenqvist reclaimed the lead with a five-second advantage over Vergne. Vergne drew closer to race leader Rosenqvist on the 29th lap and took advantage of the latter lifting and coasting to overtake him for the lead. The improved top speed of Vergne enabled him to pull away quickly from Rosenqvist. López caught and could not pass Rosenqvist in

7168-471: The area. The series located a replacement venue 3 mi (4.8 km) south in Koekelberg ; officials opposed this because of the disruption to early summer transport links. A venue was not found and the race was officially cancelled on 9 March, prompting the series to upgrade the Berlin ePrix to a double header. The Long Beach round was discontinued because a financial agreement to continue hosting

7296-412: The authority of the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM) over vehicles with one to three wheels, which FIM calls motorcycle sport. FIM and FIA are both recognised as international sports federations by the International Olympic Committee . Within the FIA's structure, each affiliated National Sporting Authority ( ASN ) is recognised as the sole authority in their nation. Permission of

7424-519: The cars and courses used in special stage rallying with the elements of navigation and itinerary removed, and not necessarily requiring a co-driver to call pacenotes . Rallying involves driving to a set itinerary, following a prescribed route and arriving and departing at control points at set times with penalties applied for diverging from the route or arriving late and early. Rallies nearly always involve routes on open roads, closed special stages are used on some rallies where competitors drive against

7552-679: The chief organiser of the World Touring Car Championship , announced to the local press that FE was "keen" to hold a race on the streets of Marrakesh in the "near future". Both races were confirmed in the final version of the calendar in a meeting of the FIA World Motor Sport Council in September 2016. After being left out of the 2015–16 calendar because it takes the place of the Historic Grand Prix of Monaco every other year,

7680-699: The clock, the winner having the shortest, lowest average or total time. Hillclimbing events often include classes of competition for various categories and ages of vehicle and so may be incorporated into car shows or festivals of motoring such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed . Hill climb courses can be short at less than 1 mile, or several miles long such as the 12.42 mile Pikes Peak course in Colorado , USA. Sprints are governed by national FIA member ASNs in United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, amongst other places. They are held on courses that do not climb

7808-519: The clock. The classification of these rallies are determined by summing the times set with the fastest crews being victorious, as found in the World Rally Championship . This method is often called rally racing or stage rallying informally, whilst rallies that do not include special stages are distinctly regularity rallies . Rallies that include routes that cover terrain off-road are also known as rally raid or cross-country rallies,

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7936-575: The development of the electric powertrains used in the FE's Spark chassis, Renault announced it would entry as a supplier for e.dams. The new powertrain manufactured by Renault Sport was named Renault ZE 15. For the 2016–17 season , Renault added the Chinese team Techeetah as a powertrain client. In October 2017, Renault Sport Racing announced it would withdraw from FE at the end of the 2017–18 season . ( key ) (results in bold indicate pole position, results in italics indicate fastest lap) From 1977 to 1986 and again between 1989 and 1997, Renault Sport

8064-479: The drivers behind him. When racing resumed, Bird used the restart to increase his lead to three seconds over the Mahindra cars without overusing electrical energy. Mahindra located an energy readout issue on Rosenqvist's car, and the team prompted Heidfeld to pass him for second on lap 36 to see whether he could draw closer to Bird and pass him. Rosenqvist fell behind quickly so that his problem could be solved in

8192-684: The eighth of his career. The championship resumed four months later in Buenos Aires. It was announced in November 2016 that the Buenos Aires race would be the last to be held at the Puerto Madero Street Circuit due to redevelopment in the Puerto Madero area. For the third consecutive race, the pole sitter secured his maiden first position start. This time di Grassi secured the accolade by nearly-two-tenths of

8320-468: The electrical energy difference between himself and di Grassi by conserving energy and used his FanBoost to keep the lead. Di Grassi narrowed the gap to Buemi—who had less electrical energy available—to half a second with six laps to go. While pondering an overtake on Buemi, slower traffic delayed the two, causing di Grassi to drop back. Di Grassi was also awarded FanBoost; he could not use it because of battery voltage limitations. He drew closer to Buemi on

