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29-554: Despite its socialist-sounding name, the PURS was actually a conservative party. It represented a last-ditch effort of Bolivia's traditional political establishment to oppose the forces of mass-based populism and of socialism represented by the Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNR). Led by Enrique Hertzog Garaizabal , Francisco Lazcano Soruca, Waldo Belmonte Pool, and Mamerto Urriolagoitía Harriague ,

58-944: A number of whom later became presidents of Bolivia. At the time of its establishment it was a leftist/reformist party, along the lines of similar Latin American parties such as the Brazilian Labour Party , the Socialist Party of Chile , the National Liberation Party in Costa Rica , Dominican Revolutionary Party , the Guatemalan Revolutionary Action Party , the Mexican Institutional Revolutionary Party ,

87-810: A party without a specific ideology. This faction was led by Charnaud MacDonald. In June 1952, the PAR joined the FPL, the National Renovation Party , the PIN and the PS to form the Party of the Guatemalan Revolution (PRG) to support Jacobo Arbenz' agrarian reform program. However, this lasted only six weeks before it broke up again into its constituents. Despite these splits, the PAR was the mainstay of

116-525: A year or two before calling elections that the MNR would almost certainly win. If so, he badly miscalculated; Banzer exiled Paz in 1975. The main body supported Paz in exile, while a faction continued to back Banzer. Paz' support of the Banzer dictatorship was a move that was to cost his party dearly at the polls in subsequent years. While Paz seemed to be moving steadily to the right, Siles Zuazo broke off to found

145-532: Is led by Luis Eduardo Siles . Revolutionary Action Party The Revolutionary Action Party ( Spanish : Partido Acción Revolucionaria , PAR) was a leftist political party in Guatemala during the ten-year Guatemalan Revolution . Formed in 1945, the party went through a series of mergers and fractures before dissolving in 1954 after the United States-backed coup d'état . The PAR

174-607: The American Popular Revolutionary Alliance in Peru , Democratic Action in Venezuela . The MNR first came to power in 1943, as supporters of the reformist military regime of Gualberto Villarroel . The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement led the leftist Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 and ruled the country until 1964 when it was overthrown by the military coup of René Barrientos . During

203-595: The Nationalist Union of the People and its candidate Juan Pereda . This article about a Bolivian political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Revolutionary Nationalist Movement The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement ( Spanish : Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario listen , MNR) is now a centre-right , conservative political party in Bolivia. It

232-652: The Partido Comunista de Guatemala (Communist Party of Guatemala), which later became the Partido Guatemalteco del Trabajo (Guatemalan Party of Labor: PGT). On 20 May 1950 Fortuny and nine others resigned from the PAR, and formally announced that they were leaving to start a communist party. In July 1951 the PAR split once again, when some members left to form the Partido Socialista (Socialist Party: PS), described by observers as

261-665: The Revolutionary Nationalist Leftwing Movement (MNRI) and Lechín the Revolutionary Party of the Nationalist Left (PRIN). Falling from power only deepened the intra-party squabbles. With the main body of the MNR firmly behind Paz Estenssoro, the old leader made what can be seen as a major mistake in 1971, when he supported the coup d'état of Hugo Banzer Suárez . He apparently believed that Banzer would only rule for

290-463: The MNR in the center of the Bolivian political spectrum. Siles and Paz split in the 1960s over Paz's ambitions and personal control of the party. Filled with many strong personalities, the party had in fact begun to fragment along political and personal lines since the late 1950s, with Wálter Guevara being the first to leave and the popular Juan Lechín being expelled in 1964. Siles went on to form

319-499: The MNR won the 1993 elections and Sanchez was confirmed as president by parliament. He continued the policies of the NEP. The party placed second in 1997 elections , with the presidential candidate Juan Carlos Durán (at the time, the Bolivian constitution prohibited direct re-election of a sitting president) losing to the former dictator Banzer. At the legislative elections 2002 MNR in alliance with Free Bolivia Movement , won 26.9% of

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348-607: The PAR made a successful effort to take over important leadership positions within the party. Fortuny, who had become secretary general of the PAR in 1945, was a member of this push. One year later, Fortuny and other young radical figures founded a covert group within the PAR called the Vanguardia Democratica (Democratic Vanguard), which believed in Marxist politics. This group, which included Guerra Borges, Silva Jonama, and Alvarado Monzón, continually clashed with

377-587: The PAR was partially due to the manipulations of Arévalo, who preferred not to confront a single large party in parliament. The leadership of the party, similar to that of other major Guatemalan parties of the period, was composed of middle-class urban youth, especially those who had been involved in the university uprisings during the October Revolution . Leaders of the party included José Manuel Fortuny , Victor Manuel Gutierrez , and Augusto Charnaud McDonald . In 1946, several radical figures within

406-455: The Republic in 1947, with Urriolagoitía as his vice-president; and the latter succeeded to the presidency when Hertzog resigned because of ill health. In the 1951 elections, Gabriel Gosalvez ran for the PURS but received far fewer votes than the winner, Víctor Paz Estenssoro . PURS supported the military takeover which followed the elections, in order to prevent Paz from becoming president on

435-563: The Republican Socialist Unity Party attempted particularly to revive the position and popularity of the old Saavedristas wing of the Republican Party . PURS favored anticommunism , ample room for free enterprise , and antifascism , primarily interpreted as opposition to the MNR. The Republican Socialist Unity Party participated in the 1947 and 1951 general elections. Hertzog was elected President of

