108-605: South Maluku , also South Moluccas , officially the Republic of South Maluku , is a former unrecognised secessionist republic that originally claimed the islands of Ambon , Buru , and Seram , which currently make up most of the Indonesian province of Maluku . Dutch conquest exerted colonial control across the archipelago in the 19th century, establishing a unitary administration . The borders of present-day Indonesia were formed through colonial expansion finalised in
216-479: A certain extent, to re-establish their status in the new circumstances. The housing situation in the camps resembled in many ways the barracks of the colonial army, where the soldiers were housed, together with their families, under the direct supervision of non-commissioned officers. This specific housing situation contributed greatly to the isolation of the Moluccan population from Dutch society. The camps, and later
324-424: A channel of communication through which to discuss and implement policy measures that opened a way to the future. The social situation left much to be desired; school attainment was low and unemployment high. Earlier attempts to set up a communal platform for the government and Moluccan representatives had not been successful, because of antagonism within the Moluccan communities and impossible political demands made at
432-521: A complicated process and, in 1951, two years after the transfer of sovereignty, not all soldiers had been demobilised. The Dutch were under severe international pressure to disband the colonial army and temporarily made these men part of the regular Dutch army, while trying to demobilise them in Java . Herein lay the source of the discontent among the Moluccan soldiers as, according to the KNIL policy, soldiers had
540-487: A desire for full independence; or if they lacked such control over their territory, they were recognized by at least one other recognized nation. The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the list of states with limited recognition . To be included here, a polity must have claimed sovereignty , have not been recognized by at least one widely accepted state for a significant portion of its de facto existence, and either: The total number of countries in
648-800: A member state of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) since 1991. The original settlers of the Moluccan Islands were similar to neighbouring islands like West Papua, East Nusa Tengarra and East Timor. They were ancestors of the Aboriginal Australians, then the ancestors of the Papuans, and lastly the Austronesian settlers from the Philippines by way of Taiwan. Like the rest of what
756-462: A number of smaller islands adjacent to Seram. Religion in Seram Island (2023) Seram has been traditionally associated with the animism of the indigenous Alfur (or Nuaulu ), a West Melanesian people who reputedly retained a custom of headhunting until the 1940s. Today, however, most of the population of Seram is either Muslim or Christian due to both conversion and immigration. Seram
864-564: A raid on the residence of the Indonesian ambassador in Wassenaar. The Dutch reaction to this attack was restrained. The attackers received mild sentences and were still seen as misguided idealists . Within the Moluccan community the 'boys of action' gained great prestige. This fuelled further terrorist actions in 1975 and 1977 . As with the attack in Wassenaar , the aims of these actions were not very clear; apart from restoring unity within
972-670: A type of expressive leadership that could only manifest itself in opposing and confronting the CAZ and the Dutch in general. This situation led to growing tension and to splits within the RMS movement. The older generation of leaders of the RMS movement saw their authority challenged. Finally the crisis in the Ambonese communities exploded in a decade of violence against internal rivals and Dutch society. A series of terrorist attacks started in 1970 with
1080-461: A varying degree of Melanesian paternal and Austronesian maternal ancestry. It is widely considered that this area was the place of origin for the Polynesian expansion, and the genetic makeup of the people, cultural and linguistic background, alongside their outrigger canoe (catamaran and trimaran) technology, only further support this. The Maluku Islands were the only place in the world that grew
1188-521: Is because of its location at the meeting of several tectonic microplates, which have been described as "one of the most tectonically complex areas on Earth". Seram falls on its microplate, which has been twisted around by 80° in the last 8 million years by the relatively faster movement of the Papua microplate. Meanwhile, along with the northward push of the Australian Plate, this has resulted in
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#17327725506001296-490: Is now Indonesia, the first settlers were Australoid. Today many Maluku tribes still are ethnically Melanesian and closely represent the original settlers, most of these are what can be considered highlander communities that live in the mountain areas. In contrast, much of the coastal areas have seen a change in the make-up of the population since the original inhabitants have often mixed with the later influx of Austronesian migrations – ultimately causing modern day Moluccans to have
1404-426: Is seen as a symbol of positivity and a good omen. The 'Pombo' is shown, about to start flying, the wings half opened and in its beak a peace branch, the chest tattooed with a crossed ' parang ', ' salawaku ' and spear. The blazon of the RMS coat of arms state the words 'Mena – Moeria'. This slogan is derived from the original Melanesian Moluccan language. Since ancient times it is yelled by the steerer and paddlers of
1512-502: Is the largest and main island of Maluku province of Indonesia , despite Ambon Island 's historical importance. It is located just north of the smaller Ambon Island and a few other adjacent islands, such as Saparua , Haruku , Nusa Laut and the Banda Islands . Seram is traversed by a central mountain range , the highest point of which, Mount Binaiya , is covered with dense rain forests . Its remarkably complex geology
