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84-444: Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the "news of the day" and that informs society to at least some degree of accuracy. The word, a noun , applies to the occupation (professional or not), the methods of gathering information, and the organizing literary styles. The appropriate role for journalism varies from country to country, as do perceptions of

168-732: A lingua franca across the country. Notable among this breed is the one named 'Bengal Gazette' started by Gangadhar Bhattacharyya in 1816. The late 19th and early 20th century in the United States saw the advent of media empires controlled by the likes of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer . Realizing that they could expand their audience by abandoning politically polarized content, thus making more money off of advertising , American newspapers began to abandon their partisan politics in favor of less political reporting starting around 1900. Newspapers of this era embraced sensationalized reporting and larger headline typefaces and layouts,

252-416: A table of contents , appendices , footnotes , and references . A bibliography or list of references will appear at the end of any credible report and citations are often included within the text itself. Complex terms are explained within the body of the report or listed as footnotes in order to make the report easier to follow. A short summary of the report's contents, called an abstract , may appear in

336-425: A watchdog on the workings of the government. A single publication (such as a newspaper) contains many forms of journalism, each of which may be presented in different formats. Each section of a newspaper, magazine, or website may cater to a different audience. Some forms include: The rise of social media has drastically changed the nature of journalistic reporting, giving rise to so-called citizen journalists . In

420-485: A 2014 study of journalists in the United States, 40% of participants claimed they rely on social media as a source, with over 20% depending on microblogs to collect facts. From this, the conclusion can be drawn that breaking news nowadays often stems from user-generated content, including videos and pictures posted online in social media. However, though 69.2% of the surveyed journalists agreed that social media allowed them to connect to their audience, only 30% thought it had

504-610: A British parliamentary debate of 19–20 February 1771, on the opening up of press reporting of the House of Commons of Great Britain . Historian Thomas Carlyle reported the phrase in his account of the night's proceedings, published in 1840, attributing it to Burke. In modern use, the term is applied to the press, with the earliest use in this sense described by Thomas Carlyle in his book On Heroes and Hero Worship (1840): "Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in

588-576: A concern with discriminatory references in news based on race , religion, sexual orientation , and physical or mental disabilities . The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe approved in 1993 Resolution 1003 on the Ethics of Journalism which recommends journalists to respect the presumption of innocence , in particular in cases that are still sub judice . In the UK, all newspapers are bound by

672-564: A degree to be hired. The first school of Journalism opened as part of the University of Missouri in 1908. In the History Of Journalism page, it goes into depth on how journalism has evolved into what it is today. As of right now, there are a couple different routes one can take if interested in journalism. If one wanting to expand their skills as a journalist, there are many college courses and workshops one can take. If going

756-553: A particularly famous role in arguing for the rights of the revolutionary lower classes. Napoleon would reintroduce strict censorship laws in 1800, but after his reign print publications would flourish and play an important role in political culture. As part of the Revolutions of 1848 , radical liberal publications such as the Rheinische Zeitung, Pesti Hírlap, and Morgenbladet would motivate people toward deposing

840-611: A politicall government there should be set up a fourth estate [tr. French : quatriesme estat (old orthography), quatrième état (modern) ] of Lawyers, breathsellers and pettifoggers [...]. Michel de Montaigne, in the translation by John Florio , 1603. An early citation for this is Henry Fielding in The Covent Garden Journal (1752): None of our political writers ... take notice of any more than three estates, namely, Kings, Lords, and Commons ... passing by in silence that very large and powerful body which form

924-446: A positive influence on news credibility. In addition to this, a 2021 study done by Pew Research Center shows that 86% of Americans are getting their news from digital devices. Consequently, this has resulted in arguments to reconsider journalism as a process distributed among many authors, including the socially mediating public, rather than as individual products and articles written by dedicated journalists. Because of these changes,

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1008-408: A range of opinions and must regard the informational needs of all people. Many debates centre on whether journalists are "supposed" to be "objective" and "neutral"; arguments include the fact that journalists produce news out of and as part of a particular social context, and that they are guided by professional codes of ethics and do their best to represent all legitimate points of view. Additionally,

