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116-468: The Research Science Institute was founded in 1984 by Admiral H.G. Rickover and Joann P. DiGennaro. It was originally called the "Rickover Science Institute" until the 1986 session, when it was renamed to its current name. The original name is also the source of the nickname of RSI attendees, "Rickoids". RSI is run by CEE president Joann P. DiGennaro and Executive Vice President Maite P. Ballestero. 100 students from several countries (generally, two-thirds of

232-492: A rare personal interview with Diane Sawyer in 1984. In 1973, though his role and responsibilities remained unchanged, Rickover was promoted to the rank of four-star admiral . This was the second time (after Samuel Murray Robinson ) in the history of the U.S. Navy that an officer with a career path other than an operational line officer achieved that rank. Because his responsibilities did not include direct command and control of combatant naval units, technically Rickover

348-407: A basic text for the U.S. submarine service. On 17 July 1937, he reported aboard the minesweeper Finch at Qingdao , China , and assumed what would be his only ship command with additional duty as Commander, Mine Division Three, Asiatic Fleet. The Marco Polo Bridge Incident had occurred ten days earlier. In August, Finch stood out for Shanghai to protect American citizens and interests from

464-594: A broad range of subjects, including science, engineering, arts and literature, social sciences, law, medicine. Along with its membership in the C9 League, Tsinghua University affiliations include the Association of Pacific Rim Universities , a group of 50 leading Asian and American universities, Washington University in St. Louis's McDonnell International Scholars Academy, a group of 35 premier global universities, and

580-503: A congressional hearing Rickover testified that: I do not believe that nuclear power is worth it if it creates radiation. Then you might ask me why do I have nuclear powered ships. That is a necessary evil. I would sink them all. I am not proud of the part I played in it. I did it because it was necessary for the safety of this country. That's why I am such a great exponent of stopping this whole nonsense of war. Unfortunately limits—attempts to limit war have always failed. The lesson of history

696-493: A degree in chemical engineering, along with the CCP General Secretary and former Paramount Leader of China Hu Jintao '64, who graduated with a degree in hydraulic engineering . In addition to its powerful alumni, Tsinghua has a reputation for hosting globally prominent guest speakers, with international leaders Bill Clinton , Tony Blair , Henry Kissinger , Carlos Ghosn , and Henry Paulson having lectured to

812-573: A high regard for the quality of the education he received at Columbia, as demonstrated in this excerpt from a speech he gave at the university some 52 years after attending: Columbia was the first institution that encouraged me to think rather than memorize. My teachers were notable in that many had gained practical engineering experience outside the university and were able to share their experience with their students. I am grateful, among others, to Professors Morecroft, Hehre, and Arendt. Much of what I have subsequently learned and accomplished in engineering

928-507: A light as his neighbor operated a machine. Later, he delivered groceries. He graduated from grammar school at 14. Rickover attended John Marshall Metropolitan High School in Chicago and graduated with honors in 1918. He then held a full-time job as a telegraph boy delivering Western Union telegrams, through which he became acquainted with Congressman Adolph J. Sabath , a Czech Jewish immigrant. Sabath nominated Rickover for appointment to

1044-449: A long-term Engineering Duty Officer such as Rickover. In keeping with Rickover's promotion to four-star admiral, those who were subsequently selected for assignment to Director, Naval Reactors are promoted to this same rank, but also on active duty status. Historian Francis Duncan, who for over eight years was granted generous access to diverse numbers and levels of witnesses—including U.S. presidents—as well as Rickover himself, came to

1160-606: A longtime supporter of Rickover, later publicly associated a debilitating stroke suffered by the admiral to his having been censured and "dragged through the mud by the very institution to which he rendered his invaluable service." By the late 1970s, Rickover's position seemed stronger than it had ever been. Over many years, powerful friends on both the House and Senate Armed Services Committees ensured that he remained on active duty long after most other admirals had retired from their second careers. Jimmy Carter 's admiration for Rickover

1276-428: A nuclear navy? Do you have any regrets?": I do not have regrets. I believe I helped preserve the peace for this country. Why should I regret that? What I accomplished was approved by Congress—which represents our people. All of you live in safety from domestic enemies because of security from the police. Likewise, you live in safety from foreign enemies because our military keeps them from attacking us. Nuclear technology

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1392-466: A part in determining who shall fail of selection for promotion (thus also violating the system), never before or since have pressures from outside the Navy overturned this form of career-termination. Regardless of the challenges faced in developing and operating brand-new technology, Rickover and the team did not disappoint: the result was a highly reliable nuclear reactor in a form-factor that would fit into

1508-483: A pilot project to reform undergraduate education at the university. Modeled after universities in the United States and Europe, Xinya combines general and professional education in a liberal arts tradition, featuring a core curriculum of Chinese and Western literature and civilization studies and required courses in physical education and foreign languages. Furthermore, while most Tsinghua undergraduates must choose

1624-841: A six-week session modeled on RSI. The number of students was increased to forty in 2012 and 2013 and to forty-five in 2014. In the summer of 2015, the inaugural RSI Tsinghua was held in Beijing for the very first time. As an official cooperation between the CEE and Tsinghua University , this program held research experiences for 34 outstanding high school students in China. In Sweden, Research Academy for Young Scientists (RAYS) takes place annually for 21 incoming high school seniors who are most qualified in STEM. In 2009, Center for Excellence in Education started

