The Resource Description Framework ( RDF ) is a method to describe and exchange graph data. It was originally designed as a data model for metadata by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). It provides a variety of syntax notations and data serialization formats, of which the most widely used is Turtle (Terse RDF Triple Language).
89-527: RDF is a directed graph composed of triple statements. An RDF graph statement is represented by: (1) a node for the subject, (2) an arc from subject to object, representing a predicate, and (3) a node for the object. Each of these parts can be identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI). An object can also be a literal value. This simple, flexible data model has a lot of expressive power to represent complex situations, relationships, and other things of interest, while also being appropriately abstract. RDF
178-422: A direct successor of x and x is said to be a direct predecessor of y . If a path leads from x to y , then y is said to be a successor of x and reachable from x , and x is said to be a predecessor of y . The arc ( y , x ) is called the reversed arc of ( x , y ) . The adjacency matrix of a multidigraph with loops is the integer-valued matrix with rows and columns corresponding to
267-409: A labeled , directed multigraph . This makes an RDF data model better suited to certain kinds of knowledge representation than other relational or ontological models. As RDFS , OWL and SHACL demonstrate, one can build additional ontology languages upon RDF. The initial RDF design, intended to "build a vendor-neutral and operating system- independent system of metadata", derived from
356-586: A URI could represent absolutely anything. However, there is broad agreement that a bare URI (without a # symbol) which returns a 300-level coded response when used in an HTTP GET request should be treated as denoting the internet resource that it succeeds in accessing. Therefore, producers and consumers of RDF statements must agree on the semantics of resource identifiers. Such agreement is not inherent to RDF itself, although there are some controlled vocabularies in common use, such as Dublin Core Metadata, which
445-611: A completely different user experience based on which site they were on. Examples are handling of right-to-left or bi-directional text, user interface widgets, bugs and web standards violations in Trident, etc. On top of this, Netscape Browser 8 even broke Internet Explorer's ability to open XML files by damaging a Windows Registry key, and would do so every time it was opened, even if the user fixed it manually. AOL's acquisition of Netscape Communications in November 1998 made it less of
534-477: A compressed format to increase effective speeds up to 1300 kbit/s (average 500 kbit/s). The Internet service provider was later run by Verizon under the Netscape brand. The low-cost ISP was officially launched on January 8, 2004. Netscape drove much traffic from various links included in the browser menus to its web properties. Some say it was very late to leverage this traffic for what would become
623-462: A distinguished root vertex . Netscape Communications Corporation Netscape Communications Corporation (originally Mosaic Communications Corporation ) was an American independent computer services company with headquarters in Mountain View, California , and then Dulles, Virginia . Its Netscape web browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors in
712-472: A higher priority on adding new features than on making their products work properly. Netscape experienced its first bad quarter at the end of 1997 and underwent a large round of layoffs in January 1998. Former Netscape executives Mike Homer and Peter Currie have described this period as "hectic and crazy" and that the company was undone by factors both internal and external. In January 1998, Netscape started
801-583: A legal challenge from the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (makers of NCSA Mosaic ), which many of Netscape's founders used to develop, led to the name Netscape Navigator. The company's name also changed from Mosaic Communications Corporation to Netscape Communications Corporation. The browser was easily the most advanced available and so was an instant success, becoming a market leader while still in beta. Netscape's feature-count and market share continued to grow rapidly after version 1.0
890-403: A narrower definition that does not allow directed graphs to have loops. Directed graphs without loops may be called simple directed graphs , while directed graphs with loops may be called loop-digraphs (see section Types of directed graph ). An arc ( x , y ) is considered to be directed from x to y ; y is called the head and x is called the tail of the arc; y is said to be
979-546: A number of country-specific Netscape portals, including Netscape Canada among others. The portal of Netscape Germany was shut down in June 2008. The Netscape Blog was written by Netscape employees discussing the latest on Netscape products and services. Netscape NewsQuake (formerly Netscape Reports ) is Netscape's news and opinion blog, including video clips and discussions. As of January 2012 , no new posts have been made on either of these blogs since August 2008. Netscape created