1092-404: A representation of the economic and political beliefs of the society where the code was written. Despite the fact that there are a variety of codes of ethics, some of the core elements present in all codes are: remaining objective, providing the truth, and being honest. Report In modern business scenario, reports play a major role in the progress of business. Reports are the backbone to

1176-432: A specific audience to undertake an action or inform the reader of the subject at hand. Some common elements of written reports include headings to indicate topics and help the reader locate relevant information quickly, and visual elements such as charts , tables and figures, which are useful for breaking up large sections of text and making complex issues more accessible. Lengthy written reports will almost always contain

1260-410: A style that would become dubbed " yellow journalism ". Newspaper publishing became much more heavily professionalized in this era, and issues of writing quality and workroom discipline saw vast improvement. This era saw the establishment of freedom of the press as a legal norm, as President Theodore Roosevelt tried and failed to sue newspapers for reporting corruption in his handling of the purchase of

1344-493: A success and made its profits through advertising. Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (1865–1922), "More than anyone... shaped the modern press. Developments he introduced or harnessed remain central: broad contents, exploitation of advertising revenue to subsidize prices, aggressive marketing, subordinate regional markets, independence from party control. His Daily Mail held the world record for daily circulation until his death. Prime Minister Lord Salisbury quipped it

1428-414: A term that originated because no direct equivalents to the estates of the realm exist in the United States. The "fourth estate" is used to emphasize the independence of the press, while the "fourth branch" suggests that the press is not independent of the government. Yochai Benkler , author of the 2006 book The Wealth of Networks , described the "Networked Fourth Estate" in a May 2011 paper published in

1512-537: A textile worker demonstration in Fourmies , France on May Day 1891, Georges Clemenceau said in a speech to the Chamber of Deputies: Take care! The dead are strong persuaders. One must pay attention to the dead...I tell you that the primary fact of politics today is the inevitable revolution which is preparing...The Fourth Estate is rising and reaching for the conquest of power. One must take sides. Either you meet

1596-403: A variety of products. Later on, in the 1800s, English newspapers were started by Indian publishers with English-speaking Indians as the target audience. During that era vast differences in language was a major problem in facilitating smooth communication among the people of the country. This is because they hardly knew the languages prevalent in other parts of this vast land. However, English became

1680-630: A weekly or daily rate. Newspapers were more heavily concentrated in cities that were centres of trade, such as Amsterdam , London, and Berlin . The first newspapers in Latin America would be established in the mid-to-late 19th century. Newspapers played a significant role in mobilizing popular support in favor of the liberal revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries. In the American Colonies , newspapers motivated people to revolt against British rule by publishing grievances against

1764-419: Is now known as " community journalism ". The 1920s debate has been endlessly repeated across the globe, as journalists wrestle with their roles. Radio Radio broadcasting increased in popularity starting in the 1920s, becoming widespread in the 1930s. While most radio programming was oriented toward music, sports, and entertainment, radio also broadcast speeches and occasional news programming. Radio reached

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1848-423: Is often published to intentionally mislead readers to ultimately benefit a cause, organization or an individual. A glaring example was the proliferation of fake news in social media during the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Conspiracy theories, hoaxes, and lies have been circulated under the guise of news reports to benefit specific candidates. One example is a fabricated report of Hillary Clinton 's email which

1932-470: Is that journalism's first loyalty is to the citizenry and that journalists are thus obliged to tell the truth and must serve as an independent monitor of powerful individuals and institutions within society. In this view, the essence of journalism is to provide citizens with reliable information through the discipline of verification. Some journalistic Codes of Ethics, notably the European ones, also include

2016-753: The Harvard Civil Liberties Review . He explains the growth of non-traditional journalistic media on the Internet and how it affects the traditional press using WikiLeaks as an example. When Benkler was asked to testify in the United States vs. PFC Bradley E. Manning trial, in his statement to the morning 10 July 2013 session of the trial he described the Networked Fourth Estate as the set of practices, organizing models, and technologies that are associated with