1740-515: A specific major upon entrance, Xinya students declare their majors at the end of freshman year, enabling them to explore several different fields of study. In December 2014, Tsinghua University established the Advisory Committee of Undergraduate Curriculum (ACUC). It became the first student autonomous organization in mainland China for students to participate in the school's management. The Tsinghua University Academic Committee, which

1856-680: A submarine hull with no more than a 28-foot (8.5 m) beam . This became known as the S1W reactor . Nautilus was launched and commissioned with this reactor in 1954. Later Rickover oversaw the development of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station , the first commercial pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant. Kenneth Nichols of the AEC decided that the Rickover-Westinghouse pressurized-water reactor

1972-476: A warship from active service, which he did on several occasions. The view became established that he sometimes exercised power to settle scores. Author and former submariner Edward L. Beach Jr. referred to him as a "tyrant" with "no account of his gradually failing powers" in his later years. Tsinghua University Tsinghua University ( THU ) is a public university in Haidian , Beijing , China. It

2088-612: A year at the Naval Postgraduate School and further coursework at Columbia. At the latter institution, he met Ruth D. Masters, a graduate student in international law, whom he married in 1931 after she returned from her doctoral studies at the Sorbonne in Paris. Shortly after marrying, Rickover wrote to his parents of his decision to become an Episcopalian , remaining so for the remainder of his life. Rickover had

2204-782: Is affiliated with and funded by the Ministry of Education of China . The university is part of Project 211 , Project 985 , and the Double First-Class Construction . It is also a member in the C9 League . Tsinghua University's campus is in northwest Beijing, on the site of the former imperial gardens of the Qing dynasty . The university has 21 schools and 59 departments, with faculties in science, engineering, humanities, law, medicine, history, philosophy, economics, management, education, and art. Tsinghua University

2320-480: Is also very competitive. Only about 16% of MBA applicants are admitted each year. Research at Tsinghua University is mainly supported by government funding from national programs and special projects. In the areas of science and technology, funding from these sources totals over 20 billion yuan, which subsidizes more than 1,400 projects every year conducted by the university. With the prospective increase of state investment in science and technology, research at Tsinghua

2436-430: Is based on the solid foundation of principles I learned from them. Rickover preferred life on smaller ships, and he also knew that young officers in the submarine service were advancing quickly, so he went to Washington and volunteered for submarine duty. His application was turned down due to his age, at that time 29 years. Fortunately for Rickover, he encountered his former commanding officer from Nevada while leaving

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2552-528: Is extremely competitive. Undergraduate admissions for domestic students is decided through the gaokao , the Chinese national college entrance exam, which allows students to list Tsinghua University among their preferred college choices. While selectivity varies by province, the sheer number of high school students applying for college each year has resulted in overall acceptance rates far lower than 0.1% of all test takers. Admission to Tsinghua's graduate schools

2668-595: Is generally composed primarily, if not entirely, of alumni, with recent Rickoids (RSI alumni, from the Institute's original name) filling in as counselors and TAs and older alumni taking administrative, lecturing, or tutoring positions. Though it has convened at various locations (including two years, 1990 and 2004, when the program was held concurrently on both coasts of the US, at UC San Diego and The George Washington University in 1989-1991, and Caltech and MIT in 2004),

2784-618: Is known as the "Father of the Nuclear Navy," and his influence on the Navy and its warships was of such scope that he "may well go down in history as one of the Navy's most important officers." He served in a flag rank for nearly 30 years (1953 to 1982), ending his career as a four-star admiral. His years of service exceeded that of each of the U.S. Navy's five-star fleet admirals— Leahy , King , Nimitz and Halsey —all of whom served on active duty for life after their appointments. Rickover's total of 63 years of active duty service makes him

2900-742: Is projected to receive more financial support from the state. In 2007, Tsinghua was granted security clearance to conduct classified research of military interest. Each year, the university hosts the Intellectual Property Summer Institute in cooperation with Franklin Pierce Law Center of Concord , New Hampshire. The scientific research institutions in Tsinghua University are divided into three categories, including government-approved institutions, institutions independently established by

3016-461: Is when a war starts every nation will ultimately use whatever weapon it has available. ... Every time you produce radiation, you produce something that has a certain half-life, in some cases for billions of years. ... It is important that we control these forces and try to eliminate them. A few months later, following his retirement, Rickover spoke more specifically regarding the questions "Could you comment on your own responsibility in helping to create

3132-737: The Times Higher Education Rankings by Subjects , which are historical strengths for Tsinghua. Since 2015, Tsinghua University has overtaken the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to top the list of Best Global Universities for Engineering published by the U.S. News & World Report and as of 2024, it also ranked number one globally in 9 subjects: "Artificial Intelligence", " Chemical Engineering", "Chemistry", "Computer Science", "Energy and Fuels", "Engineering", "Environment Engineering", "Environment/Ecology" and "Material Science". As of 2024,

3248-418: The U.S. News & World Report also placed "Civil Engineering", "Condensed Matter Physics", "Electrical and Electronic Engineering", "Geosciences", "Green and Sustainable Science and Technology", "Mechanical Engineering", "Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences", "Nanoscience and Nanotechnology", "Optics", "Physical Chemistry", "Physics" and "Water Resources" at Tsinghua in the global Top 10 universities. In

3364-905: The ARWU 's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects 2020, Tsinghua ranks in the world's top five universities in "Telecommunication Engineering", "Instruments Science & Technology", "Civil Engineering", "Chemical Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", "Nanoscience & Nanotechnology", "Energy Science & Engineering", and "Transportation Science & Technology" and falls within the global top 10 for "Electrical & Electronic Engineering", "Computer Science & Engineering", "Materials Science & Engineering", "Environmental Science & Engineering", and "Water Resources". Department of Industrial Engineering (Tsinghua IE) has three institutes: The department also operates two university-level multi-disciplinary application-oriented institutes or centers: The Department of Mathematical Sciences (DMS)

