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38-414: Rescues may be necessary in a wide range of circumstances and environments, and specialised procedures have been developed for many of these. A rescue may also be performed on an ad hoc basis by the people who are available on site, using equipment available on site or assembled from available materials, particularly when the rescue is urgent or it is unlikely that specialist assistance will be available within

76-447: A competent person may voluntarily expose themself to may be significantly higher. Liability for compensation for loss or injury during a rescue is a complex matter. Some rescue operations require a high degree of competence and are usually performed by specialist rescue squads with appropriate training, either independent or part of larger organizations such as fire , police , military , first aid , or ambulance services. In

114-412: A duty to rescue other people from serious and imminent danger when the risk and cost to oneself is low. This duty is not easily explained as part of a broader consequentialist requirement to prevent harm, nor is it a duty of social justice owed between citizens as part of a social contract for mutual protection. It is rather a duty of justice in its own right that is based on the direct encounter between

152-422: A general rule, a higher level of risk may be acceptable for actions more likely to result in successful rescue of a larger number of people, or of a person or persons of higher value to the rescuer. Laws relating to rescue operations may constrain the activities of the rescuers by limiting the level of risk they may be exposed to under the direction of an employer (occupational safety legislation). The level of risk

190-405: A guide for most of cases. It mentions the following steps: Another European protocol, which appeared in the field of construction of Czech Republic to react to any emergence . Their steps (which have not any mnemonic) are: Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. If there are dangers around (such as fire, electric dangers or others)

228-486: A minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator ), the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. Generally, five steps are associated with first aid: Skills of what is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, especially in relation to warfare , where

266-409: A pig which had been seized as a distress for non-payment of money owed. Equipment Equipment most commonly refers to a set of tools or other objects commonly used to achieve a particular objective. Different jobs require different kinds of equipment. Types of equipment include: This product article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This tool article

304-572: A reasonable time. First aid medical attention is often closely associated with rescue, and may be a necessary part of a rescue. Equipment used might include search and rescue dogs , mounted search and rescue horses , helicopters , the " jaws of life ", and other hydraulic cutting and spreading tools used to extricate occupants from wrecked vehicles . Rescue operations may be supported by rescue vehicles operated by rescue squads . Searches are often associated with rescues when persons are missing and likely to be in danger. Body recovery

342-611: A system of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the establishment of the UK's first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its own wheeled transport litter in 1875 (the St John Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John Ambulance ) "to train men and women for the benefit of the sick and wounded". Also in

380-400: A trained medical professional provides. First aid involves making common sense decisions in the best interest of an injured person. A first aid intervention would follow an order, which would try to attend in the best manner the main threats for the life and mobility of the victim. There are some first aid protocols (such as ATLS, BATLS and SAFE-POINT) that define which are the priorities and

418-513: Is ABCDE , or its improved version (cs)ABCDE (sometimes called xABCDE , the words in the mnemonic may vary): It is a simplified version of the previous cAsBCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and focuses in applying cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to a patient. The American Heart Association and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation teach it as a reference. Its mnemonic is ABC or CABD (an improvement in

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456-495: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . First aid ‹The template Manual is being considered for merging .›   First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with a medical emergency , with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical or first response training. Mental health first aid

494-447: Is also closely associated with rescue operations, and may be subject to different legal constraints. Occupational safety and health legislation may be waived for rescue operations where there is a realistic probability of saving a life, but not for body recovery. Interspecies rescue can occur when people rescue animals, when animals are part of a rescue team, and less often, when animals rescue people on their own initiative. Self-rescue

532-504: Is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD . Conflict first aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being, is being piloted in Canada . There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies

570-505: Is an obstruction in the airway A hyperglycemia or hyperglycaemia is an excessive level of blood sugars. A hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is an excessive fall of blood sugars in a diabetic patient. It almost always occurs by a problem with a medication to reduce the sugar level in blood. A drowning is a suffocation into a liquid substance. First aid for drowning are very similar to those for cardiorespiratory arrest, but starting with 2 initial ventilations. A cardiac infarction

608-416: Is no longer in vogue. Within the practice of psychoanalysis , the term has taken on the additional sense concerning therapists' desire to 'rescue' their clients. Historically, rescue could refer to an act of property seizure in service of an unpaid debt. For example, there is record of a countryman living in the vicinity of present-day Wythenshawe being prosecuted in a local court for "making rescue" of

646-470: Is similar to the European protocol, because it also has a wider range than the common csABCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and includes other tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. The order of the steps is changed, and the experience with it is lesser, but it adds the idea of a posterior 'aftermath' phase. The mnemonic AMEGA refers to: ATLS and BATLS protocols They are basically

684-452: Is the process of getting out of an emergency by one's own efforts as an individual or a group. Merriam-Webster defines rescue as to free from confinement, danger, or evil, including to forcibly take someone or something from custody or relieve them from attack. Rescue also implies that the danger is imminent and the action is generally prompt or vigorous. Circumstances that lead to the necessity for rescue can develop due to bad luck, when

722-400: Is the sudden lack of blood supply to the heart, normally because of a problem in one of its arteries. A stroke is a sudden lack of blood supply to the brain. The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening. The key aims of first aid can be summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps': First aid is not medical treatment, and cannot be compared with what