1620-607: Is the only song in the Malay language to reach number one in the Netherlands. Also from the South Moluccan community in the Netherlands is the singer songwriter Daniel Sahuleka . In Indonesia, many famous musicians are ethnic Moluccans, like pop star Glenn Fredly , who toured the Netherlands in 2008 and acknowledged Daniel Sahuleka as one of his main inspirations. In the 21st century, new generations of South Moluccans in
1728-427: Is vertical blue, white, green, red (1:1:1:6) and has proportions 2:3. It was first hoisted 2 May 1950 at 10.00 AM. Two days later the government gave the explanation of the flag. Blue symbolises the sea and loyalty, white stands for purity, peace and the white beaches, green the vegetation, and red the ancestors and blood of the people. The RMS coat of arms depicts the white Moluccan dove called 'Pombo'. The white dove
1836-646: The African continent varies due to the instability throughout the region. See the List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa article for a current list. Great instability was created by graft under leaders in West Africa . Many leaders marginalised ethnic groups and fanned ethnic conflicts (some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule) for political gain. In many countries,
1944-727: The Battle of Mhlatuze River . Located in Tswana territory west of the Transvaal , Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring Stellaland , as the United States of Stellaland [REDACTED] Republic of South Peru , [REDACTED] Republic of North Peru and [REDACTED] Peru-Bolivian Confederation General José Desiderio Valverde
2052-751: The Benang Raja flag of the Republic of South Maluku during the watch together ( Indonesian : nonton bareng ) play-off match 2024 Paris Olympics between Indonesia U23 against Guinea U23 at Merdeka Field, Ambon . This sparked controversy in Indonesia, especially in Maluku Province and the Moluccans community in the Netherlands . The Government of the Republic of South Maluku through its official Instagram account expressed its concern over
2160-706: The Calvinist branch of Protestantism. As early as 1605 armed Dutch merchantmen of the VOC captured the Portuguese fort at the location of Ambon city in the South Moluccas. It was an area already strongly influenced by the Portuguese (Portuguese family names, religion and language were common) and the Dutch developed it into the first secure base of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). During
2268-513: The Ceram rat , all considered threatened. Herpetiles are highly prevalent on the islands. The largest and most dangerous to humans is the saltwater crocodile , found within the island's coastal brackish waters and deltas ; some are known to swim inland via freshwater routes, such as the Salawai River . Other reptiles of the island include Amboina sailfin lizards , Bronchocela sp.,
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#17327725506002376-564: The Manusela tribe follow Hinduism. Copra , resin , sago , and fish are important products. Oil is produced in the northeast near Bula by CITIC Seram Energy who took over from KUFPEC (Indonesia) Limited in 2006. The Oseil oil field is located onshore in the northeast of the island in the Seram Non-Bula Production Sharing Contract area. The discovery well was drilled in 1993. As of end 2010
2484-532: The Second Congo War ; this conflict and its aftermath have killed an estimated 5.5 million people. Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in Darfur which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered. AIDS in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue. In the 21st century, however,
2592-663: The United States and the Soviet Union , over-reliance on foreign aid, as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund. When a country became independent for the first time, it would often align itself with one of the two superpowers in order to get support. Many countries in Northern Africa received Soviet military aid, while many in Central and Southern Africa were supported by
2700-434: The brown tree snake , emerald tree skinks , green sea turtles , Indonesian blue-tongued skinks , Moluccan flying snakes and the tokay gecko , among numerous other species of gecko and skink . Amphibians include Fejervarya , fork-tongued frogs and Horst's and white-lipped tree frogs . In the eastern part of the island, Manusela National Park was established in 1997, covering an area of 1,890 km (11% of
2808-517: The common spotted cuscus and several species of Phalanger . The mountain area of Seram supports the greatest number of endemic mammals of any island in the region. It harbors 38 mammal species and includes nine species that are endemic or near-endemic, several of which are limited to montane habitats. These include the Seram bandicoot , several bat species including Moluccan and Seram flying foxes , Manusela mosaic-tailed rat , spiny Ceram rat and
2916-453: The 1780s, Seram provided a key base of support for Prince Nuku of Tidore 's long-running rebellion against Dutch rule. From 1954 until 1962 the island's mountain terrain was the scene of an armed guerilla struggle against Indonesian rule by the counter revolutionary Republic of South Moluccas movement led by Soumokil . Seram includes three of the regencies within the province of Maluku, but administratively each of these regencies includes
3024-481: The 1990s the Netherlands were reminded yearly of the traumatic side of their colonial past, when celebrations of the RMS independence declaration frequently resulted in angry sentiments or even serious rioting in the streets of the capital. In the 1950s and 1960s Moluccan musicians made their mark together with artists from the Indo community. In the 1980s, bands like Massada were popular. Massada's hit song " Sajang e "
