63-426: (Redirected from Republican Calendar ) Republican calendar may refer to: French Republican calendar Roman Republican calendar Republic of China calendar Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Republican calendar . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
126-639: A XI date to avoid confusion with the Roman II. The French Revolution is usually considered to have ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire , Year VIII (9 November 1799), the coup d'état of Napoleon Bonaparte against the established constitutional regime of the Directoire . The Concordat of 1801 re-established the Roman Catholic Church as an official institution in France, although not as
189-569: A new Roman Republic , and also imprisoned Pope Pius VI , who would die in captivity in Valence , France in August 1799. However, after Napoleon seized control of the government in late 1799, France entered into year-long negotiations with new Pope Pius VII , resulting in the Concordat of 1801 . This formally ended the dechristianization period and established the rules for a relationship between
252-604: A return to some form of religion-based faith was beginning to take shape and a law passed on 21 February 1795 legalized public worship, albeit with strict limitations. The ringing of church bells, religious processions and displays of the Christian cross were still forbidden. As late as 1799, priests were still being imprisoned or deported to penal colonies. Persecution only worsened after the French army led by General Louis Alexandre Berthier captured Rome in early 1798, declared
315-520: The Ancien Régime (the old feudal monarchy); some of these were more successful than others. The new Republican government sought to institute, among other reforms, a new social and legal system, a new system of weights and measures (which became the metric system ), and a new calendar. Amid nostalgia for the ancient Roman Republic , the theories of the Age of Enlightenment were at their peak, and
378-653: The Journal officiel for some dates during a short period of the Paris Commune , 6–23 May 1871 (16 Floréal–3 Prairial Year LXXIX). Years appear in writing as Roman numerals (usually), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the "Republican Era" (the day the French First Republic was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the monarchy). As a result, Roman Numeral I indicates
441-695: The Civil Constitution of the Clergy that subordinated the Catholic Church in France to the French government. It was never accepted by the Pope and other high-ranking clergy in Rome . The programme of dechristianization waged against Catholicism, and eventually against all forms of Christianity, included: An especially notable event that took place in the course of France’s dechristianization
504-515: The Concordat of 1801 , formed the basis of the later and less radical laïcité policies. The French Revolution initially began with attacks on Church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many Christians could identify, since the Gallican Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France . During a one-year period known as the Reign of Terror ,
567-596: The Cult of the Supreme Being , the Decadary Cult , and Theophilanthropy . Christian holidays were officially abolished in favor of revolutionary holidays. The law of 13 Fructidor year VI (August 30, 1798) required that marriages must only be celebrated on décadis. This law was applied from the 1st Vendémiaire year VII (September 22, 1798) to 28 Pluviôse year VIII (February 17, 1800). Décades were abandoned at
630-595: The French First Republic was proclaimed , and the new National Convention decided that 1792 was to be known as Year I of the French Republic. It decreed on 2 January 1793 that Year II of the Republic had begun the day before. However, the new calendar as adopted by the Convention in October 1793 made 22 September 1792 the first day of Year I. Ultimately, the calendar came to commemorate the Republic, and not
693-551: The French Revolution ranged from the appropriation by the government of the great landed estates and the large amounts of money held by the Catholic Church to the termination of Christian religious practice and of the religion itself. There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated or motivated by a small group of revolutionary radicals. These policies, which ended with
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#1732766259116756-597: The French Revolutionary calendar ( calendrier révolutionnaire français ), was a calendar created and implemented during the French Revolution , and used by the French government for about 12 years from late 1793 to 1805, and for 18 days by the Paris Commune in 1871, and meant to replace the Gregorian calendar . The calendar consisted of twelve 30-day months, each divided into three 10-day cycles similar to weeks, plus five or six intercalary days at
819-577: The Gregorian Calendar was reimplemented in 1795. Anti-clerical parades were held, and the Archbishop of Paris , Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel , was forced to resign his duties and made to replace his mitre with the red " Cap of Liberty ". Street and place names with any sort of religious connotation were changed, such as the town of St. Tropez , which became Héraclée. Religious holidays were banned and replaced with holidays to celebrate
882-603: The Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention , as well as by département councils throughout the country. Many of the acts of dechristianization in 1793 were motivated by the seizure of Church gold and silver to finance the war effort. In November 1793, the département council of Indre-et-Loire abolished the word dimanche (English: Sunday ). The Gregorian calendar , an instrument decreed by Pope Gregory XIII in 1582,