760-598: Is usually a transponder to broadcast a distress signal allowing the location to be established. Rescue is a potent theme in human psychology , both from mortal perils and moral perils, and is often treated in fiction , with the rescue of a damsel in distress being a notable trope. Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud introduced the concept of "rescue fantasies" by men pursuing "fallen women" in his 1910 work "A Special Type of Choice of Object Made by Men"; Freud's insight into this aspect of male psychology might retain merit, though his proposed Oedipus complex used to frame this concept

798-630: The ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) version was developed by the American College of Surgeons, focusing in the particular needs of trauma and specifically in the spinal injuries. And the BATLS (Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) version is an improvement for the British Army that added the concept of 'catastrophic bleeding'. As a result, the mnemonic of the steps of this protocol

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836-692: The Franco-Prussian War on care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting skills, and making use of the Esmarch bandage which he designed. The bandage was issued as standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included aide-memoire pictures showing common uses. In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospice care, and set out to start

874-523: The Royal Humane Society , who did much to promote resuscitation. Napoleon 's surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey , is credited with creating an ambulance corps, the ambulance volantes , which included medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle. In 1859, Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed the aftermath of the Battle of Solferino , and his work led to

912-625: The U.S., they are usually staffed by medically trained personnel as NFPA regulations require it. Other rescues can be performed by any able bodied person who happens to be available at the time, using tools and equipment as may be available. There may be legal protection for non-specialist persons performing rescues for which they are not technically qualified in an emergency, in case they accidentally harm anyone or damage or trespass on property while attempting an apparently urgent rescue. Laws will vary depending on jurisdiction. Special situations involving rescue, and specialised rescue equipment, include

950-486: The UK, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teaching of first aid, and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the first user of "first aid for the injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly charitable focus of St John, and established

988-552: The United States took place in Jermyn, Pennsylvania in 1899. List of some situations that require specific first aid, and information about them (in alphabetical order): A bleeding or hemorrhage is the uncontrolled escape of blood from any vein or artery. In wounds that are caused by an external agent, there can be an additional risk of infection. A cardiac arrest is the complete stop of heart function. A choking

1026-580: The care of both traumatic and medical cases is required in particularly large numbers. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical Greek pottery from c.  500 BC , whilst the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds. There are numerous references to first aid performed within the Roman army , with a system of first aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals. Roman legions had

1064-400: The common ABCDE and csABCDE protocol , but focusing in particular aspects. The preference for one or the other among these protocols can depend on the context and the audience. It comes from Red Cross and, as the European protocol, has a wider range than the common csABCDE (ABCDE) method. So it could be seen as a simplification of the European protocol, and, especially, easier to remember as

1102-446: The common csABCDE (ABCDE) method or its simplified CABD (ABC) variant about cardio-pulmonary resuscitation . The European method has a wider range than them, and their steps include tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. These are its steps (with no official mnemonic that helps to remember them): Some other known protocols that could be mentioned in many contexts (in alphabetical order): AMEGA protocol It

1140-645: The concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The first classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich (near Woolwich barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum. First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways. The first recorded first aid training in

1178-484: The correct execution of the steps for saving human life. A major benefit of the use of official protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills, and have a great degree of success. The ABCDE method is the general protocol of first aid and implies a quite general view. It was initially developed by Dr Peter Safar in the 1950s. But it has received some modifications, improvements and variations that were intended for more specific contexts. In this way,

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1216-415: The events were not foreseeable, duty, where there is known risk, but the person is legally or ethically obliged to take the risk, through voluntary assumption of reasonable risk in the pursuit of profit, knowledge, entertainment or other perceived reward, ignorance of risk foreseeable by a well informed person, denial of obvious risk, or intentional exposure to obvious risk. It is a common belief that one has

1254-406: The following topics: Rescue equipment can be any equipment used for the purpose of rescue, but particularly equipment designed, manufactured, and marketed for rescue applications. Ropes and special equipment may be used to reach and remove living people and animals from difficult locations. Some equipment may be carried by people or vehicles intended to facilitate rescue if an incident occurs. This

1292-472: The formation of the Red Cross , with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field". The Red Cross and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of first aid worldwide. In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first aid'), including training for soldiers in

1330-490: The rescuer and the persons in danger, which limits its scope. The situation may be complicated when there are more than one person in a position to contribute towards rescue efforts, and the responsibility is diffused amongst the group until it has been fairly allocated among those present, at which stage justice requires each to discharge their own share, though it would be considered a humanitarian duty to compensate for inadequate response by other persons for whatever reason. As

1368-406: The sequence for most of the cases): These are the protocols that do not only deal with direct care to the victim but they also mention other complementary tasks (before and later). This method has been studied and employed for a long time in many European countries, as France. It is a reference, of a certain reputation, that could be applied solely or to a certain degree, usually combining it with

1406-534: The specific role of capsarii, who were responsible for first aid such as bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic . Further examples occur through history, still mostly related to battle, with examples such as the Knights Hospitaller in the 11th century AD, providing care to pilgrims and knights in the Holy Land . During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death

1444-568: Was a major concern amongst the population. In 1767, a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started in Amsterdam , and in 1773, physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of the Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned , later

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