3480-654: The Academic Ranking of World Universities , also known as the "Shanghai Ranking", placed Tsinghua University 22nd in the world and 1st in Asia & Oceania region. The U.S. News & World Report ranked Tsinghua at 1st in the Asia-Pacific and 16th globally in its 2024-2025 Best Global Universities Rankings . Tsinghua was the best-ranked university in the Asia-Pacific and the 17th worldwide in 2023 in terms of aggregate performance (THE+ARWU+QS) as reported by

3596-497: The Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities . As of 2021, it ranked 3rd among the universities around the world by SCImago Institutions Rankings . The Nature Index 2022 Annual Tables by Nature Research ranked Tsinghua 7th among the leading universities globally for the high quality of research publications in natural science. For sciences in general, the 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Tsinghua University 3rd in

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3712-649: The Association of East Asian Research Universities , a 17-member research collaboration network of top regional institutions. Tsinghua is an associate member of the Consortium Linking Universities of Science and Technology for Education and Research (CLUSTER) . Tsinghua is a member of a Low Carbon Energy University Alliance (LCEUA), together with the University of Cambridge and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Admission to Tsinghua for both undergraduate and graduate schools

3828-507: The Chinese Communist Party regrouped the country's higher education institutions in an attempt to build a Soviet style system where each institution specialized in a certain field of study, such as social sciences or natural sciences. Tsinghua University was streamlined into a polytechnic institute with a focus on engineering and the natural sciences. In 1953, Tsinghua established a political counselor program, becoming

3944-586: The Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock , both major nuclear ship contractors for the Navy. Secretary Lehman admonished him in a non-punitive letter and stated that Rickover's "fall from grace with these little trinkets should be viewed in the context of his enormous contributions to the Navy." Rickover released a statement through his lawyer saying his "conscience is clear" with respect to the gifts. "No gratuity or favor ever affected any decision I made." Senator William Proxmire of Wisconsin,

4060-499: The Oak Ridge National Laboratory ) to develop a nuclear electric generating plant. Realizing the potential that nuclear energy held for the Navy, Rickover applied. Rickover was sent to Oak Ridge through the efforts of his wartime boss, Rear Admiral Earle Mills, who became the head of the Navy's Bureau of Ships that same year. Rickover became an early convert to the idea of nuclear marine propulsion , and

4176-650: The Peking University on class cross-registration to supplement each other's general education curriculum, reducing fees on class withdraw, transcripts and certificates, and adjusting the graduate school co-terminal admission policies. In 2016, Schwarzman Scholars was established with almost US$ 400 million endowment by Steven Schwarzman , the chairman and CEO of the Blackstone Group and other multinational corporations and global leaders. Schwarzman Scholars annually selects 100–200 scholars across

4292-652: The Red Guards , resulting in the complete shutdown of the university as faculty were persecuted or otherwise unable to teach. It was not until 1978, after the Cultural Revolution ended, that the university began to take in students and re-emerge as a force in Chinese politics and society. During the Criticize Lin, Criticize Confucius campaign of 1973 to 1976, critique groups formed at Tsinghua and Peking University disseminated commentaries under

4408-644: The Regeneron Science Talent Search have been RSI alumni. In the Siemens Competition , 243 finalists and semifinalists, and three 1st-place winners have been RSI alumni. As of 2022, 13 Rhodes Scholars and 15 Marshall Scholars have been RSI alumni. Here is the complete list of "Rickoid of the Year" winners since the award's inception: Hyman G. Rickover Hyman G. Rickover (January 27, 1900 – July 8, 1986)

4524-582: The Revolution of 1905 . They joined Abraham, who had made earlier trips there beginning in 1897 to become established. Rickover's family lived initially on the East Side of Manhattan but moved two years later to North Lawndale, Chicago , which was a heavily Jewish neighborhood at the time, where Rickover's father continued work as a tailor. Rickover took his first paid job at age nine, earning three cents an hour (equivalent to $ 1.02 in 2023) for holding

4640-719: The School of Economics and Management , the School of Sciences, the School of Life Sciences, the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, the School of Public Policy and Management , and the Academy of Arts and Design. In 1996, the School of Economics and Management established a partnership with the Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . One year later, Tsinghua and MIT began

4756-588: The Tsinghua College ( 清華學堂 ; Qīnghuá Xuétáng ) was established in Beijing, on 29 April 1911 on the site of a former royal garden to serve as a preparatory school for students the government planned to send to the United States. Faculty members for sciences were recruited by the YMCA from the United States, and its graduates transferred directly to American schools as juniors upon graduation. The motto of Tsinghua, "Self-Discipline and Social Commitment",

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4872-482: The Tsinghua University Press , which publishes academic journals, textbooks, and other scholarly works. Through its constituent colleges, graduate and professional schools, and other institutes, Tsinghua University offers more than 82 bachelor's degree programs, 80 master's degree programs and 90 PhD programs. In 2014, Tsinghua established Xinya College, a residential liberal arts college, as

4988-566: The United States Naval Academy . Rickover was only a third alternate for appointment, but he passed the entrance exam and was accepted. Rickover's naval career began in 1918 at the Naval Academy; at this time, attending military academies was considered active duty service, due in part to World War I . On June 2, 1922, Rickover graduated 107th out of 540 midshipmen and was commissioned as an ensign . He joined