3132-411: The 2020 Census was 773,459 people, administered among three regencies ( kabupaten ), namely Maluku Tengah Regency (which had 204,907 people on Seram Island itself and 218,185 on the lesser islands, the majority on Ambon Island), Seram Bagian Barat Regency and Seram Bagian Timur Regency . Seram Island is remarkable for its high degree of localised bird endemism. There are 117 species of birds on
3240-522: The 20th century. After the occupation by the Japanese Empire during World War II ended in 1945, nationalist leaders on Java unilaterally declared Indonesian independence . Early organised indigenous resistance came from the South Moluccas with support and aid from the Dutch government and military. The South Moluccan rebels initially clung on to an early post-colonial treaty prescribing a federal form of statehood. When that treaty, agreed between
3348-482: The British left the arena in 1802 his plans were foiled and the Dutch restored their dominance. Maluku islanders staged various rebellions during the Dutch colonisation of the Indonesian archipelago in the 19th century following the collapse of the VOC. In a famous revolt on the south Maluku island Saparua , the Dutch fort was taken by the rebel leader Pattimura , a former sergeant in the army of Britain, who had ruled
Republic of South Maluku - Misplaced Pages Continue
3456-512: The Dutch acknowledged a federal Indonesian republic on 27 December 1949. In the first instance, the Netherlands only acknowledged the independence of Indonesia as a federation of autonomous states, of which one was South Maluku. On 25 April 1950, demobilised ex- Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) soldiers and other South Moluccan men who remained loyal to the Dutch crown, staged a revolt and proclaimed an independent "Republic of South Maluku" (Indonesian: Republik Maluku Selatan ). On 17 August 1950,
3564-691: The Dutch government and the Indonesian government in December 1949, was broken, they unilaterally declared a fully independent Republic of South Maluku (RMS) in April 1950. The South Moluccan leaders based their decision on the treaty, which stipulated autonomy for each of the states of the federation. After the defeat of the RMS on Ambon by Indonesian forces in November 1950, the self-declared government withdrew to Seram, where an armed struggle continued on until 2 December 1963. The government-in-exile moved to
3672-604: The Dutch had to disband the reinstated KNIL, and the native soldiers had the choice of either being demobilised or joining the army of the Republic of Indonesia . Due to a deep distrust of the Republican leadership, which was predominantly Javanese Muslim , this was an extremely difficult choice for the Protestant Ambonese, and only a minority chose to serve with the Indonesian Army. Disbanding proved
3780-499: The Dutch would help them to realise it. These feelings continued and were even strengthened in the years of isolated settlement in the Netherlands. There seemed to be only one worthwhile ideal and that was the creation of the RMS. But whatever the merits of this ideal, the Moluccans in the Netherlands could do nothing to bring its realisation any nearer. Moreover, the isolated situation in the camps and neighbourhoods had given rise to
3888-661: The German offensive, was evacuated to Russian city Kazan in October 1917. In spite of the initial total dependence of this client state on its sponsors, After their overthrow, the Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed
3996-622: The Indonesian Ambassador's house at Wassenaar, during which a Dutch policeman was shot and killed. This attack was followed up in 1975 with the hijacking of a train at Wijster which was spontaneously supported by another, improvised, attack on the Indonesian consulate in Amsterdam . Three hostages were executed in the train and one Indonesian man was mortally wounded while trying to escape the consulate. In 1977 another train
4104-607: The Indonesian President, Sukarno , proclaimed the restoration of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. Indonesia's liberal democratic system of government, whereby the cabinet would be accountable to the House of Representatives, was retained. This was a source of political instability in the young republic, with frequent changes in government until the rise of the New Order . A relatively large number of
4212-658: The Japanese quickly discovered their miscalculation when the Moluccans became among the most active in the resistance movement against them. Throughout the occupied Dutch East Indies, Moluccan soldiers created underground resistance cells aiding the Allied forces. Some of these cells were active in gathering intelligence; other sleeper cells hid weapons in strategic locations waiting to take up arms during an Allied invasion. The Japanese secret police ( Kempeitai ) responded by torturing and beheading any suspect, which usually did not deter
4320-471: The Moluccan government-in-exile, John Wattilete's words that an independent Moluccan state is no longer its absolute priority. Although independence is still the ultimate goal, he says he would be satisfied with a form of autonomy similar to that introduced in Aceh. "The most important thing is that Moluccans themselves are in charge." John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from
4428-556: The Moluccans. After the capitulation of the Imperial Japanese Army to the Allied forces, the Moluccan soldiers acted equally defiantly towards the Indonesian revolutionaries trying to fill the power vacuum left by the Japanese. Smaller scale conflicts in the Bersiap period between regrouped Moluccan fighting units and Permuda groups usually left the well-trained Moluccan fighters victorious. In their efforts to subdue
Republic of South Maluku - Misplaced Pages Continue