945-575: The Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris. As the rapporteur of the commission, Charles-Gilbert Romme presented the new calendar to the Jacobin -controlled National Convention on 23 September 1793, which adopted it on 24 October 1793 and also extended it proleptically to its epoch of 22 September 1792. It is because of his position as rapporteur of the commission that the creation of
1008-615: The Netherlands , Germany , Switzerland , Malta , and Italy . The National Constituent Assembly at first intended to create a new calendar marking the "era of Liberty", beginning on 14 July 1789, the date of the Storming of the Bastille . However, on 2 January 1792 its successor the Legislative Assembly decided that Year IV of Liberty had begun the day before. Year I had therefore begun on 1 January 1789. On 21 September 1792,
1071-503: The September Massacres . Priests were among those drowned in mass executions ( noyades ) for treason under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Carrier ; priests and nuns were among the mass executions at Lyons , for separatism , on the orders of Joseph Fouché and Collot d'Herbois . Hundreds more priests were imprisoned and made to suffer in abominable conditions in the port of Rochefort . Anti-Church laws were passed by
1134-459: The coronation of Napoleon as Empereur des Français (Emperor of the French) on 11 Frimaire, Year XIII (2 December 1804), but the republican calendar would remain in place for another year. Napoleon finally abolished the republican calendar with effect from 1 January 1806 (the day after 10 Nivôse Year XIV), a little over twelve years after its introduction. It was, however, used again briefly in
1197-534: The revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. Large minorities of French Protestants, mostly Huguenots and German Lutherans , and Jews still lived in France. The Edict of Versailles , commonly known as the Edict of Tolerance, had been signed by Louis XVI on 7 November 1787. It did not give non-Catholics in France the right to openly practice their religions but only the rights to legal and civil status, which included
1260-549: The tithes gathered by the Catholic clergy. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 proclaimed freedom of religion across France in these terms: Article IV – Liberty consists of doing anything which does not harm others: thus, the exercise of the natural rights of each man has only those borders which assure other members of the society the enjoyment of these same rights. These borders can be determined only by
1323-440: The Catholic Church and the French state. Victims of the Reign of Terror totaled somewhere between 20,000 and 40,000. According to one estimate, among those condemned by the revolutionary tribunals about 8 percent were aristocrats , 6 percent clergy, 14 percent middle class, and 70 percent were workers or peasants accused of hoarding, evading the draft, desertion, rebellion, and other purported crimes. Of these social groupings,
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#17327662591161386-608: The Church also had an enormous income from the collection of compulsory tithes . Since the Church kept the registry of births, deaths, and marriages and was the only institution that provided hospitals and education in most parts of the country, it influenced all citizens. A milestone event of the Revolution was the abolition of the privileges of the First and Second Estate on the night of 4 August 1789 . In particular, it abolished
1449-587: The Church. An ever-increasing view that the Church was a counter-revolutionary force exacerbated the social and economic grievances and violence erupted in towns and cities across France. In Paris , over a forty-eight-hour period beginning on 2 September 1792, as the Legislative Assembly (successor to the National Constituent Assembly ) dissolved into chaos, three Church bishops and more than two hundred priests were massacred by angry mobs; this constituted part of what would become known as
1512-545: The Constitution, resulting in a split in the French Catholic Church . Over fifty percent became abjuring priests ("jurors"), also known as " constitutional clergy ", and nonjuring priests as "refractory clergy". In September 1792, the Legislative Assembly legalized divorce , contrary to Catholic doctrine. At the same time, the state took control of the birth, death, and marriage registers away from
1575-409: The French originals, they are neologisms suggesting a meaning related to the season. The month is divided into three décades or "weeks" of ten days each, named: Décadis became official days of rest instead of Sundays, in order to diminish the influence of the Roman Catholic Church. They were used for the festivals of a succession of new religions meant to replace Catholicism: the Cult of Reason ,
1638-430: The Republic, which was established in 1792. Immediately following 14 July 1789, papers and pamphlets started calling 1789 year I of Liberty and the following years II and III. It was in 1792, with the practical problem of dating financial transactions, that the legislative assembly was confronted with the problem of the calendar. Originally, the choice of epoch was either 1 January 1789 or 14 July 1789. After some hesitation
1701-620: The Republican Calendar by Roman numerals ran counter to this general decimalization tendency. The Republican calendar year began the day the autumnal equinox occurred in Paris, and had twelve months of 30 days each, which were given new names based on nature, principally having to do with the prevailing weather in and around Paris and sometimes evoking the Medieval Labours of the Months . The extra five or six days in