5104-405: The destroyer La Vallette on September 5, 1922. Rickover impressed his commanding officer with his hard work and efficiency, and was made engineer officer on June 21, 1923, becoming the youngest such officer in the squadron . He next served on board the battleship Nevada before earning a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from Columbia University in 1930 by way of

5220-696: The 1990s and 2000s. During the Third Front construction, Tsinghua established a branch in Mianyang , Sichuan province . In 1966, the efforts of Tsinghua researchers were critical in China's transition from vacuum-tube computers to fully transistorized computers . From 1966 to 1976, China experienced immense sociopolitical upheaval and instability during the Cultural Revolution . Many university students walked out of classrooms at Tsinghua and other institutions, and some went on to join

5336-582: The Boston area, the majority being at labs at MIT, Harvard and other local universities. The last week is devoted to paper and presentation writing, following by the RSI Final Symposium, and encore presentations, which features the top 10 presentations decided by academic staff at RSI. After that, the top 5 presentations are determined by a panel of industry leaders in research and STEM. The RSI Distinguished Lecture Series, which continues throughout

5452-625: The Bureau of Engineering in Washington, D.C. Once there, he took up his duties as assistant chief of the Electrical section of the Bureau of Engineering on August 15, 1939. On April 10, 1942, after America's entry into World War II , Rickover flew to Pearl Harbor to organize repairs to the electrical power plant of USS  California . Rickover had been promoted to the rank of commander on January 1, 1942, and in late June of that year

5568-631: The COVID-19 pandemic. RSI returned to in-person in 2022, and participants were housed in Next House. In 2023 and 2024, participants were housed again in Baker House. In 2006, a new program, RSI-Fudan, (Chinese name: 未来科学家夏令营 ) was held at Fudan University in Shanghai, China for Chinese students. Thirty-five local students were selected from key high schools to participate in the program and

5684-521: The Chief of Naval Operations, Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz , also a former submariner. Nimitz immediately understood the potential of nuclear propulsion in submarines and recommended the project to the Secretary of the Navy, John L. Sullivan . Sullivan's endorsement to build the world's first nuclear-powered vessel, USS  Nautilus , later caused Rickover to state that Sullivan was "the true father of

5800-610: The Institute is most often associated with MIT, where it has been held every summer since 1992, for various reasons including availability of local mentorships (with Massachusetts General Hospital , MIT , and Harvard Medical School all within a few minutes of central campus) and convenience of facilities. The program participants were housed in East Campus through 2003, Simmons Hall from 2004-2013, Fariborz Maseeh Hall from 2014-2017, MacGregor House in 2018, and Baker House in 2019. In 2020 and 2021, however, RSI went fully virtual due to

5916-763: The Japanese invasion. In 1937, Tsinghua University, Peking University and Nankai University merged to form the Changsha Temporary University, located in Changsha , Hunan . The merged university later became the National Southwestern Associated University , located in Kunming , Yunnan. The Tsinghua University section of the merged university returned to Beijing at the end of World War II. After

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6032-756: The MBA program known as the Tsinghua-MIT Global MBA. In 1998, Tsinghua became the first Chinese university to offer a Master of Laws (LLM) program in American law , through a cooperative venture with the Temple University Beasley School of Law . Tsinghua alumni include the current General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and paramount leader of China, Xi Jinping '79, who graduated with

6148-500: The Manhattan Project, Mills was anxious to have a very determined man involved. He knew that Rickover was "not too easy to get along with" and "not too popular," but in his judgement Rickover was the man on whom the Navy could depend "no matter what opposition he might encounter". While his team and industry were completing construction of Nautilus , Rickover was promoted to the rank of rear admiral in 1953. However, this

6264-605: The Navy John Lehman was partly motivated to seek the agreement in order to continue to focus on achieving President Reagan 's goal of a 600-ship Navy . But Rickover was extremely bitter over the General Dynamics yard being paid hundreds of millions of dollars, and he lambasted both the settlement and Secretary Lehman. This was not Rickover's first clash with the defense industry; he was historically harsh in exacting high standards from defense contractors. It

6380-651: The Nuclear Navy." Subsequently, Rickover became chief of a new section in the Bureau of Ships , the Nuclear Power Division reporting to Mills. He began work with Alvin M. Weinberg , the Oak Ridge director of research, to initiate and develop the Oak Ridge School of Reactor Technology and to begin the design of the pressurized water reactor for submarine propulsion. In February 1949 he

6496-523: The Rickover problem. Rickover's legendary achievements were in the past. His present viselike grip on much of the navy was doing it much harm. I had sought the job because I believed the navy had deteriorated to the point where its weakness seriously threatened our future security. The navy's grave afflictions included loss of a strategic vision; loss of self-confidence, and morale; a prolonged starvation of resources, leaving vast shortfalls in capability to do

6612-606: The Senate failed to give its usual perfunctory approval of the Navy admiral promotion list, and the press was outraged because Rickover's name was not on it. ... Ultimately an enlightened Secretary of the Navy, Robert B. Anderson , ordered a special selection board to sit. With some shuffling of feet it did what it had been ordered to do.... Ninety-five percent of Navy captains must retire regardless of how highly qualified because there are only vacancies for 5 percent of them to become admirals, and although vindictiveness has sometimes played