4536-599: The Moluccas, were accused by Muslim groups of having independence as their goal. This accusation has been useful in galvanising Muslims to fight ( Laskar Jihad ), and the situation has not been aided by the fact that some diaspora Moluccan Christian groups have taken up the RMS banner. In the Moluccas, the Malino II Accord was signed to end conflict and create peace in the Moluccas, asking Moluccans "to reject and oppose all kinds of separatist movements, among others
4644-485: The Netherlands have chosen ways to manifest their heritage and express themselves, by performing traditional Tifa music and Cakalele dances, but also by expressing themselves with contemporary music like hip-hop. In addition, in Dutch football many South Moluccans in the Netherlands have made names for themselves, including Simon Tahamata and Bobby Petta , as well as Denny Landzaat and Giovanni van Bronckhorst , whose mothers are Moluccan. The Indonesian ambassador to
4752-509: The Netherlands in 1966, following resistance leader and president Chris Soumokil 's capture and execution by Indonesian authorities. The exiled government claimed their continued existence, with John Wattilete as its incumbent president since April 2010. However, unlike the Free Papua Movement , the group has never carried acts of violence against the Indonesian government in the present day. The Republic of South Maluku has been
4860-445: The Netherlands or Indonesia. The president in exile has said that the young generations should focus on their education and development opportunities in the Netherlands if they want to potentially support and develop the South Moluccas. John Wattilete became RMS president in April 2010. He is the first to come from the second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders. The RMS flag
4968-427: The Netherlands, Yunus Effendi Habibie, told Radio Netherlands Worldwide in 2009 that Indonesia was pleased that the exiled Moluccan government is no longer striving for an independent state. According to the ambassador, Moluccans already have autonomy , so the present situation need not be changed. He rejects full Moluccan independence. Habibie's comments come in response to a decision by the designated new president of
5076-516: The Netherlands, though research shows that there are to date about 40,000 persons who can be classified as Moluccan. A majority of this population identifies itself to a certain extent with the Moluccan islands where their families once came from, but this identification seems less and less an impediment to integration in Dutch society. In this sense the Moluccans have at last become 'normal immigrants'. Notwithstanding Moluccan integration into modern Dutch society has halted terrorist radicalisation, up to
5184-565: The Netherlands. Still, in 1968 more than 80 per cent of the Moluccans were still without official citizenship, i.e. stateless . The ex-soldiers were deeply frustrated by the demise of the colonial army. The KNIL had offered not only an income, but also a whole way of life in which their status was secure. They had always been loyal to the Dutch Crown and had felt betrayed when their services were no longer rewarded. In response they had pinned their hopes on an independent RMS and had expected that
5292-454: The Netherlands. The following year some 12,000 Moluccan soldiers accompanied by their families went to the Netherlands, where they established a "Republic of the South Moluccas" government-in-exile. During their exile parts of the RMS movement have committed terror attacks in the Netherlands. Most research argues that the attacks were caused by frustration over the lack of support from the Dutch government. The first attack took place in 1970 at
5400-814: The PRRI on 17 February 1958. It existed from 5 February (following the popular uprising in Bologna , when the temporal power of the Pope and the Emilian Dukes were declared to be revoked) until 26 April, the day the city of Ancona was taken by the Austrian troops. Because Courland was under German military occupation since the summer of 1915, the Council was created in Estonian city of Tartu , and following
5508-413: The RMS battle in the form of a guerrilla war. The Dutch government finally decided to transport the remaining men and their families to the Netherlands. They were discharged on arrival and 'temporarily' housed in camps until it was possible for them to return to the Moluccan islands. In this way around 12,500 persons were settled in the Netherlands, more or less against their will and certainly also against
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#17327725506005616-475: The RMS flag in public places. The leader of the FKM organisation, Alex Manuputty, has fled to the United States , but continues to support independence. On 26 October 2020, three activists were jailed for three years after being charged with treason for flying the RMS flag. On 9 May 2024, a teenager named Khoider Ali Ringirfuryaan alias "Dede" who was 15 years old was detained by Maluku Regional Police for carrying
5724-399: The RMS movement, it is difficult to see any concrete objectives in the vague rhetoric and impossible political demands made by the attackers. Attacks on a train and on a village school in 1977 led to a final escalation of the violence. The Dutch government saw no other way out than to use military force to end the action. Meanwhile, support for this kind of action within the Moluccan community
5832-644: The Republic of South Moluccas (RMS), that threaten the unity and sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia". However, during the visit to Ambon of the Indonesian president in the summer of 2007, RMS sympathisers disturbed ceremonies by performing the Moluccan war dance and hoisting the RMS flag. Since 1999, a new organisation known as the Maluku Sovereignty Front (FKM) has operated in Ambon , stockpiling weapons and flying
5940-433: The South Moluccan movement lost support. A small number returned to Indonesia as part of a voluntary repatriation, but some of these returned due to the difficulty of adjusting. This situation dragged on until 1970 when the CAZ was finally dissolved and normal ministerial and other agencies became responsible. The Dutch government had at last admitted that the Moluccans were not temporary residents and that their future lay in