2100-621: The COVID-19 pandemic . On 4 March 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "knowingly false information" about the Russian armed forces and their operations, leading to some media outlets in Russia to stop reporting on Ukraine or shutting their media outlet. As of December 2022, more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under "fake news" laws in connection with

2184-481: The Chicago Daily Tribune , based on early election returns that failed to anticipate the actual result of the 1948 US presidential election. There are over 242 codes of ethics in journalism that vary across various regions of the world. The codes of ethics are created through an interaction of different groups of people such as the public and journalists themselves. Most of the codes of ethics serve as

2268-508: The Panama Canal . Still, critics note that although government's ability to suppress journalistic speech is heavily limited, the concentration of newspaper (and general media) ownership in the hands of a small number of private business owners leads to other biases in reporting and media self-censorship that benefits the interests of corporations and the government. The rampant discrimination and segregation against African-Americans led to

2352-736: The Richmond Planet and president of the National Afro-American Press Association; Anthony Overton (1865–1946), publisher of the Chicago Bee , and Robert Lee Vann (1879–1940), the publisher and editor of the Pittsburgh Courier . Although it is not completely necessary to have attended college to be a journalist, over the past few years it has become more common to attend. With this becoming more popular, jobs are starting to require

2436-517: The Russian invasion of Ukraine . At least 1,000 Russian journalists have fled Russia since February 2022. While publications reporting the news to the general public in a standardized fashion only began to appear in the 17th century and later, governments as early as Han dynasty China made use of regularly published news bulletins. Similar publications were established in the Republic of Venice in

2520-617: The Society of Professional Journalists , Investigative Reporters & Editors, Inc. , or the Online News Association . Many news organizations also have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists' professional publications. For instance, The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous. When crafting news stories, regardless of the medium, fairness and bias are issues of concern to journalists. Some stories are intended to represent

2604-531: The aristocratic governments of Central Europe. Other liberal publications played a more moderate role: The Russian Bulletin praised Alexander II of Russia's liberal reforms in the late 19th century, and supported increased political and economic freedoms for peasants as well as the establishment of a parliamentary system in Russia. Farther to the left, socialist and communist newspapers had wide followings in France, Russia and Germany despite being outlawed by

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2688-452: The 16th century. These bulletins, however, were intended only for government officials, and thus were not journalistic news publications in the modern sense of the term. As mass-printing technologies like the printing press spread, newspapers were established to provide increasingly literate audiences with the news. The first references to privately owned newspaper publishers in China date to

2772-480: The 1950s. Starting in the 1940s, United States broadcast television channels would air 10-to-15-minute segments of news programming one or two times per evening. The era of live-TV news coverage would begin in the 1960s with the assassination of John F. Kennedy , broadcast and reported to live on a variety of nationally syndicated television channels. During the 60s and 70s, television channels would begin adding regular morning or midday news shows. Starting in 1980 with

2856-660: The British Queen Consort (acting as a free agent independent of her husband), and to the proletariat . But, generally, the term "Fourth Estate" refers to the press and media, emphasizing its role in monitoring and influencing the other branches of government and society. The concept originally comes from the idea of three estates in medieval European society: First Estate: The Clergy - This group included religious leaders and institutions, which held significant power and influence over people's lives and societal norms. Second Estate: The Nobility - This consisted of

2940-612: The British crown and republishing pamphlets by revolutionaries such as Thomas Paine , while loyalist publications motivated support against the American Revolution . News publications in the United States would remain proudly and publicly partisan throughout the 19th century. In France, political newspapers sprang up during the French Revolution , with L'Ami du peuple , edited by Jean-Paul Marat , playing

3024-506: The CEO of Facebook, has acknowledged the company's role in this problem: in a testimony before a combined Senate Judiciary and Commerce committee hearing on 20 April 2018, he said: It's clear now that we didn't do enough to prevent these tools from being used for harm as well. That goes for fake news, foreign interference in elections, and hate speech, as well as developers and data privacy. Readers can often evaluate credibility of news by examining