8448-403: The end of the race's. Di Grassi and d'Ambrosio moved into first and second places after the field entered into their second cars between laps 24 and 26. The safety car was deployed after Loïc Duval retired with a battery issue. The safety car was withdrawn on lap 30 and di Grassi held the lead and conserved his electrical energy usage enough to make the finish, securing his first victory of

8576-516: The engine department of the Renault F1 team and Renault Sport was moved to Les Ulis and renamed Renault Sport Technologies (RST). On 3 February 2016, Renault announced a reorganisation of its racing and performance activities. The Formula One operation and RST's former motorsport branch were put under the new Renault Sport Racing division. RST's former roadcar branch at Les Ulis became the Renault Sport Cars division. In January 2021,

8704-635: The event commenced in January 2016. A planned race in Brussels was removed from the calendar after local government officials could not agree on a suitable location to hold the ePrix. It was initially agreed that the race be held in the Heysel Plateau area north of the city, until the idea was dropped because finances for it were withdrawn and the Couleur Café music festival was relocated to

8832-576: The event was held along the Karl-Marx-Allee in 2016. The fifth was the New York City ePrix double header, which brought motor racing back to the city for the first time since 1896. The sixth was FE's first visit to Canada for the season-closing Montreal ePrix . The final four changes saw the Long Beach and Punta del Este rounds discontinued due to financial issues, the London double header

8960-599: The event was not reached, and the Punta del Este ePrix was dropped from the calendar owing to similar consequences with the Uruguayan government . The London ePrix double header was cancelled after a local community group brought a High Court challenge against FE because it opposed the race being held in Battersea Park . The Beijing and Putrajaya races were discontinued for undisclosed reasons. The start of

9088-593: The final lap and forced the latter to defend his position, as he could not find the space to get ahead as the run to the start/finish line was not long enough. It allowed Buemi to repel di Grassi, for his fourth win of the season, and the tenth of his career. Duval and Engel missed the Paris ePrix because of a DTM commitment at the Lausitzring and were replaced by Toyota WEC driver Mike Conway and Formula V8 3.5 Series champion Tom Dillmann. In qualifying Buemi became

9216-436: The final turn. As he challenged Heidfeld for third, an overspeed for Gasly caused him to drift into a wall lining the track. He hurled a detachable barrier onto the circuit, which no other driver collected. After the race weekend, di Grassi narrowed Buemi's championship lead to ten points heading into the season-closing Montreal ePrix. A maximum of 59 points were available for the final ePrix which meant Buemi could still win

9344-634: The first driver to achieve his second pole position of the season. Buemi blocked an overtake by Vergne to maintain the lead at the start. After the first lap passed without incident, the field established themselves and the first on-track battles commenced. Upfront, Buemi led Vergne by one second as Gutiérrez lost positions because he was slower than the leaders. After passing Dillmann, Antonio Félix da Costa gained on di Grassi and overtook him; di Grassi remained close behind Félix da Costa. Di Grassi attempted to pass Félix da Costa on lap 16. He moved in front, as both cars made contact, causing them to spear into

9472-439: The first lap. Sarrazin spun following contact with Piquet, and Abt and blocked the track at the first turn. Buemi's right-rear wheel guard flailed and detached from contact with Félix da Costa. He was shown a black flag with an orange disc, requiring him to enter the pit lane for repairs. The loose bodywork part fell off his car and his short pit stop lost him positions. After ten laps, Vergne mounted an attack on Rosenqvist for

9600-415: The first motor race held in New York City since 1896, Lynn clinched pole position in his maiden ePrix ahead of Abt. Wheelspin from Lynn at the start promoted Abt to first place. He could not pull away from the field because he conserved electrical energy. Bird grew frustrated with teammate Lynn defending and was later granted permission to overtake him for second on lap nine and quickly challenged Abt for

9728-478: The first practice session took place 15 minutes later to accommodate Roborace , the autonomous racing car series which held demonstration runs during the season. Unlike previous seasons, only one point was offered to the driver who recorded the fastest lap of a race to reduce the possibility that the championship would be decided by the additional award. A 50% increase in the available regeneration progress from 100 kW (130 hp) to 150 kW (200 hp)