6048-764: The United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent Angola and Mozambique aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by funding insurgency movements. There was a major famine in Ethiopia , when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist/Soviet policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been
6156-418: The VOC achieved a structure of indirect rule in northern Maluku and direct rule in southern Maluku. Throughout much of the VOC era (17th and 18th centuries), the south Moluccans resisted Dutch dominance. The Banda Islands were only subdued after the indigenous power structure and organisation of trade and politics was destroyed with the extermination and eviction of the Bandanese population in 1621. To repress
6264-421: The arrest of a 15 year old teenager and condemned the Government of Indonesia . The main stronghold of the rebellious RMS group on Ambon was defeated by Indonesian forces in November 1950, while a smaller scale guerrilla struggle continued on Ceram until 1962. The defeat on Ambon however resulted in the flight of the self-declared RMS government from the islands, and the formation of a government in exile in
6372-457: The autonomous traders of East Seram , the VOC organised 'Hongi' raiding expeditions with warrior bands from other south Maluku islands. During 'Hongi' raids, houses and vessels were burnt, cash crops were uprooted and most wealth was looted by the 'Hongi' warriors. Survivors who escaped had to start from scratch and, during two centuries of resistance, the East Seramese increasingly suffered impoverishment. However, their independent trading network
6480-436: The capital of the so-called republic, outside the city of Santiago de los Caballeros. The constitution of Moca consecrated free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly. That the government would be civil, republican, popular, representative, elective and responsible, and every citizen with the right to vote could do it directly and secretly, instead of the indirect way as established by the previous constitutions. In addition,
6588-457: The closure of the Puerto Rican campaign during the Spanish–American War but were unable to secure independence The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the Far Eastern Republic , which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 aimags became part of the Far Eastern Republic , while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongol autonomies of RSFSR. It was granted independence at midnight of 14 August 1947. From 14 August 1947 to October 1949,
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#17327725506006696-425: The commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk , where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway by soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee . They were executed for essentially letting the Islamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku. The Eastern Slovak National Council
6804-431: The counter revolutionary RMS movement on Ambon, the newly established Tentara Nasional Indonesia (Republican Indonesian army, TNI) encountered the military prowess of the Moluccan special troops. The heavy fighting triggered them to create their own special troops. At that time the Moluccan special troops' only contemporaries were the Gurkha units of the British Indian Army . During the Indonesian National Revolution ,
6912-401: The country to elect the deputies as of December 7, 1857. At that time the women and men of greater intellectual capacity in the Cibao wished to produce a constitution that would allow an authentically democratic and representative government by the people. "The new constitution was drafted in Moca and proclaimed on February 19, 1858." That day, the Constituent Assembly meeting in Moca proclaimed
7020-411: The entire southern coast of Seram in early 1512, for the first time for Europeans. Portuguese missionaries were active there in the 16th century. Dutch trading posts were opened in the early 17th century, and the island came under nominal Dutch control c. 1650. The Tidore Sultanate made periodical claims on Seram and were accorded suzerainty in the eastern part of the island from 1700 to 1768. In
7128-413: The era of the VOC, the Moluccans were not only forced to trade with the VOC only, but also to focus solely on the production of cloves . After the downfall of the VOC and the collapse of the trade in cloves, they were fully dependent on the colonial structure and found occupation in the colonial army. The Ambonese were regarded as fierce fighters, reliable soldiers and absolutely loyal to the Dutch Crown. It
7236-499: The fields of education and the labour market. The IWM has proved a valuable communication channel for communal projects. A case in point was the plan to create thousands of jobs for Moluccans in government service. The primary goal was to combat high unemployment, but a secondary goal was to open up a particular section of the labour market where Moluccans were significantly underrepresented. The recognition that employment, education and social welfare in general were important fields where
7344-410: The governors of provinces could not be the commanders of arms as it was available until February 19, 1858. Under the constitution of Moca, the municipal power was restored and the Armed Forces were declared obedient to the civil power, without powers to deliberate and with the function of defending national sovereignty, public order, as well as observing and complying with the constitution and laws. It
7452-438: The island). Most central Moluccans consider Seram to be their original ancestral home and it is still known colloquially as Nusa Ina (Mother Island). In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Seram was generally within the sphere of influence of Ternate , although it was often ruled more directly by the Ternaten vassal state of Buru . The expedition of António de Abreu (as captain) and Francisco Serrão sighted and explored