464-510: The basis of his popular plurality. The PURS would never come close to taking power again. It nominally continued to exist through the early 1970s, but largely became inactive after 1952. For the 1966 elections, the PURS was a component of the Democratic Institutionalist Alliance , with Hertzog as the coalition's presidential candidate. He polled 11,400 votes (01.13%) and came sixth. In 1978 PURS allied with

493-517: The face of nationwide protests. Mesa soon resigned and presidential elections were scheduled for December 2005. In these elections MNR received only 6.5% of the popular vote and won 7 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 1 out of 27 seats in the Senate . Its candidate in the presidential elections was Michiaki Nagatani , whose poor performance demonstrated a steep decline in the fortunes of

522-472: The government coalition from 1951 to 1954. The PAR drew significant support from the CNCG, the largest labor union in Guatemala at the time. The CNCG, founded in 1950 by a PAR deputy named Castillo Flores , had its base among farm laborers, and thus grew in strength after the implementation of the agrarian reform policy of 1952. The CNCG was nominally independent of any single party, but lent its support to all

551-489: The left-leaning Left-wing Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (MNRI) in 1971. Indeed, Siles was the post-MNR politician who was best able to capitalize on the remaining legitimacy and respect that MNR had as a result of the 1952 Revolution. Paz Estenssoro led the MNR-proper in the Bolivian general elections of 1978 , 1979 , and 1980 elections, finishing third, second, and second, respectively. Led by Sánchez de Lozada,

580-426: The more conservative factions of the party, led by Charnaud MacDonald and Humberto González Huárez. At the 1949 party convention, this Marxist faction was defeated in a 382–120 vote. They were given some positions within the party to maintain unity, but were unable to influence its course of action any more. Fortuny was removed from the position of secretary general, a position he had held since 1945. At approximately

609-525: The parties that had taken part in the 1944 revolution, including the PAR, the FPL, and the RN. It was an anti-communist group, and thus opposed the PGT of Fortuny. When Charnaud MacDonald left to form the PS in 1951, the CNCG led by Castillo Flores briefly shifted its loyalty to the PS. However, soon afterward Árbenz showed his continued support of the PAR by appointing a director of the agrarian reform program from within

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638-526: The party as the Bolivian political scene began to be dominated by Evo Morales . For the 2009 elections, the MNR was a component of the Plan Progress for Bolivia – National Convergence . The party's future is uncertain as it is no longer represented in the parliament and its last government has been tarnished by serious accusations of corruption, economic mismanagement and armed suppression of protesters. The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement currently

667-802: The popular vote and 36 out of 130 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 11 out of 27 in the Senate. Following these elections, because no presidential candidate had received a majority, the Congress chose the President, and they again elected Sánchez de Lozada. After the 2002 elections, the party ruled in a coalition with the Revolutionary Left Movement . In 2003 Sanchez was forced to resign, and his successor, independent candidate Carlos Mesa took over in hopes of promoting national unity in

696-468: The presidencies of Paz Estenssoro (1952–56 and 1960–64) and Hernán Siles Zuazo (1956–60) were the top leaders of the Revolutionary period, establishing the universal vote, nationalizing the tin mines, and instituting an extensive agrarian reform. During this time many of the old elitist parties which had previously dominated Bolivian politics either disappeared or faded into irrelevance. This left

725-497: The ranks of the PAR. Following this, Flores and the CNCG returned to supporting the PAR. The PAR experienced significant infighting following its separation from the PRG. In October 1953, Secretary General Francisco Fernández Foncea stood up in parliament while intoxicated, and stated that he supported the communist PGT, while describing the PAR as a "temporary party." A newly elected executive board expelled him. Foncea proceeded to storm

754-411: The same time, Fortuny was approached twice by Francisco Javier Arana , seeking the PAR's support for his candidacy in the next presidential election. Fortuny demurred, stating that Arana was not friendly enough to the labor movement. Instead, the PAR became willing to support Jacobo Árbenz, who they believed was more willing to enact progressive change. Árbenz' candidacy in the 1950 presidential election

783-435: Was announced on 5 February 1950 by the PIN, and the PAR endorsed him soon afterward. From 1947 to 1949 the PAR was the furthest left among the three major parties. Although it remained smaller than the FPL, it was the strongest backer of organized labor. It grew steadily more distant from Arévalo over the years. In 1949, frustrated because they were unable to take complete control of the PAR, Fortuny and his colleagues founded

812-510: Was formed in late 1945 through the merger of the National Renovation Party (PRN) and the Popular Liberation Front (FPL), which had supported the presidency of Juan José Arévalo . The two parties together held a large majority in parliament during the entirety of Arévalo's term. 18 months after coming together, the FPL and the RN split again, but the PAR survived the split and remained a political player. The fracturing of

841-678: Was the leading force behind the Bolivian National Revolution from 1952 to 1964. It influenced much of the country's history since 1941. The Revolutionary Nationalist Movement was begun in 1941 by future presidents Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo . It soon attracted some of the brightest members of the Bolivian intelligentsia. Among the party's most prominent supporters were Humberto Guzmán Fricke , Juan Lechín , Carlos Montenegro , Walter Guevara Arze , Javier del Granado , Augusto Céspedes , Lydia Gueiler , Guillermo Bedregal , and Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada ,

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