1764-561: The Revolution. The Common Era, commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, was abolished and replaced with l'ère républicaine , the Republican Era, signifying the "age of reason" overcoming superstition, as part of the campaign of dechristianization . The First Republic ended with the coronation of Napoleon I as Emperor on 11 Frimaire, Year XIII, or 2 December 1804. Despite this, the republican calendar continued to be used until 1 January 1806, when Napoleon declared it abolished. It
1827-502: The Supreme Being , without the alleged "superstitions" of Catholicism, supplanted both Catholicism and the rival Cult of Reason . Both new religions were short-lived. Just six weeks before his arrest, on 8 June 1794, the still-powerful Robespierre personally led a vast procession through Paris to the Tuileries garden in a ceremony to inaugurate the new faith. His execution occurred shortly afterward, on 28 July 1794. By early 1795,
1890-465: The Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic Cult of the Supreme Being and the atheistic Cult of Reason , with the revolutionary government briefly mandating observance of the former in April 1794. In 18th-century France , the vast majority of the population adhered to the Catholic Church , the only religion officially allowed in the kingdom since
1953-436: The assembly decided on 2 January 1792 that all official documents would use the "era of Liberty" and that the year IV of Liberty started on 1 January 1792. This usage was modified on 22 September 1792 when the Republic was proclaimed and the Convention decided that all public documents would be dated Year I of the French Republic. The decree of 2 January 1793 stipulated that the year II of the Republic began on 1 January 1793; this
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2016-421: The calendar, the agricultural system, and of leading the nation back to it, marking the times and the fractions of the year by intelligible or visible signs taken from agriculture and the rural economy. (...) As the calendar is something that we use so often, we must take advantage of this frequency of use to put elementary notions of agriculture before the people – to show the richness of nature, to make them love
2079-480: The changeover from Germinal to Floréal year X (20 to 21 April 1802), after Napoleon's Concordat with the Pope. The Roman Catholic Church used a calendar of saints , which named each day of the year after an associated saint . To reduce the influence of the Church, Fabre d'Églantine introduced a Rural Calendar in which each day of the year had a unique name associated with the rural economy , stated to correspond to
2142-451: The chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau , the mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange , the astronomer Jérôme Lalande , the mathematician Gaspard Monge , the astronomer and naval geographer Alexandre Guy Pingré , and the poet, actor and playwright Fabre d'Églantine , who invented the names of the months, with the help of André Thouin , gardener at the Jardin des plantes of
2205-891: The clergy of the Catholic Church suffered proportionately the greatest loss. Anti-Church laws were passed by the Legislative Assembly and its successor, the National Convention , as well as by département councils throughout the country. The Concordat of 1801 endured for more than a century until it was abrogated by the government of the Third Republic, which established a policy of laïcité on 11 December 1905. Under threat of death, imprisonment, military conscription, and loss of income, about twenty thousand constitutional priests were forced to abdicate and hand over their letters of ordination, and six thousand to nine thousand of them agreed or were coerced to marry . Many abandoned their pastoral duties altogether. Nonetheless, some of those who had abdicated continued covertly to minister to
2268-623: The column of each month, the names of the real treasures of the rural economy. The grains, the pastures, the trees, the roots, the flowers, the fruits, the plants are arranged in the calendar, in such a way that the place and the day of the month that each product occupies is precisely the season and the day that Nature presents it to us. The following pictures, showing twelve allegories for the months, were illustrated by French painter Louis Lafitte (1779–1828), and engraved by Salvatore Tresca [ fr ] (1750–1815). Five extra days – six in leap years – were national holidays at
2331-448: The devisers of the new systems looked to nature for their inspiration. Natural constants, multiples of ten, and Latin as well as Ancient Greek derivations formed the fundamental blocks from which the new systems were built. The new calendar was created by a commission under the direction of the politician Gilbert Romme seconded by Claude Joseph Ferry [ fr ] and Charles-François Dupuis . They associated with their work
2394-567: The end of every year. These were originally known as les sans-culottides (after sans-culottes ), but after year III (1795) as les jours complémentaires : Below are the Gregorian dates each year of the Republican Era ( Ère Républicaine in French) began while the calendar was in effect. Leap years are highlighted The Republican Calendar was abolished in the year XIV (1805). After this year, there are two historically attested calendars which may be used to determine dates. Both calendars gave