7560-483: The island; 14 species and subspecies are endemic , including the eclectus , great-billed and Moluccan king parrot , purple-naped and red lories , salmon-crested cockatoo , Seram masked owl , collared , sacred and lazuli kingfishers , long-crested myna , elegant imperial-pigeon , Seram oriole , metallic starlings and grey-necked and Seram friarbirds . The mammals found on Seram include Asian murid rodents as well as Australasian marsupials , including
7668-466: The islands for a short time before returning them to the Dutch in 1816. After reinforcements were sent from the colonial capital Batavia, the insurgents were captured and Pattimura was executed in 1817. During the independence movement of Indonesia, Indonesian republicans included South Maluku as part of the independent Indonesia they declared in 1945. Indonesia's struggle to secure its independence lasted from 1945 until 1949. After international pressure,
7776-411: The jobs fulfilled were also somewhat higher in scale. In general the second-generation Moluccans made a great leap forward in this period, compared to the first 'soldier generation'. The situation of the Moluccans in the Netherlands is at present remarkably different from that in 1970. Practically all Moluccans are now Dutch citizens. This makes it more difficult to give the precise number of Moluccans in
7884-422: The liberal constitution that repealed the conservative one of December 1854. Established public freedoms and abolished the death penalty for political reasons and enshrined as rights the freedom of expression, free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly. He did not re-elect the president in succession and absolute respect for civil liberties without restrictions, including freedom of expression. established that
7992-618: The military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts. A variety of other causes have been blamed for Africa's political instability, including Cold War conflicts between
8100-415: The most enlightened women and men of the country were chosen, whose thought corresponded to the movement proclaimed by the revolution of July 7, 1857, to overthrow the government of Buenaventura Báez, which they described as a dictatorship. Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognized Republic of Texas . A group of anti-Spanish rebels also declared independence on 13 August 1898 in
8208-403: The neighbourhoods, became enclaves where the schools, though officially Dutch in programme and language, became exclusively Moluccan and where access to the labour market was geographically often restricted. Even when it became more and more obvious that there was no possibility to repatriate the ex-servicemen to Indonesia, the Dutch government did not formulate a radically different policy. There
8316-413: The next day. The South Moluccan people are predominantly Christian , unlike most regions in Indonesia which are overwhelmingly Muslim . The South Moluccan Republic, however, was also supported by some Moluccan Muslims in the region at that time. Today the memory of the RMS and its separatist objectives still resonates in Indonesia. Moluccan Christians, during the sectarian violence of 1999–2002 in
8424-490: The number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined. For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China, which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies were among
8532-502: The original plans of the Dutch government. The reaction of the Dutch government to the settlement of the Moluccan soldiers was exactly the opposite of the reaction to the Indo repatriates. Whereas the latter were defined as fellow-citizens who had to be integrated as quickly and as fully as possible, the Moluccans were considered to be temporary residents who had to be repatriated to Indonesia. They were 'temporarily' housed in camps, mostly in rural areas and near small towns. A special agency
8640-549: The outset by the Moluccans. In 1976 a platform was formed where government policy measures could be discussed with representatives of the Moluccan community, the IWM (Dutch abbreviation for: Inspraakorgaan Welzijn Molukkers). In 1978 a substantial White Paper ( "De Problematiek van de Molukkers in Nederland" ) was sent by the government to parliament. It offered measures to enhance Moluccan participation in Dutch society, in particular in
8748-399: The previous Indonesian ambassador to the Netherlands and brother to the third president of Indonesia, has said that he would do all he can to facilitate the repatriation of first generation Moluccans to their homeland, if they would stop aiming at an independent state. Chris Soumokil was the RMS president in 1954 who went into hiding and led the armed guerrilla struggle on Seram island. He
8856-652: The prized spices of clove and nutmeg , making it a prime destination for European traders during the Age of Exploration . At one point, cloves were worth their weight in gold, and Portuguese, Spanish, British and Dutch traders all fought to control the incredibly profitable spice trade monopoly. Eventually, the traders of the Dutch East Indies Company (VOC) emerged as the dominant merchant power in Maluku. Through an effective combination of force and diplomacy,
8964-543: The professional soldiers serving in the Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) were recruited among the population of Ambon and the surrounding South Moluccan islands. The South Moluccan islands were among the first to come under European influence in the 16th century. The Protestant mission had been more successful there than elsewhere in the East Indies ; half the Ambonese population adhered to