3108-825: The Code of Practice of the Independent Press Standards Organisation . This includes points like respecting people's privacy and ensuring accuracy. However, the Media Standards Trust has criticized the PCC, claiming it needs to be radically changed to secure the public trust of newspapers. This is in stark contrast to the media climate prior to the 20th century, where the media market was dominated by smaller newspapers and pamphleteers who usually had an overt and often radical agenda, with no presumption of balance or objectivity. Because of

3192-510: The Fourth Estate with violence or you welcome it with open arms. The moment has come to choose. Traditionalist philosopher Julius Evola saw the Fourth Estate as the final point of his historical cycle theory, the regression of the castes: [T]here are four stages: in the first stage, the elite has a purely spiritual character, embodying what may be generally called "divine right." This elite expresses an ideal of immaterial virility. In

3276-497: The Internet and smartphones has brought significant changes to the media landscape since the turn of the 21st century. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other personal electronic devices, as opposed to the more traditional formats of newspapers, magazines, or television news channels . News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on

3360-502: The Internet. Using video camera-equipped smartphones, active citizens are now enabled to record footage of news events and upload them onto channels like YouTube (which is often discovered and used by mainstream news media outlets). News from a variety of online sources, like blogs and other social media, results in a wider choice of official and unofficial sources, rather than only traditional media organizations. A worldwide sample of 27,500 journalists in 67 countries in 2012–2016 produced

3444-483: The Pew Research Center, the circulation for U.S. newspapers has fallen sharply in the 21st century. Digital-first, non-profit newsrooms have grown in response to the need for high-quality information that the private sector has been struggling to provide. The digital era also introduced journalism whose development is done by ordinary citizens, with the rise of citizen journalism being possible through

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3528-714: The Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all." (The three estates of the parliament of Britain were: the Lords Spiritual , the Lords Temporal and the Commons.) If Burke made the statement Carlyle associates with him, Carlyle may have had the remark in mind when he wrote in his French Revolution (1837) that "A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up; increases and multiplies, irrepressible, incalculable." In France

3612-410: The ability to render a subject's complex and fluid narrative with sufficient accuracy is sometimes challenged by the time available to spend with subjects, the affordances or constraints of the medium used to tell the story, and the evolving nature of people's identities. There are several forms of journalism with diverse audiences. Journalism is said to serve the role of a " fourth estate ", acting as

3696-474: The aristocracy and landowners, who had political power and social status. Third Estate: The Commoners - This group comprised the general populace, including peasants, merchants, and the burgeoning middle class, who were not part of the clergy or nobility. The "Fourth Estate" emerged with the rise of the press, which became a powerful force in shaping public opinion and holding other estates accountable. A "Fifth Estate," while it’s not traditionally recognized in

3780-422: The author's own opinion; others are more neutral or feature balanced points of view. In a traditional print newspaper and its online version, information is organized into sections. This makes clear the distinction between content based on fact and on opinion. In other media, many of these distinctions break down. Readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand

3864-421: The beginning so that the audience knows what the report will cover. Online reports often contain hyperlinks to internal or external sources as well. Verbal reports differ from written reports in the minutiae of their format, but they still educate or advocate for a course of action. Quality reports will be well researched and the speaker will list their sources if at all possible. A typical report would include

3948-584: The commoners. The equivalent term "fourth power" is somewhat uncommon in English, but it is used in many European languages, including German ( Vierte Gewalt ), Italian ( quarto potere ), Spanish ( Cuarto poder ), French ( Quatrième pouvoir ), Swedish ( tredje statsmakten [Third Estate] ), Polish ( Czwarta Władza ), and Russian ( четвёртая власть ) to refer to a government's separation of powers into legislative , executive , and judicial branches. The expression has also been applied to lawyers, to

4032-460: The context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. Journalistic conventions vary by country. In the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often regarded as journalists. The Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who write about products received as promotional gifts, disclose that they received

4116-586: The context in which they publish in print. Newspapers have seen print revenues sink at a faster pace than the rate of growth for digital revenues. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, grappling with declining audiences. For example, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. The compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition. According to