2457-455: The end to fill out the balance of a solar year . It was designed in part to remove all religious and royalist influences from the calendar, and it was part of a larger attempt at dechristianization and decimalisation in France (which also included decimal time of day, decimalisation of currency, and metrication ). It was used in government records in France and other areas under French rule, including Belgium , Luxembourg , and parts of
2520-470: The episodes of anti-clericalism became some the most violent of any in modern European history . The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the Church, abolished the Catholic monarchy, nationalized Church property, exiled 30,000 priests, and killed hundreds more. In October 1793, the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoned from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason, and
2583-491: The fact that it had taken the revolution four years to establish a republican government in France. The leap year was called Sextile , an allusion to the " bissextile " leap years of the Julian and Gregorian calendars, because it contained a sixth complementary day. Each day in the Republican Calendar was divided into ten hours, each hour into 100 decimal minutes, and each decimal minute into 100 decimal seconds. Thus an hour
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2646-430: The fields, and to methodically show them the order of the influences of the heavens and of the products of the earth. The priests assigned the commemoration of a so-called saint to each day of the year: this catalogue exhibited neither utility nor method; it was a collection of lies, of deceit or of charlatanism. We thought that the nation, after having kicked out this canonised mob from its calendar, must replace it with
2709-510: The first year of the republic, that is, the year before the calendar actually came into use. By law, the beginning of each year was set at midnight, beginning on the day the apparent autumnal equinox falls at the Paris Observatory. There were twelve months, each divided into three ten-day weeks called décades . The tenth day, décadi , replaced Sunday as the day of rest and festivity. The five or six extra days needed to approximate
2772-506: The harvest and other non-religious symbols. Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which Deistic services were held. Local people often resisted this dechristianisation and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Maximilien Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety denounced the dechristianizers as foreign enemies of the Revolution, and established their own new religion. This Cult of
2835-403: The law. Article X – No one may be disturbed for his opinions, even religious ones, provided that their manifestation does not trouble the public order established by the law. On 10 October 1789, the National Constituent Assembly seized the properties and land held by the Catholic Church and decided to sell them to fund the assignat Revolutionary currency. On 12 July 1790, the assembly passed
2898-490: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republican_calendar&oldid=1195337935 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages French Republican calendar The French Republican calendar ( French : calendrier républicain français ), also commonly called
2961-474: The months are the same as those in the Gregorian calendar; however, the 10th, 20th, and 30th days are singled out of each month as the end of a décade (group of ten days). Individual days were assigned, instead of to the traditional saints, to people noteworthy for mostly secular achievements. Later editions of the almanac would switch to the Republican Calendar. The days of the French Revolution and Republic saw many efforts to sweep away various trappings of
3024-400: The objects that make up the true riches of the nation, worthy objects not from a cult, but from agriculture – useful products of the soil, the tools that we use to cultivate it, and the domesticated animals, our faithful servants in these works; animals much more precious, without doubt, to the eye of reason, than the beatified skeletons pulled from the catacombs of Rome. So we have arranged in
3087-596: The people. By the end of the decade, approximately thirty thousand priests had been forced to leave France, and several hundred who did not leave were executed. Most French parishes were left without the services of a priest and deprived of the sacraments . Any non-juring priest faced the guillotine or deportation to French Guiana . By Easter 1794, few of France's forty thousand churches remained open; many had been closed, sold, destroyed, or converted to other uses. Victims of revolutionary violence, whether religious or not, were popularly treated as Christian martyrs, and
3150-538: The republican calendar is attributed to Romme. The calendar is frequently named the "French Revolutionary Calendar" because it was created during the Revolution, but this is a slight misnomer. In France, it is known as the calendrier républicain as well as the calendrier révolutionnaire . There was initially a debate as to whether the calendar should celebrate the Great Revolution, which began in July 1789, or
3213-484: The right to contract marriages without having to convert to the Catholic faith. At the same time, libertine thinkers had popularized atheism and anti-clericalism . The Ancien Régime institutionalised the authority of the clergy in its status as the First Estate of the realm . As the largest landowner in the country, the Catholic Church controlled vast properties and extracted massive revenues from its tenants;