6728-537: The Soviet ones in the crucial area of stealth, and Rickover's obsessive fixation on safety and quality control gave the U.S. nuclear Navy a vastly superior safety record to the Soviet one. Given Rickover's single-minded focus on naval nuclear propulsion, design, and operations, it came as a surprise to many in 1982, near the end of his career, when he testified before the U.S. Congress that, were it up to him what to do with nuclear powered ships, he "would sink them all." At

6844-433: The U.S. Navy's continuing record of zero reactor accidents (defined as the uncontrolled release of fission products to the environment resulting from damage to a reactor core). He made it a point to be aboard during the initial sea trial of almost every nuclear submarine completing its new-construction period. Following the Three Mile Island accident on March 28, 1979, Admiral Rickover was asked to testify before Congress in

6960-424: The U.S. Navy. President Reagan was not in attendance. Rickover has been called "the most famous and controversial admiral of his era." He was hyperactive, blunt, confrontational, insulting, and a workaholic, always demanding of others without regard for rank or position. Moreover, he had "little tolerance for mediocrity, none for stupidity." Even while a captain, Rickover did not conceal his opinions, and many of

7076-434: The US$ 30 million Boxer indemnity allotted to the United States was excessive. After much negotiation with Qing ambassador Liang Cheng , president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt obtained approval from the United States Congress in 1909 to reduce the indemnity payment by US$ 10.8 million, on the condition that the funds would be used as scholarships for Chinese students to study in the United States. Using this fund,

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7192-514: The United States national and global future," Rickover founded the Center for Excellence in Education following his retirement in 1983. Additionally, Rickover founded the Research Science Institute (formerly the Rickover Science Institute) in 1984, a summer science program hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for high school seniors from around the world. In the early 1980s, structural welding flaws in submarines under construction were covered up by falsified inspection records, and

7308-502: The United States, Rickover developed a decades-long and outspoken interest in the educational standards of the US as being a national security issue, particularly as compared during the Cold War era to Soviet Russia . An example of his passion for education from his 1959 Report on Russia in the context of comparative educational systems: There is no room here (in nuclear powerplant development) for lofty theories which do not work out in practice. We would not get anywhere if we had

7424-416: The admiral's nearly insubordinate stance against paying the General Dynamics submarine construction claims, as well as his advanced age and waning political leverage. On July 27, 1981, Lehman was handed the final impetus for ending Rickover's career by way of an operational error on the admiral's part: a "moderate" loss of ship control and depth excursion while performing a submerged "crash back" maneuver during

7540-607: The building, who interceded successfully on his behalf. From 1929 to 1933, Rickover qualified for submarine duty and command aboard the submarines S-9 and S-48 . While aboard S-48 he was addressed a letter of commendation from the Secretary of the Navy "for rescuing Augustin Pasis… from drowning at the Submarine Base, Coco Solo , Canal Zone ." While at the Office of the Inspector of Naval Material in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania in 1933, Rickover translated Das Unterseeboot ( The Submarine ) by World War I German Imperial Navy Admiral Hermann Bauer . Rickover's translation became

7656-491: The conclusion that the man was best understood with respect to a guiding principle that Rickover invoked foremost for both himself and those who served in the U.S. Navy's nuclear propulsion program: "exercise of the concept of responsibility." This is further evidenced by Rickover listing responsibility as his first principle in his final-years paper and speech, Thoughts on Man's Purpose in Life. Rickover's stringent standards are largely credited with being responsible for

7772-417: The conflict between Chinese and Japanese forces. On September 25, Rickover was promoted to lieutenant commander, retroactive to July 1. In October, his designation as an engineering duty officer became effective, and he was relieved of his three-month command of Finch at Shanghai on October 5, 1937. Rickover was assigned to the Cavite Navy Yard in the Philippines, and was transferred shortly thereafter to

7888-510: The end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, China experienced a communist revolution leading to the creation of the People's Republic of China. Tsinghua University's then president Mei Yiqi , along with many professors, fled to Taiwan with the retreating Nationalist government . They established the National Tsing Hua Institute of Nuclear Technology in 1955, which later became the National Tsing Hua University in Taiwan, an institution independent and distinct from Tsinghua University. In 1952,

8004-433: The end of the war he had won the rank of captain. He had also won a reputation as a man who gets things done. In December 1945, Rickover was appointed Inspector General of the 19th Fleet on the west coast, and was assigned to work with General Electric at Schenectady , New York , to develop a nuclear propulsion plant for destroyers. In 1946, an initiative was begun at the Manhattan Project 's Clinton Laboratory (now

8120-454: The first chapter in India in the city of Chennai, It was called Research Science Initiative-Chennai. It is an intensive four-week program held at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras. This was in collaboration with the PSBB Group of Schools, IIT Madras, Chennai Mathematical Institute, SASTRA University and other leading institutions in the fields of science and technology. This was with the support of all secondary schools in Chennai from where

8236-504: The first university to do so following the Ministry of Education 's 1952 directive to begin piloting such programs. As political counselors, new graduates who were also Communist Party members worked as political counselors in managing the student body and student organizations, often simultaneously serving as Communist Youth League secretaries. The program was later expanded to other universities following its endorsement by Deng Xiaoping and became further institutionalized across China in

8352-588: The general context of answering the question as to why naval nuclear propulsion had succeeded in achieving a record of zero reactor-accidents, as opposed to the dramatic one that had just taken place. The accident-free record of United States Navy reactor operations stands in some very stark contrast to those of the Soviet Union, which had fourteen known reactor accidents . As stated in a retrospective analysis in October 2007: U.S. submarines far outperformed