9072-451: The provisional revolutionary government of the Cibao were commanded by General Juan Luis Franco Bidó. In a few days they surrounded the city of Santo Domingo, thus initiating a civil war. The hostilities lasted almost a year. The groups in conflict fought with all the means at their disposal to emerge victorious, increasing violence and destruction in the country. The triumph of the revolution
9180-765: The region was de jure independent, before acceding to India on 15 October 1949. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Manipur King Bodhchandra Singh relented and acceded Manipur to India in 1949 following the Manipur Merger Agreement. Republic of South Maluku Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the Permesta rebels were a separate movement in Sulawesi , that had pledged allegiance with
9288-758: The revolt of the Don Cossacks and the German advance into the region as a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , the republic was overthrown and its leaders fled. The Don Cossacks' Don Republic took over the territory of the Don Soviet Republi In June 2021, the nine jailed leaders were pardoned. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said that he pardoned them because it was the best decision for Spain and Catalonia, but did not overturn their bans from holding public office. Seram Island Seram (formerly spelled Ceram ; also Seran or Serang )
9396-424: The right to choose the place where they were to be discharged at the end of their contract. The political situation in the new Republic of Indonesia was initially unstable and, in particular, controversy over a federal or centralised form of the state resulted in armed conflicts in which Ambonese ex-KNIL men were involved. In 1950 an independent Republic of the South Moluccas ( Indonesian : RMS, Republik Maluku Selatan)
9504-442: The second generation of Moluccans in the Netherlands and is regarded as more pragmatic than previous leaders. However one day before Indonesian President Yudhoyono 's planned state visit to the Netherlands, the first such visit since 1970, Wattilete issued legal proceedings to have him arrested upon entering the country. Although legal experts called this action senseless and without much chance of success, Yudhoyono cancelled his visit
9612-436: The situation of the Moluccan population, and especially of the new generation, had to be improved, was a positive development. Partly because the second generation was already much more oriented to Dutch society, partly as a result of the policy of affirmative action, participation in the labour market and in the school system developed positively after 1980. Levels of educational attainment rose, unemployment levels were lower and
9720-567: The soldiers refused to be discharged there. They now demanded to be demobilised at Seram, where pockets of resistance against Indonesia still existed. This was again blocked by Indonesia. At the time of the proclamation, 1,739 KNIL troops, including 1,080 Ambonese, were stationed at Ambon. These soldiers became the backbone of the Armed Forces of RMS (APRMS). After a naval blockade by the Indonesian navy, Federal Indonesia Armed Forces (APRIS) invaded Ambon on 28 September 1950. The APRMS fled from
9828-451: The town of Ambon before the invading Indonesian troops had taken up positions in old Dutch fortifications in the hills overlooking the town. From here they waged guerrilla warfare. The TNI took control of northern half of the island, but were halted by fierce Ambonese resistance at the one-kilometre wide isthmus, which links the southern half. On 5 November, the city of Ambon fell to APRIS. The RMS government went to Ceram in December to continue
9936-1631: The traditional Moluccan rowing boats called ' Kora Kora ', to synchronise their strokes during off shore expeditions. It literally means 'Front – Back', but is also translated as 'I go – We follow' or 'One for all – All for One'. The RMS anthem is called "Maluku tanah airku", which translates to English as "Maluku my homeland," and was written by Chris Soumokil and O. Sahalessy in the Malay language , with Melanesian Moluccan words mixed in. Original text Oh Maluku, tanah airku, Tanah tumpah darahku. Ku berbakti kepadamu Slama hari hidupku. Engkaulah pusaka raya Yang leluhur dan teguh. Aku junjung selamanya Hingga sampai ajalku. Aku ingat terlebih Sejarahmu yang pedih. Oh Maluku, tanah airku, Tanah datuk-datukku. Atas via dolorosa Engkau hidup merdeka. Putra-putri yang sejati Tumpah darah bagimu. Ku bersumpah trus berbakti Serta tanggung nasibmu. Aku lindung terlebih Sejarahmu yang pedih. Mena-Muria, printah leluhur Segenap jiwaku seru. Bersegralah membelamu Seperti laskar yang jujur. Dengan prisai dan imanku Behkan harap yang teguh. Ku berkurban dan berasa Karena dikaa ibuku Ku doakan terlebih Mena-Muria, hiduplah! List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies These lists of historical unrecognized or partially recognized states or governments give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as sovereign states , but did not enjoy worldwide diplomatic recognition . The entries listed here had de facto control over their claimed territory and were self-governing with
10044-425: The uplift that gives north-central Seram peaks of over 3000 m. On the island, there are important karst areas. In the mountains, near Sawai, there is the cave Hatu Saka, currently the deepest cave in Indonesia (-388 m). In Taniwel district, on the north coast, is the underground river Sapalewa , one of the largest underground rivers on the planet. The population of the island and the neighbouring smaller islands in
10152-588: The world's fastest growing as of 2011 and that growth continues through 2019. In 1819, Zwide made another expedition against the Zulus, but Shaka again changed his tactics, letting the Ndwandwe army penetrate his territory and responding with guerrilla warfare. Shortage of supplies caused the Ndandwe to return home, but when they were crossing the river Mhlatuze in early 1820, their forces were split and defeated at