9856-462: The first usage of Michelin's new tyre compound in both dry and wet weather conditions. Reigning champion Sébastien Buemi and Jean-Éric Vergne were the two fastest overall drivers on the third day of running; 1.5 seconds covered the field in terms of outright pace on a circuit almost twice the length of a standard ePrix track. The season opener in Hong Kong had its qualifying shortened due to multiple crashes causing several stoppages. The starting order

9984-439: The general form of time trials and sprints. Hillclimbing is the most widely known form of time-trial due to its status as the only time trial or sprint form to have international FIA championships and endorsement. Its origins begin near the start of motorsport, particularly with the trials held that tested the capabilities of early automobiles to tackle uphill gradients. Contestants complete an uphill course individually and against

10112-447: The general rule of participants completing a course individually with the intention of setting the shortest time or highest average speed. This form of motorsport can be recreational or when competitive, rules may vary slightly such as whether to include the total time of several runs, the best time set, or the average pace of multiple courses to classify competitors. Qualifying sessions for circuit races and special stages in rallying take

10240-407: The latter to swerve and nearly enter another team's pit lane gantry. Even after the delay, Rosenqvist remained the leader. He was immediately investigated by the stewards, and built up a steady advantage over Buemi as he was aware of the possible implications of his pit stop release. After reviewing Rosenqvist's pit stop release, he was imposed a ten-second post-race time penalty. Rosenqvist crossed

10368-608: The lead as the former had more usable electrical energy than the Mahindra ahead of him. He could not find any space to move in front. The mandatory change for drivers to switch into their second cars began on lap 18 when Engel and Piquet became the first drivers to enter the pit lane. Rosenqvist followed on the next lap with Vergne, López and both ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport cars of di Grassi and Abt staying on track for an additional lap to allow all four drivers to run in clean air . Di Grassi's strategy of staying out for one extra lap did not work as his pit stop lasted two seconds longer than

10496-426: The lead temporarily for one lap when the field made pit stops. Bird later reclaimed the position with Vergne second. Swift work from Sarrazin's crew enabled him to gain the most places and move into fourth while Heidfeld fell to eighth. Di Grassi drove cautiously in his attempt to find space for a pass on Rosenqvist. He passed Rosenqvist when the latter spun into a barrier on lap 33 and was required by officials to make

10624-427: The lead. Meanwhile, Abt had brake trouble and his team requested he focus on restoring electrical energy. Bird used this handicap to his advantage, and after twice failing to pass him, overtook Abt for the lead on lap 16. Electrical energy management issues swiftly demoted Lynn from second to fifth by lap 17. By this point, Heidfeld attacked Abt, as Vergne drew closer to him; both demoted Abt to fourth. Abt regained

10752-406: The mandatory car change began when Rosenqvist and Vergne entered the pit lane, promoting Bird and Buemi to first and second. Buemi was faster than Bird and passed him on the following lap before both drivers made their pit stops. After the pit stops, Rosenqvist retook first place and retained most of his four-second advantage over Vergne. The latter incurred a drive-through penalty for speeding in

10880-582: The most famous example being the Dakar Rally . In the United States, the National Off-Road Racing Association (NORRA) was founded in 1967 along with the Baja 1000 . Since the 1990s, this race has been organised by SCORE International whilst NORRA's events have closer followed the FIA regulations and standards for cross country rallies, although the association has no affiliation to ACCUS , the US's FIA member. Drifting

11008-494: The next heat or winning the competition. Autocross has multiple general meanings based on country of use. Also known as Autocross in US and Canada and Autoslalom in Continental Europe, these similar disciplines are held in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. They involve precise car control, usually but not always against the clock on very short and compact temporary courses. Rather than being

11136-592: The pit lane and took it on lap 23, ending his chances of winning. Because he made a pit stop one lap earlier than the rest of the field, Rosenqvist slowed to conserve electrical energy, allowing Buemi to draw closer at the rate of two seconds per lap with FanBoost aid. Buemi slipstreamed Rosenqvist and braked later than him to gain the lead on the 29th lap. Rosenqvist struggled with his energy usage, and his slower pace allowed Bird to pass him for second with two laps to go. While Rosenqvist focused on preserving electrical energy, Buemi took his second consecutive win, and