8468-409: The job; and too few ships to cover a sea so great, all resulting in cynicism, exhaustion, and an undercurrent of defeatism. The cult created by Admiral Rickover was itself a major obstacle to recovery, entwining nearly all the issues of culture and policy within the navy. Secretary Lehman eventually attained enough political clout to enforce his decision to retire Rickover. This was in part assisted by

8584-556: The largest budget of any university in China. According to a 2018 Financial Times report, Tsinghua University has been linked to cyber-espionage . In 2024, Tsinghua announced that its office of the university president had merged into the university's Chinese Communist Party committee, which would directly administer the university henceforth. Tsinghua University engages in extensive research and offers 51 bachelor's degree programs, 139 master's degree programs, and 107 doctoral programs through 20 colleges and 57 departments covering

8700-478: The longest-serving naval officer, as well as the longest-serving member of the U.S armed forces in history. Having become a naval engineering duty officer (EDO) in 1937 after serving as both a surface ship and submarine-qualified unrestricted line officer , his substantial legacy of technical achievements includes the United States Navy's continuing record of zero reactor accidents. Rickover

8816-523: The loose, hazy thinking you encounter when you bring out the obvious failures of the American educational system. ... there are times when it is irresponsible to avoid criticizing something which one knows to be wrong and dangerous for the Nation as a whole. I feel that every one who has a position of responsibility in this country and who can see and understand what is happening not only has the right, he has

8932-529: The newly created regional QS BRICS University Rankings . Tsinghua graduates are highly desired worldwide; in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2017, Tsinghua was ranked 3rd in the world and 1st in the whole of Afro-Eurasia & Oceania region. In 2020, Tsinghua was ranked 15th in the world by QS World University Rankings , and ranked 6th globally and 1st in Asia in the QS Graduate Employability Rankings. As of 2023,

9048-458: The obligation and the duty to speak. ... This is why I feel so strongly about education—about our failure to give our children as good an education as they deserve and need. ... It is my considered opinion that there is no problem that faces the Congress or the country that is as important. Rickover believed that US standards of education were unacceptably low. His first book centered on education

9164-532: The officers whom he regarded as unintelligent eventually rose to be admirals and were assigned to the Pentagon. Rickover frequently found himself in bureaucratic combat with these senior naval officers, to the point that he almost missed becoming an admiral; two selection boards passed him over for promotion, and it took the intervention of the White House, U.S. Congress, and the Secretary of the Navy before he

9280-640: The program was attended each year by 40 Bulgarian students but now in accepts international students. In 2016 the Summer Research School was attended by 50 students, of whom 9 were international. The program is organized by the High School Student Institute of Mathematics and Informatics. The Science Research Programme in Singapore was modeled after RSI. Fields Medalist Terence Tao attended RSI in 1989. ActBlue

9396-710: The program, brings distinguished professors, scientists, and industry leaders in STEM, including a number of Nobel laureates , many of whom are RSI alumni, to speak to RSI students in evening lecture-style format. In recent years, the RSI Distinguished Lecture Series has included Nobel Prize-winning physicist Wolfgang Ketterle , Nobel Prize-winning chemist Dudley Herschbach , Nobel Prize-winning geneticist Phillip Sharp , evolutionary biologist Pardis Sabeti , mathematician and chess master Noam Elkies , Akamai Technologies co-founder and CEO Tom Leighton , and mathematician Michael Sipser . RSI's staff

9512-412: The pseudonym of "Liang Xiao". The pseudonym sounds like a person's name but is a homophone for "two schools". In the 1980s, Tsinghua evolved beyond the polytechnic model and incorporated a multidisciplinary system emphasizing collaboration between distinct schools within the broader university environment. Under this system, several schools have been re-incorporated, including Tsinghua Law School ,

9628-509: The radio. According to former President Jimmy Carter , several weeks following his retirement, Rickover "was invited to the Oval Office and decided to don his full dress uniform. He told me that he refused to take a seat, listened to the president [Reagan] ask him to be his special nuclear advisor, replied 'Mr. President, that is bullshit,' and then walked out." The Navy's official investigation of General Dynamics' Electric Boat division

9744-719: The resulting scandal led to significant delays and expenses in the delivery of several submarines being built at the General Dynamics Electric Boat Division shipyard in Groton, Connecticut . The yard tried to pass on the vast cost overruns to the Navy, while Rickover demanded that the yard make good on its "shoddy" workmanship. The Navy settled with General Dynamics in 1981, paying out $ 634 million of $ 843 million in Los Angeles -class submarine cost overrun and reconstruction claims. Secretary of

9860-507: The sea trials of the newly constructed USS  La Jolla . Rickover was the actual man-in-charge during this specific performance test, and his actions and inactions were judged to have been the causal factor. On January 31, 1982, five weeks after his 82nd birthday, Rickover was forced to retire from the Navy after 63 years of service under 13 presidents ( Woodrow Wilson through Ronald Reagan ). According to Rickover, he first learned of his firing when his wife told him what she heard on

9976-551: The staff was composed with previous Rickoids and CEE / Fudan affiliates from both the U.S. and China. Five years later, in 2011, another new program, the Saudi Research Science Institute, or SRSI, was founded, and held at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Thuwal, Saudi Arabia. In the first year of SRSI (2011), twenty-five scientifically talented students were selected and attended

10092-518: The students are from the United States and one-third from other countries) are selected to participate in the six-week summer program. More than 1,700 applications are received each year, making RSI one of the most selective summer programs in the United States. The first week of RSI is composed of tutorials and seminars on contemporary research of interest by esteemed Professors from top universities, many of whom are alumni. The next four weeks are centered on individual research projects through mentors in