10260-467: Was affected by the violent inter-religious conflict that swept Maluku province starting in late 1998, resulting in tens of thousands of displaced persons across the province but after the Malino II Accord of 2002 tempers cooled. Seram has been peaceful for many years but towns like Masohi remain informally divided into de facto Christian and Muslim sections. Around 7,000 people belonging to
10368-464: Was annulled. Santana returned to govern with the Constitution of 1854 that guaranteed an authoritarian government. The following day, July 8, 1857, the "Dominican Republic" awoke with two government administrations: the provisional revolutionary government of Cibao and the "government" of President Buenaventura Báez. On September 25, the provisional revolutionary Government of the Cibao summoned
10476-469: Was chosen as president of the anti-Báez and Santana provisional government, and the lawyer Benigno Filomeno Rojas as vice president. Both counted on the support of the tobacco producers and the Cibaenian trade. Among its first measures was the organization of an armed movement to march to the city of Santo Domingo, in order to overthrow President Buenaventura Báez, who was prepared to resist. The troops of
10584-489: Was ebbing. Instead of reuniting the Moluccans in the Netherlands, this radicalism threatened to lead to more division. When, in 1978, a group of youngsters raided the seat of the provincial government in Assen , they received not the slightest support. Towards the end of this period of terrorist violence, the Dutch government had already dropped the idea that the Moluccans were temporary residents, but had not been able to create
10692-719: Was established as an organisation concurrent to the Slovak National Council in November 1918. The council was led by Viktor Dvorcsák [ sk ] , an advocate and ex-archivist from Prešov working for the Hungarian revisionist movement. Claiming the territory of the Don Host Oblast , the republic was proclaimed in March 1918 after the retreat of the White Army from the area. In May, after
10800-399: Was established on a transitory basis that the next constitutional government was chosen by the members of the constituent assembly, which they did on March 1, 1858. The constituent assembly of Moca was integrated by the provisional government of Santiago, chaired by General José Desiderio Valverde, who convened on September 25, 1857, to elect deputies from December 7, 1857. For the assembly,
10908-515: Was hijacked, this time at De Punt , supported by a primary school hijack at Bovensmilde . These actions were ended with force by marines of the Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid (BBE) in which six hijackers and two hostages died. The last action took place in 1978 when the provincial building in Assen was occupied. This action too was ended by BBE marines. From the 1980s no such actions re-occurred. Junus Effendi Habibie ,
11016-498: Was little integration from these camps into the wider Dutch population. The purported government-in-exile was not recognised by the government, but due to Dutch antipathy to Indonesian authorities, did not face serious opposition in its activities. Following the settlement of the West New Guinea dispute in 1963, after which the Netherlands ceded Netherlands New Guinea to Indonesia, Dutch relations with Indonesia improved, and
11124-461: Was never completely destroyed. From 1780 to 1802, the people of Seram joined an alliance of North Moluccan, Papuan and British forces in a combined revolt. Resistance leader prince Nuku (the exiled Sultan of Tidore ) established himself on Seram and aimed at uniting the North and South Moluccas under his leadership. His raiders targeted South Moluccan islands under the Dutch sphere of influence. When
11232-551: Was only captured by the Indonesian Army in Ceram on 2 December 1962. Brought to trial before a military tribunal in Jakarta , he was sentenced to death and executed under President Suharto 's rule on 12 April 1966. The first president in exile was Johan Manusama (1966–1993). The government-in-exile continues to exist, with Frans Tutuhatunewa as head of state (1993–2010). However it no longer advocates violent action towards either
11340-535: Was precisely this reputation that made them unpopular with other Indonesian nationalities. All of this put them in a difficult position during both the Japanese occupation and the Indonesian national revolution. During the Japanese occupation in the Second World War, most of the Moluccan soldiers were only briefly interned as prisoners of war (POWs). Initially, the Japanese occupation force decided to release them from military duty and send them home. However,
11448-421: Was proclaimed at Ambon. The RMS had strong support among the Ambonese and former Moluccan KNIL soldiers. As a consequence the Moluccan soldiers located outside the South Moluccas demanded to be discharged at Ambon. But Indonesia refused to let the Dutch transport these soldiers to Ambon as long as the RMS was not repressed, fearing prolonged military struggle. When after heavy fighting the RMS was repressed at Ambon,
11556-521: Was resounding, Báez renounced power and traveled to exile, but the project would be frustrated, since the liberal thinking of the Cibaenians would be overshadowed by the military figure of General Pedro Santana, who returned to the Presidency of the Republic in 1858 and ignored the liberal constitution of Moca. In this way, the revolution of July 7, 1857, ended and the liberal constitution of Moca
11664-455: Was set up to manage all matters concerning these temporary residents, the 'Commissariaat Ambonezenzorg' (CAZ). the camps included the former Nazi transit camp Westerbork . To deal with all kinds of daily matters the CAZ created 'representatives' in the camps who regulated the lives of the inhabitants in accordance with the rules. These representatives were (mostly) recruited from among the non-commissioned officers, who were in this way able, to
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