4200-551: The credibility of the underlying news organization. The phrase was popularized and used by Donald Trump during his presidential campaign to discredit what he perceived as negative news coverage of his candidacy and then the presidency. In some countries, including Turkey , Egypt , India, Bangladesh , Iran , Nigeria , Ethiopia , Kenya , Cote d’Ivoire , Montenegro , Kazakhstan , Azerbaijan , Malaysia , Singapore, Philippines , and Somalia journalists have been threatened or arrested for allegedly spreading fake news about

4284-426: The credibility ratings of news outlets has reached an all-time low. A 2014 study revealed that only 22% of Americans reported a "great deal" or "quite a lot of confidence" in either television news or newspapers. "Fake news" is also deliberately untruthful information, which can often spread quickly on social media or by means of fake news websites . News cannot be regarded as "fake", but disinformation rather. It

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4368-588: The establishment of CNN , news channels began providing 24-hour news coverage, a format which persists through today. The role and status of journalism, as well as mass media, has undergone changes over the last two decades, together with the advancement of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. This has created a shift in the consumption of print media channels, as people increasingly consume news through e-readers , smartphones , and other electronic devices. News organizations are challenged to fully monetize their digital wing, as well as improvise on

4452-553: The ethos and credibility of that discipline. Reports are not required to follow this pattern and may use alternative methods such as the problem-solution format, wherein the author first lists an issue and then details what must be done to fix the problem. Transparency and a focus on quality are keys to writing a useful report. Accuracy is also important. Faulty numbers in a financial report could lead to disastrous consequences. Reports use features such as tables, graphics , pictures, voice, or specialized vocabulary in order to persuade

4536-468: The following profile: While various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of – truthfulness , accuracy , objectivity , impartiality, fairness and public accountability – as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public. Bill Kovach and Tom Rosenstiel propose several guidelines for journalists in their book The Elements of Journalism . Their view

4620-456: The following sections in it: Some examples of reports are: Fourth estate The term Fourth Estate or fourth power refers to the press and news media in explicit capacity of reporting the News without advocacy nor framing political issues. The derivation of the term arises from the traditional European concept of the three estates of the realm : the clergy, the nobility, and

4704-584: The founding their own daily and weekly newspapers, especially in large cities. While the first Black newspapers in America were established in the early 19th century, in the 20th century these newspapers truly flourished in major cities, with publishers playing a major role in politics and business affairs. Representative leaders included Robert Sengstacke Abbott (1870–1940), publisher of the Chicago Defender ; John Mitchell Jr. (1863–1929), editor of

4788-461: The fourth estate in this community ... The Mob. This sense has prevailed in other countries: In Italy, for example, striking workers in 1890s Turin were depicted as Il quarto stato —The Fourth Estate—in a painting by Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo . A political journal of the left, Quarto Stato , published in Milan , Italy, in 1926, also reflected this meaning. In response to violence against

4872-526: The fourth estate. That was true at the time no doubt. But at the present moment it is the only estate. It has eaten up the other three. The Lords Temporal say nothing, the Lords Spiritual have nothing to say, and the House of Commons has nothing to say and says it. We are dominated by Journalism. In United States English, the phrase "fourth estate" is contrasted with the " fourth branch of government ",

4956-400: The free press and provide a public check on the branches of government. It differs from the traditional press and the traditional fourth estate in that it has a diverse set of actors instead of a small number of major presses. These actors include small for-profit media organizations, non-profit media organizations, academic centers, and distributed networks of individuals participating in

5040-649: The freedoms won here became a model for much of the rest of the world, and be conscious how the world still watches us to see how we protect those freedoms." The first successful English daily, the Daily Courant , was published from 1702 to 1735. While journalistic enterprises were started as private ventures in some regions, such as the Holy Roman Empire and the British Empire , other countries such as France and Prussia kept tighter control of

5124-646: The full college route, the average time is takes to graduate with a journalism degree is four years. The top 5 ranked journalism schools in the US for the school year of 2022 are: 1. Washington and Lee University. 2. Northwestern University. 3. Georgetown University. 4. Columbia University in the City of New York. 5. University of Wisconsin - Madison. In the 1920s in the United States, as newspapers dropped their blatant partisanship in search of new subscribers, political analyst Walter Lippmann and philosopher John Dewey debated