10208-455: The students were selected. After a pilot program in 2009, it was expanded the following year with Ms. Joann P. DiGennaro presiding over the valediction. A similar program, Summer Research School in mathematics and informatics, has been running in Bulgaria since 2001. It is intended for high school students with profound interests in mathematics, informatics (computer science) and IT. At first,

10324-495: The tens of thousands; over 14,000 interviews were with recent college-graduates alone. The interviewees ranged from midshipmen and newly commissioned ensigns destined for nuclear-powered submarines and surface combatants, to very senior combat-experienced Naval Aviator captains who sought command of nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. The content of most of these interviews has been lost to history, though some were later chronicled in several books on Rickover's career, as well as in

10440-581: The university and institutions jointly established by the university and independent legal entities outside the university. As of 31 December 2022, Tsinghua University has 428 university-level scientific research institutions in operation. Tsinghua University ranked No. 1 in China, the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries according to the Times Higher Education , with its industry income, research, and teaching performance indicator placed at 1st, 4th and 9th respectively in

10556-551: The university community. As of 2018, Tsinghua University consists of 20 schools and 58 university departments, 41 research institutes, 35 research centers, and 167 laboratories, including 15 national key laboratories. In September 2006, the Peking Union Medical College , a renowned medical school, was renamed "Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University" although it and Tsinghua University are technically separate institutions. The university operates

10672-605: The war, his service as head of the Electrical Section in the Bureau of Ships brought him a Legion of Merit and gave him experience in directing large development programs, choosing talented technical people, and working closely with private industry. Time magazine featured him on the cover of its January 11, 1954 issue. The accompanying article described his wartime service: Sharp-tongued Hyman Rickover spurred his men to exhaustion, ripped through red tape, drove contractors into rages. He went on making enemies, but by

10788-632: The world . Internationally, Tsinghua was regarded as the most reputable Chinese university by the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings where, it has ranked 8th globally and 1st in the Asia-Pacific. Tsinghua University ranked 10 among Global Innovative Universities according to the World's Universities with Real Impact (WURI) 2020 ranking released by United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR). Since 2013, Tsinghua also topped

10904-747: The world after Harvard and Stanford based on the number of their scientific publications belonging to the top 1% in their fields. In November 2024, Clarivate Analytics ranked Tsinghua second in Afro-Eurasia & Oceania regions after Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and 4th in the world after (CAS, Harvard, and Stanford) for most cited researchers. As of 2021, it ranked 6th globally in "Education", 7th in "Clinical, pre-clinical and Health", 11th in "Business and Economics", 12th in "Computer Science", 13th in "Life Science", 17th in "Engineering and Technology", 18th in "Physical Science", 33th in "Social Science", 37th in "Law", and 40th in "Arts and Humanities" by

11020-506: The world to enroll in a one-year fully-funded master's degree leadership program designed to cultivate the next generation of global leaders. 40% students are selected from the United States, 20% students are selected from China, 40% are selected from rest of the world. These scholars reside on the university campus at Schwarzman College , a residential college built specifically for the program. In 2016, Tsinghua's expenditures were RMB 13.7 billion (US$ 3.57 billion at purchasing power parity),

11136-527: Was "the best choice for a reactor to demonstrate the production of electricity" with Rickover "having a going organization and a reactor project under way that now had no specific use to justify it." This was a reference to the first core used at Shippingport originating from a cancelled nuclear-powered aircraft carrier . This was accepted by Lewis Strauss and the Commission in January 1954. Rickover

11252-486: Was a collection of essays calling for improved standards of education, particularly in math and science, entitled Education and Freedom (1959). In it, he stated that "education is the most important problem facing the United States today" and "only the massive upgrading of the scholastic standards of our schools will guarantee the future prosperity and freedom of the Republic." A second book, Swiss Schools and Ours (1962)

11368-422: Was a scathing comparison of the educational systems of Switzerland and America. He argued that the higher standards of Swiss schools, including a longer school day and year, combined with an approach stressing student choice and academic specialization produced superior results. Recognizing that "nurturing careers of excellence and leadership in science and technology in young scholars is an essential investment in

11484-644: Was already under development in other countries. My assigned responsibility was to develop our nuclear navy. I managed to accomplish this. When he was a child still living in Russian-occupied Poland, Rickover was not allowed to attend public schools because of his Jewish faith. Starting at the age of four, he attended a religious school where the teaching was solely from the Tanakh , i.e., Old Testament , in Hebrew . Following his formal education in

11600-552: Was an admiral in the United States Navy . He directed the original development of naval nuclear propulsion and controlled its operations for three decades as director of the U.S. Naval Reactors office. In addition, he oversaw the development of the Shippingport Atomic Power Station , the world's first commercial pressurized water reactor used for generating electricity. Rickover is also one of four people who have been awarded two Congressional Gold Medals . Rickover

11716-570: Was anything but routine, and occurred only after an extraordinary chain of events: [Rickover's] peers in the Navy’s engineer branch thought to get rid of him through failure of promotion above captain. This would entail automatic retirement at the thirty-year mark. But someone made the case to the U.S. Senate, charged by the Constitution with formal confirmation of military promotions. In that year, 1953, two years before Nautilus first went to sea,

11832-402: Was appointed to the grade of admiral on the retired list so as to provide some clarity on this issue. This was also done to avoid affecting the maximum-authorized number of admirals (O-10) on the "active list." As head of Naval Reactors, Rickover's focus and responsibilities were dedicated to reactor safety rather than tactical or strategic submarine warfare training. However, this extreme focus