11264-441: The pit lane for car repairs. His teammate López was mandated to do the same after officials noted damage to his rear wing. Both drivers began a battle to set the race's fastest lap. Piquet could not remain with the leaders and Vergne closed up to him. Vergne steered right onto the inside line on lap 21. As the two locked their tyres, Piquet clambered with his steering wheel, and the two made contact. Vergne's race ended prematurely at

11392-883: The previous two seasons with Team Aguri, joined the Andretti team, replacing Simona de Silvestro who moved to Nissan Motorsport in the Australian Supercars Championship in 2017 . Jaguar announced their drivers after the pre-season test session at Donington Park . Four drivers were evaluated: 2008–09 A1 Grand Prix champion Adam Carroll , GP2 Series drivers Mitch Evans and Alex Lynn , and European Le Mans Series competitor Harry Tincknell to determine who would suit their team. In September 2016, Jaguar nominated Carroll and Evans to drive for them with three-time FE starter Ho-Pin Tung their reserve driver. The season saw five driver changes. The first

11520-409: The primary concern. For the second consecutive ePrix, it was not the pole sitter who led as Rosenqvist accelerated faster than Bird to lead the first lap. Bird kept within reach of Rosenqvist in the opening laps, as Heidfeld gained on both drivers. The first full course yellow was prompted on lap nine when Evans hit a barrier near the entry to the pit lane and had difficulty reversing. Shortly after

11648-475: The race en route to his first victory of the season and the seventh of his career. In the first FE race on the African continent, Rosenqvist earned his maiden career pole position in his second race start and Mahindra's first. Buemi, who took second, was demoted five places on the starting grid because of an underweight fire extinguisher that was emptied by a possible leak. Rosenqvist took an early lead with

11776-431: The race's closing stages. Entering the pit stop phase, Rosenqvist reduced di Grassi's lead to three-tenths of a second, and took the lead from the electrical energy conservative di Grassi on lap 22. After every driver switched into a second car, Rosenqvist remained the leader with di Grassi in second and holding back on using his FanBoost for an attack on him. Heidfeld began to close up on di Grassi. Rosenqvist opened up

11904-437: The race's final laps. Vergne maintained the lead for the remainder of the race to clinch his maiden FE victory after securing eight podium results in the preceding three seasons. It was Vergne's first motor racing victory since the 2011 Formula Renault 3.5 Series round at Circuit Paul Ricard . Di Grassi advanced through the field to finish seventh and won his first Drivers' Championship. As Buemi finished 11th, and Prost took

12032-415: The race, Techeetah announced that former Haas F1 driver Esteban Gutiérrez would replace Ma Qinghua in the team's second car. For the only time in the season, the fastest driver in qualifying did not start from pole position. Daniel Abt set the fastest time; a hefty grid penalty for tyre pressures that were below the minimum of 1.60-bar (160 kPa) left him 18th overall. Second-place qualifier Maro Engel

12160-459: The race. He was later disqualified due to an underweight second car. Renault e.Dams did not appeal. Hence, di Grassi displaced season-long championship leader Buemi and held an 18-point advantage going into the season's final race. In qualifying for the second Montreal race, Rosenqvist took his third pole position with Bird in second. Di Grassi took fifth while a driving error restricted Buemi to 13th. Rosenqvist kept his pole position advantage on

12288-440: The race. Vergne attempted to pass Bird by braking later than him, but he was not close enough to affect an overtake. Bird held the lead to claim his fourth career victory and become the first driver to win a motor race in New York City. Bird carried his winning form from the previous day's race to earn pole position with a 0.037-second margin over Rosenqvist. Drivers ran six more laps in the second race, making battery management

12416-468: The rest of the field, di Grassi was required to enter the pit lane for a replacement front wing and made his stop on the eighth lap. Bird had risen to second after passing Turvey two laps previously; he took the lead from Piquet when the latter reacted late to López's stricken car at the complex composing turns three and four on lap 17, and crashed into a barrier. Piquet resumed by selecting reverse gear and emerged without damage to his car. The safety car