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5208-495: The government. Journalism in China before 1910 primarily served the international community. The overthrow of the old imperial regime in 1911 produced a surge in Chinese nationalism, an end to censorship, and a demand for professional, nation-wide journalism. All the major cities launched such efforts. By the late 1920s, however, there was a much greater emphasis on advertising and expanding circulation, and much less interest in

5292-461: The journalist's intent. Opinion pieces are generally written by regular columnists or appear in a section titled "Op-ed", these reflect a journalist's own opinions and ideology. While feature stories , breaking news, and hard news stories typically make efforts to remove opinion from the copy. According to Robert McChesney , healthy journalism in a democratic country must provide an opinion of people in power and who wish to be in power, must include

5376-642: The late Ming dynasty in 1582. Johann Carolus 's Relation aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , published in 1605 in Strasbourg , is often recognized as the first newspaper in Europe. Freedom of the press was formally established in Great Britain in 1695, with Alan Rusbridger , former editor of The Guardian , stating: "licensing of the press in Britain was abolished in 1695. Remember how

5460-465: The media process with the larger traditional organizations. In 1580 Michel de Montaigne proposed that governments should hold in check a fourth estate of lawyers selling justice to the rich and denying it to rightful litigants who do not bribe their way to a verdict: What is more barbarous than to see a nation [...] where justice is lawfully denied him, that hath not wherewithall to pay for it; and that this merchandize hath so great credit, that in

5544-452: The other hand, believed not only that the public was capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite, but also that it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were thoroughly vetted, then the best ideas would bubble to the surface. The danger of demagoguery and false news did not trouble Dewey. His faith in popular democracy has been implemented in various degrees, and

5628-526: The peak of its importance during World War II , as radio and newsreels were major sources of up-to-date information on the ongoing war. In the Soviet Union , radio would be heavily utilized by the state to broadcast political speeches by leadership. These broadcasts would very rarely have any additional editorial content or analysis, setting them apart from modern news reporting. The radio would however soon be eclipsed by broadcast television starting in

5712-465: The press, treating it primarily as an outlet for government propaganda and subjecting it to uniform censorship. Other governments, such as the Russian Empire , were even more distrusting of the journalistic press and effectively banned journalistic publications until the mid-19th century. As newspaper publication became a more and more established practice, publishers would increase publication to

5796-482: The pressure on journalists to report news promptly and before their competitors, factual errors occur more frequently than in writing produced and edited under less time pressure. Thus a typical issue of a major daily newspaper may contain several corrections of articles published the previous day. Perhaps the most famous journalistic mistake caused by time pressure was the Dewey Defeats Truman edition of

5880-495: The products for free. This is intended to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers. In the US, many credible news organizations are incorporated entities , have an editorial board, and exhibit separate editorial and advertising departments. Many credible news organizations, or their employees, often belong to and abide by the ethics of professional organizations such as the American Society of News Editors ,

5964-404: The profession, and the resulting status. In some nations, the news media are controlled by government and are not independent. In others, news media are independent of the government and operate as private industry . In addition, countries may have differing implementations of laws handling the freedom of speech , freedom of the press as well as slander and libel cases . The proliferation of

6048-797: The queen". This was reported by Burke, who, as noted above, went on to use the phrase with the meaning of "press". In the United States government's Department of Defense , the "fourth estate" (also called the "back office") refers to 28 agencies that do not fall under the Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. Examples include the Defense Technology Security Administration , Defense Technical Information Center , and Defense Information Systems Agency . In his novel The Fourth Estate , Jeffrey Archer wrote: "In May 1789, Louis XVI summoned to Versailles

6132-486: The reporters sit has become a fourth estate of the realm." In 1821, William Hazlitt applied the term to an individual journalist, William Cobbett , and the phrase soon became well established. In 1891, Oscar Wilde wrote: In old days men had the rack. Now they have the Press. That is an improvement certainly. But still it is very bad, and wrong, and demoralizing. Somebody — was it Burke? — called journalism