11948-606: Was assigned to the Atomic Energy Commission 's Division of Reactor Development, and then assumed control of the Navy's effort within the AEC as Director of the Naval Reactors Branch. This twin role enabled him to lead the effort to develop Nautilus . The original selection of Rickover as head of development of the nation's nuclear submarine program ultimately rested with Admiral Mills. According to Lieutenant General Leslie Groves , director of

12064-601: Was born Chaim Gdala Rykower to Abraham and Rachel/Ruchla Lea (nee Unger) Rykower, a Polish Jewish family from Maków Mazowiecki in Vistula Land . His parents changed his name to "Hyman" which is derived from Chayyim , meaning "life". He did not use his middle name Godalia (a form of Gedaliah ), but he substituted "George" when at the Naval Academy. Rickover made passage to New York City with his mother and sister in March 1906, fleeing anti-Semitic Russian pogroms during

12180-559: Was derived from a 1914 speech by prominent scholar and faculty member Liang Qichao , in which he quoted the I Ching to describe a notion of the ideal gentleman. In 1925, the school established its own four-year undergraduate program and started a research institute on Chinese studies. In 1928, the school changed its name to National Tsinghua University. During the Second Sino-Japanese War , many Chinese universities were forced to evacuate their campuses to avoid

12296-450: Was ended shortly afterward. According to Theodore Rockwell, Rickover's Technical Director for more than 15 years, more than one source at that time stated that General Dynamics officials were bragging around Washington that they had "gotten Rickover." On February 28, 1983, a post-retirement party honoring Admiral Rickover was attended by all three living former U.S. Presidents at the time: Nixon , Ford , and Carter, all formerly officers in

12412-488: Was established in Beijing during a tumultuous period of national upheaval and conflicts with foreign powers which culminated in the Boxer Rebellion , an uprising against foreign influence in China. After the suppression of the revolt by a foreign alliance including the United States, the ruling Qing dynasty was required to pay indemnities to alliance members. United States Secretary of State John Hay suggested that

12528-546: Was formally established on 8 July 2015, has stipulated in the committee's charter that students should be consulted through the ACUC for resolutions involving undergraduate students. From then on, Tsinghua commenced a new round of academic reform lasting ever since, including establishing GPA grading system, adding the writing classes, critical thinking classes, second foreign languages classes into curriculum, requiring undergrads to be able to swim before graduation, cooperating with

12644-558: Was founded by two 1994 RSI participants, Benjamin Rahn and Matt DeBergalis. Pinterest co-founder Ben Silbermann and American physicist Jeremy England attended RSI in 1998. Broad Institute and MIT neurobiologist, optogenetics pioneer, developer of the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing method, and "35 Innovators Under 35" laureate Feng Zhang attended RSI in 1999. As of 2022, 191 finalists, 697 semifinalists, and 12 1st-place winners in

12760-556: Was later publicly announced by a former General Dynamics employee on 60 Minutes with Mike Wallace that Rickover was right that General Dynamics was lying to the Navy, but by then Rickover's public image was already damaged. A Navy Ad Hoc Gratuities Board determined that Rickover had received gifts from General Dynamics over a 16-year period valued at $ 67,628, including jewelry, furniture, exotic knives, and gifts that Rickover had in turn presented to politicians. Charges were investigated that gifts were provided by General Electric and

12876-491: Was made a temporary captain . In late 1944 he appealed for a transfer to an active command. He was sent to investigate inefficiencies at the naval supply depot at Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania , then was appointed in July 1945 to command of a ship repair facility on Okinawa . Shortly thereafter, his command was destroyed by Typhoon Louise , and he subsequently spent some time helping to teach school to Okinawan children. Later in

12992-414: Was promoted to vice admiral in 1958, the same year that he was awarded the first of two Congressional Gold Medals . He exercised tight control for the next three decades over the ships, technology, and personnel of the nuclear Navy, interviewing and approving or denying every prospective officer being considered for a nuclear ship. Over the course of Rickover's career, these personal interviews numbered in

13108-466: Was promoted. Rickover's military authority and congressional mandate were absolute with regard to the U.S. fleet's reactor operations, but his controlling personality was frequently a subject of internal Navy controversy. He was head of the Naval Reactors branch, and thus responsible for signing off on a crew's competence to operate the reactor safely, giving him the power to effectively remove

13224-468: Was shown by the fact that the title of Carter's autobiography was based on a question that Rickover had asked Carter when the latter was in the Navy ("Why Not The Best?"). However, Secretary of the Navy John Lehman felt that Rickover was hindering the well-being of the navy. As Lehman stated in his book, Command of the Seas : One of my first orders of business as Secretary of the Navy would be to solve ...

13340-464: Was the driving force for shifting the Navy's initial focus from applications on destroyers to submarines. Rickover's vision was not initially shared by his immediate superiors: he was recalled from Oak Ridge and assigned "advisory duties" with an office in an abandoned ladies' room in the Navy Building. He subsequently went around several layers of superior officers, and in 1947 went directly to

13456-556: Was well known during Rickover's era as a potential hindrance to balancing operational priorities. One way that this was addressed after Rickover retired was that only the very strongest, former at-sea submarine commanders have held Rickover's now unique eight-year position as NAVSEA-08 , the longest chartered tenure in the U.S. military. From Rickover's first replacement, Kinnaird R. McKee , to today's head of Naval Reactors, William J. Houston , all have held command of nuclear submarines, their squadrons and ocean fleets, but none have been

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