12544-403: The restart, Bird caught Rosenqvist off guard and passed him for the lead on lap 11. Bird began to pull away from the field. A second full course yellow came nine laps later when Lynn stopped on the back straight with a technical problem, and it prompted several drivers to make pit stops. Bird remained on track for one additional lap before making his stop, giving him more electrical energy than

12672-511: The season and the 11th of his career. The result gave Buemi a season-high Drivers' Championship lead of 43 points. One week before the first Berlin ePrix, two more driver changes occurred when Gutiérrez left Techeetah to deputise for the injured Dale Coyne Racing driver Sébastien Bourdais in the IndyCar Series. Stéphane Sarrazin took his seat with Dillmann driving the second Venturi car. Di Grassi—nursing an ankle injury he sustained in

12800-483: The season and the fifth of his career. Elsewhere in an action-packed race, Buemi finished 14th after spinning attempting to overtake Rosenqvist, and earned one point for setting the fastest lap. Di Grassi's victory brought with it twenty-five points and put him five points behind Buemi in the championship contest. The European leg of the season commenced in Monaco. The fifth consecutive driver to clinch pole position in

12928-413: The season came to fruition when Buemi recorded the fastest time in qualifying. He took an early lead with second-place starter di Grassi close behind. Buemi established a small advantage of one second over di Grassi. On the eighth lap, Bird drove over the kerbing at Tabac corner and damaged his suspension in an impact with a barrier. He was shown a black flag with an orange disc , requiring him to enter

13056-636: The season-closing race in Montreal. The runner-up was defending champion Buemi, 24 points behind, after missing the New York City races because of a World Endurance Championship commitment at the Nürburgring . Rookie driver Felix Rosenqvist of Mahindra was third, another 30 points adrift. While neither of their drivers won the drivers' title, Renault e.Dams secured their third consecutive Teams' Championship, ahead of ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport and Mahindra. The following 10 teams and 25 drivers competed in

13184-450: The second race with his second career pole position by nearly one-tenth of a second over Buemi. He maintained his pole position advantage on the first lap and opened up a two-second lead over Buemi. At this early stage of the race, Rosenqvist was instructed over the radio to preserve electrical energy by lifting and coasting. His teammate Heidfeld— who qualified 20th (and last) because a throttle sensor malfunction prevented him from recording

13312-527: The sports regulated by FIA (under the name of CIK), permitting licensed competition racing for anyone from the age of 8 onward. It is generally accepted as the most economical form of motorsport available on four wheels. As a free-time activity, it can be performed by almost anybody, and as karting circuits can be indoors and not take as much space as other forms of motorsport, it can be accessible to retail consumers without much qualification or training. Non-racing speed competitions have various names but all carry

13440-531: The start to lead the first lap. Buemi's conservative driving delayed him in a tight pack of cars and sustained steering damage from contact with Robin Frijns . While di Grassi pulled away to establish a large lead, attention switched to Buemi who gained positions. On the 14th lap, Heidfeld attempted to pass Duval; the latter defended and the two made contact. Duval continued driving and Heidfeld sustained front-right suspension damage. The full course yellow procedure

13568-452: The start/finish line after 46 laps to finish first on the road, 2.9 seconds ahead of Buemi. With the application of Rosenqvist's penalty, Buemi was declared the winner, his sixth of the season and the 12th of his career. Buemi and López missed the New York City ePrix since the race clashed with the 6 Hours of Nürburgring . They were replaced by 2016 GP2 Series champion and Super Formula driver Pierre Gasly and GP2 Series driver Alex Lynn. In

13696-449: The title if di Grassi won both races and Buemi took two pole positions and finished second twice. A heavy crash in the second practice session by Buemi prompted his team to construct a new car around a spare monocoque . He incurred a ten-place grid penalty for a change of battery. Di Grassi took his third career pole position by 0.196 seconds over Buemi in qualifying; the latter's penalty demoted him to 12th. Di Grassi held off Sarrazin at