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#17327662591163276-431: The same dates for years 17 to 52 (1808–1844), always beginning on 23 September, and it was suggested, but never adopted, that the reformed calendar be implemented during this period, before the Republican Calendar was abolished. XV (15) 1806 23 September 23 September XVI (16) 1807 24 September* Dechristianization The aim of a number of separate policies conducted by various governments of France during
3339-510: The solar or tropical year were placed after the final month of each year and called complementary days . This arrangement was an almost exact copy of the calendar used by the Ancient Egyptians , though in their case the year did not begin and end on the autumnal equinox. A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a "Franciade". The name " Olympique " was originally proposed but changed to Franciade to commemorate
3402-488: The state cancelled the taxing power of the Church. The issue of Church property became central to the policies of the new revolutionary government. Declaring that all Church property in France belonged to the nation, confiscations were ordered and Church properties were sold at public auction . In July 1790, the National Constituent Assembly published the Civil Constitution of the Clergy that stripped clerics of their special rights—the clergy were to be made employees of
3465-411: The state religion of France. The concordat took effect from Easter Sunday, 28 Germinal, Year XI (8 April 1802); it restored the names of the days of the week to the ones from the Gregorian calendar , and fixed Sunday as the official day of rest and religious celebration. However, the other attributes of the republican calendar, the months, and years, remained as they were. The French Republic ended with
3528-400: The state, elected by their parish or bishopric, and the number of bishoprics was to be reduced—and required all priests and bishops to swear an oath of fidelity to the new order or face dismissal, deportation or death. French priests had to receive Papal approval to sign such an oath, and Pius VI spent almost eight months deliberating on the issue. On 13 April 1791, the Pope denounced
3591-414: The time of year. Every décadi (ending in 0) was named after an agricultural tool. Each quintidi (ending in 5) was named for a common animal. The rest of the days were named for "grain, pasture, trees, roots, flowers, fruits" and other plants, except for the first month of winter, Nivôse, during which the rest of the days were named after minerals. Our starting point was the idea of celebrating, through
3654-853: The year were not given a month designation, but considered Sansculottides or Complementary Days . Most of the month names were new words coined from French, Latin , or Greek . The endings of the names are grouped by season. -dor comes from δῶρον , dō̂ron means 'giving' in Greek. In Britain, a contemporary wit mocked the Republican Calendar by calling the months: Wheezy , Sneezy , and Freezy ; Slippy , Drippy , and Nippy ; Showery , Flowery , and Bowery ; Hoppy , Croppy , and Poppy . The historian Thomas Carlyle suggested somewhat more serious English names in his 1837 work The French Revolution: A History , namely Vintagearious, Fogarious, Frostarious, Snowous, Rainous, Windous, Buddal, Floweral, Meadowal, Reapidor, Heatidor, and Fruitidor. Like
3717-492: Was 144 conventional minutes (2.4 times as long as a conventional hour), a minute was 86.4 conventional seconds (44% longer than a conventional minute), and a second was 0.864 conventional seconds (13.6% shorter than a conventional second). Clocks were manufactured to display this decimal time , but it did not catch on. Mandatory use of decimal time was officially suspended 7 April 1795, although some cities continued to use decimal time as late as 1801. The numbering of years in
3780-505: Was briefly used again for a few weeks of the Paris Commune , in May 1871. The prominent atheist essayist and philosopher Sylvain Maréchal published the first edition of his Almanach des Honnêtes-gens (Almanac of Honest People) in 1788. The first month in the almanac is "Mars, ou Princeps" (March, or First), the last month is "Février, ou Duodécembre" (February, or Twelfth). The lengths of
3843-501: Was replaced by the French Republican Calendar which abolished the sabbath , saints' days and any references to the Church. The seven-day week became ten days instead. It soon became clear, however, that nine consecutive days of work were too much, and that international relations could not be carried out without reverting to the Gregorian system, which was still in use everywhere outside of France. Consequently,
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#17327662591163906-516: Was revoked with the introduction of the new calendar, which set 22 September 1793 as the beginning of year II. The establishment of the Republic was used as the epochal date for the calendar; therefore, the calendar commemorates the Republic, and not the Revolution. French coins of the period naturally used this calendar. Many show the year ( French : an ) in Arabic numbers, although Roman numerals were used on some issues. Year 11 coins typically have
3969-655: Was the Festival of Reason , which was held in Notre Dame Cathedral on 10 November 1793. The dechristianization campaign can be seen as the logical extension of the materialist philosophies of some leaders of the Enlightenment such as Voltaire , while for others with more prosaic concerns it provided an opportunity to unleash resentments against the Catholic Church (in the spirit of conventional anti-clericalism ) and its clergy. In August 1789,
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