6216-524: The role of journalism in a democracy. Their differing philosophies still characterize an ongoing debate about the role of journalism in society. Lippmann's views prevailed for decades, helping to bolster the Progressives' confidence in decision-making by experts, with the general public standing by. Lippmann argued that high-powered journalism was wasted on ordinary citizens, but was of genuine value to an elite class of administrators and experts. Dewey, on

6300-434: The same way as the first four, some argue that modern digital media and the internet could be considered a Fifth Estate. This "Fifth Estate" includes bloggers, social media influencers, and other online platforms that can influence public discourse and politics independently of traditional media. Oxford English Dictionary attributes, ("without confirmation") the origin of the term to Edmund Burke , who may have used it in

6384-499: The second stage, the elite has the character of warrior nobility; at the third stage we find the advent of oligarchies of a plutocratic and capitalistic nature, such as they arise in democracies; the fourth and last elite is that of the collectivist and revolutionary leaders of the Fourth Estate. In a parliamentary debate of 1789 Thomas Powys, 1st Baron Lilford , MP , demanded of minister William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham that he should not allow powers of regency to "a fourth estate:

6468-514: The sort of advocacy journalism that had inspired the revolutionaries. The Parisian newspapers were largely stagnant after the First World War ; circulation inched up to six million a day from five million in 1910. The major postwar success story was Paris Soir ; which lacked any political agenda and was dedicated to providing a mix of sensational reporting to aid circulation, and serious articles to build prestige. By 1939 its circulation

6552-412: The thinking process of the establishment and they are responsible, to a great extent, in evolving an efficient or inefficient work environment. The significance of the reports includes: One of the most common formats for presenting reports is IMRAD —introduction, methods, results, and discussion. This structure, standard for the genre, mirrors traditional publication of scientific research and summons

6636-598: The three estates of the French States-General were: the church, the nobility and enfranchised townsmen. Carlyle, however, may have mistaken his attribution: Thomas Macknight , writing in 1858, observes that Burke was merely a teller at the "illustrious nativity of the Fourth Estate". If Burke is excluded, other candidates for coining the term are Henry Brougham speaking in Parliament in 1823 or 1824 and Thomas Macaulay in an essay of 1828 reviewing Hallam's Constitutional History : "The gallery in which

6720-484: Was "written by office boys for office boys". Described as "the scoop of the century", as a rookie journalist for The Daily Telegraph in 1939 Clare Hollingworth was the first to report the outbreak of World War II . While travelling from Poland to Germany, she spotted and reported German forces massed on the Polish border; The Daily Telegraph headline read: "1,000 tanks massed on Polish border "; three days later she

6804-412: Was over 1.7 million, double that of its nearest rival the tabloid Le Petit Parisien. In addition to its daily paper Paris Soir sponsored a highly successful women's magazine Marie-Claire. Another magazine Match was modeled after the photojournalism of the American magazine Life. By 1900 popular journalism in Britain aimed at the largest possible audience, including the working class, had proven

6888-426: Was published by a non-existent newspaper called The Denver Guardian. Many critics blamed Facebook for the spread of such material. Its news feed algorithm, in particular, was identified by Vox as the platform where the social media giant exercise billions of editorial decisions every day. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and TikTok are distributors of disinformation or "fake news". Mark Zuckerberg ,

6972-519: Was published on 29 January 1780. This first effort at journalism enjoyed only a short stint yet it was a momentous development, as it gave birth to modern journalism in India. Following Hicky's efforts which had to be shut down just within two years of circulation, several English newspapers started publication in the aftermath. Most of them enjoyed a circulation figure of about 400 and were weeklies giving personal news items and classified advertisements about

7056-601: Was the first to report the German invasion of Poland . During World War II, George Orwell worked as a journalist at The Observer for seven years, and its editor David Astor gave a copy of Orwell's essay " Politics and the English Language "—a critique of vague, slovenly language—to every new recruit. In 2003, literary editor at the newspaper Robert McCrum wrote, "Even now, it is quoted in our style book". The first newspaper of India, Hicky's Bengal Gazette ,

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