13824-556: The track, and the car's rain light had to illuminate to alert other drivers. After the car crossed the line to mark the entry to pit lane , the driver had to engage the motor-generator unit to continue racing or return to the pit lane if this was unsuccessful. The change was introduced to aid spectators on energy usage rule transgressions without relying on a steward's decision. For the new season, tyre supplier Michelin introduced an upgraded version of its 18 in (460 mm) all-weather tyre, which provided less rolling resistance ,

13952-445: The wall, and Piquet continued driving. The safety car was deployed to enable Vergne's car to be extricated from the track, and drivers made pit stops for the compulsory switch into their second vehicles. Buemi led the field at the lap-26 restart, followed by di Grassi and Nick Heidfeld. After one lap under racing speeds, Buemi again pulled clear from di Grassi to establish a one-second advantage over him. Buemi attempted to level out

14080-464: The wall. The stewards investigated the collision and took no action against di Grassi. The incident prompted the activation of the full course yellow procedure. Most drivers, including Buemi, clambered into their second cars. Conway led for three laps before making his own stop. Vergne drew closer to Buemi on lap 34. He suspected a defective mechanical arm loosening his steering. He ran wide leaving turn 13, damaging his vehicle's front-right corner in

14208-408: Was 1.3 seconds adrift of Rosenqvist; the latter was aware of the situation and glanced at his rear-view mirrors to ensure his advantage was large enough to remain ahead after the pit stops. The mandatory pit stop phase for the switch into a second car began on lap 23 when the leaders entered the pit lane. After exiting his team's garage, Rosenqvist was released into teammate Heidfeld's path, causing

14336-440: Was activated to allow for Heidfeld's damaged car to be removed from the track. This prompted most of the field to enter the pit lane and switch into their second cars. Buemi was frustrated at Abt in the pit lane and Abt rammed into Buemi's rear. Swift work from Vergne's pit crew elevated him to third. His teammate Sarrazin ceded second and Vergne gained on di Grassi. López lost control of his car's rear on lap 24, and spun into

14464-562: Was announced two months later that the Berlin ePrix would return to the venue that held the event's first edition in 2015, Templehof Airport , on a revised layout. In March 2014, it was announced that FE was working with New York City authorities to bring a motor race to the area. Agag told CNN in May 2016 that he was "very optimistic" about the possibility of hosting an event in the city: "I've just come from New York looking at different venues, different possibilities. It's far from done yet but we are very optimistic. Our dream would be to have

14592-475: Was assumed by Dillmann for the rest of the season. Because the New York City ePrix clashed with the 6 Hours of Nürburgring , López and Sébastien Buemi were required to prioritise the WEC by Toyota and Lynn and 2016 GP2 Series champion and Super Formula driver Pierre Gasly replaced them. The idea for a Hong Kong race first arose in 2013 when a design team visited the city. It was intended for inclusion in

14720-537: Was cancelled because of opposition to it being held in a public park and the Beijing and Putrajaya were dropped for undisclosed reasons. There were two new teams: car manufacturer Jaguar returned to motor racing as a works team for the first time in 12 years, and Team Aguri was bought by public entity and venture capital firm China Media Capital and renamed Techeetah . ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport driver Lucas di Grassi secured his first Drivers' Championship in

14848-523: Was completely phased out by the end of 2023. Renault Sport was created at the end of 1976, when Renault closed down the Alpine competition department (at that time, its main motorsport division), located at Dieppe , and moved all the racing activities to the Gordini factory at Viry-Châtillon , just outside Paris . The Dieppe-based Alpine department specialised in the construction of race car chassis while

14976-449: Was demoted ten places because of a gearbox change. This promoted Turvey to his first career pole position. He retained his startline advantage on the first lap. As the field concertinaed through turns three and five, Engel hit di Grassi's car and damaged his rear wing. Di Grassi made an unscheduled pit stop for a replacement rear wing. The safety car was deployed on the second lap for marshals to clear debris and di Grassi avoided going

15104-400: Was deployed to enable the extrication of López's car from the track and for marshals to repair the barrier. Some drivers elected to switch into their second cars at the end of the 20th lap. Having chosen not to make a pit stop, Bird led for five laps until a problematic pit stop lost him positions, and elevated Buemi to first place and di Grassi second. Buemi was unchallenged for the rest of

15232-436: Was determined by the fastest drivers in the four qualifying groups. Nelson Piquet Jr. earned the first pole position of his career ahead of his teammate Oliver Turvey in second. He took an early lead from Turvey as the field was bottle-necked by contact in turns one and two. Di Grassi was caught off guard by Ma braking, and rammed into his car, removing the right-front section of his nose cone. While Piquet pulled clear from

15360-661: Was developed from a scrapped John Bridge Adams light-rail vehicle. These were solid fired steam carriages. This event and the details of the vehicles are recorded in the contemporary press, The Engineer , and in Fletcher's books. The Wisconsin legislature passed an act in 1875 offering a substantial purse for the first US motor race, which was run on July 16, 1878, over a 200-mile course from Green Bay to Appleton, Oshkosh, Waupon, Watertown, Fort Atkinson and Janesville, then turning north and ending in Madison. Only two actually competed:

15488-529: Was in charge of Renault's Formula One programme. Renault Sport F1 , created at the end of 2010 and active until 2015, was a subsequent incarnation of Renault's involvement in Formula One and was headquartered in Viry-Châtillon, which functioned as a semi-independent operation. In 2016, the Formula One operation became part of Renault Sport Racing. In September 2020, the Renault company said it would repurpose

15616-401: Was increased from 200 kg (440 lb) to 230 kg (510 lb) and the car's maximum weight fell from 888 kg (1,958 lb) to 880 kg (1,940 lb). With regard to battery management, "power ramping down" was introduced whereby cars that exceeded their maximum power usage during the race were required to linearly ramp down to 0 kilowatts (0 hp) within five seconds on

15744-601: Was made possible by an evolution of the Williams Advanced Engineering-constructed battery , expanding the amount of possible strategies to drivers. The maximum amount of usable power during the race weekend remained at 200 kW (270 hp) for season three. It was planned to increase the maximum amount of permitted power to 220 kW (300 hp) in season four and 250 kW (340 hp) in season five following extensive battery performance and cost analysis. Battery cell weight

15872-468: Was the first two-wheel drive Dakar winner. Renault was one of the first car manufacturers involved in the Formula E (FE) championship. For the inaugural season , Renault Sport became a technical partner of the series, also agreeing a title sponsorship deal with the e.dams team which achieved the first FE teams' championship. Before the 2015–16 season , following the introduction of new rules allowing

16000-483: Was the first purpose-built motor racing track in the world. After which, permanent autodromes popularly replaced circuits on public roads. In North America, the term road racing is used to describe racing and courses that have origins in racing on public highways; distinguished from oval racing , which has origins at purpose-built speedways using concrete or wooden boards . Off-road racing can take place on open terrain with no set path, or on circuits that do not have

16128-645: Was the first to involve what would become known as automobiles. On 28 November 1895, the Chicago Times-Herald race , running from Chicago to Evanston and back, a distance of sixty miles, was held. This is believed to be the first motorsport event in the United States of America. In 1900, the Gordon Bennett Cup was established. Motorsport was a demonstration event at the 1900 Summer Olympics . Following World War I , European countries organised Grand Prix races over closed courses. In

16256-413: Was the former Haas F1 driver Esteban Gutiérrez entering FE in January 2017 having explored options with three teams before joining Techeetah. Gutiérrez replaced Ma who could not match teammate Vergne's form in the season's first three rounds; he remained at Techeetah as its third driver. Duval and Engel did not participate in the Paris ePrix because of a Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) commitment at

16384-606: Was the third season of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) Formula E (FE) motor racing. It featured the 2016–17 FIA FE Championship, a motor racing championship for open-wheel electric racing cars, recognised by FIA, the sport's governing body, as the highest class of competition for electrically powered vehicles. 25 drivers representing 10 teams contested 12 ePrix, starting in Hong Kong on 8 October 2016 and ending in Montreal on 30 July 2017 as they competed for

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