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#17327723153091068-678: A part of the Windows 95 Plus Pack add-on. According to former Spyglass developer Eric Sink, Internet Explorer was based not on NCSA Mosaic as commonly believed, but on a version of Mosaic developed at Spyglass (which itself was based upon NCSA Mosaic). This period of time would become known as the browser wars . Netscape Navigator was not free to the general public until January 1998, while Internet Explorer and Internet Information Server have always been free or came bundled with an operating system and/or other applications. Meanwhile, Netscape faced increasing criticism for " featuritis " – putting
1157-547: A product that was similar to Nintendo. Clark recruited other early team members from SGI and NCSA Mosaic . Jim Barksdale came on board as CEO in January 1995. Jim Clark and Marc Andreessen originally created a 20-page concept pitch for an online gaming network to Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 console, but a deal was never reached. Marc Andreessen explains, "If they had shipped a year earlier, we probably would have done that instead of Netscape." The company's first product
1246-425: A set of vertices connected by directed edges , often called arcs . In formal terms, a directed graph is an ordered pair G = ( V , A ) where It differs from an ordinary or undirected graph , in that the latter is defined in terms of unordered pairs of vertices, which are usually called edges , links or lines . The aforementioned definition does not allow a directed graph to have multiple arrows with
1335-450: A single scope identifier to be associated with a statement that has not been assigned a URI, itself. Likewise named graphs in which a set of triples is named by a URI can represent context without the need to reify the triples. The predominant query language for RDF graphs is SPARQL . SPARQL is an SQL -like language, and a recommendation of the W3C as of January 15, 2008. The following
1424-542: A statement can be associated with a context, named by a URI, in order to assert an "is true in" relationship. As another example, it is sometimes convenient to group statements by their source, which can be identified by a URI, such as the URI of a particular RDF/XML document. Then, when updates are made to the source, corresponding statements can be changed in the model, as well. Implementation of scopes does not necessarily require fully reified statements. Some implementations allow
1513-537: A surprise when the company laid off the Netscape team and outsourced development to Mercurial Communications. Netscape Browser 8.1.3 was released on April 2, 2007, and included general bug fixes identified in versions 8.0–8.1.2 Netscape Navigator 9 's features were said to include newsfeed support and become more integrated with the Propeller Internet portal, alongside more enhanced methods of discussion, submission and voting on web pages. It also sees
1602-500: A traditional news portal, and rebranded the social news portal as "Propeller", moving the site to the domain "propeller.com." AOL shut down the Propeller website on October 1, 2010. Netscape operated a search engine, Netscape Search, which now redirects to AOL Search (which itself now merely serves Bing (formerly Google ) search results). Another version of Netscape Search was incorporated into Propeller. Netscape also operated
1691-451: A type of database called a triplestore . The subject of an RDF statement is either a uniform resource identifier (URI) or a blank node , both of which denote resources . Resources indicated by blank nodes are called anonymous resources. They are not directly identifiable from the RDF statement. The predicate is a URI which also indicates a resource, representing a relationship. The object
1780-619: A version of Netscape FastTrack Server was made available for Windows 95/98. Today, most of Netscape's server offerings live on as the Sun Java System , formerly under the Sun ONE branding. Although Netscape Browser 8 was Windows only, multi-platform support exists in the Netscape Navigator 9 series of browsers. Netscape ISP was a dial-up Internet service once offered at US$ 9.95 per month. The company served web pages in
1869-462: A vertex with deg ( v ) = 0 is called a sink , since it is the end of each of its incoming arcs. The degree sum formula states that, for a directed graph, If for every vertex v ∈ V , deg ( v ) = deg ( v ) , the graph is called a balanced directed graph . The degree sequence of a directed graph is the list of its indegree and outdegree pairs; for the above example we have degree sequence ((2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2), (1, 1)). The degree sequence
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#17327723153091958-440: A vertex, the number of head ends adjacent to a vertex is called the indegree of the vertex and the number of tail ends adjacent to a vertex is its outdegree (called branching factor in trees). Let G = ( V , E ) and v ∈ V . The indegree of v is denoted deg ( v ) and its outdegree is denoted deg ( v ). A vertex with deg ( v ) = 0 is called a source , as it is the origin of each of its outcoming arcs. Similarly,
2047-580: A web browser. Other controversial decisions include the browser only being released for Microsoft Windows and featuring both the Gecko rendering engine of previous releases and the Trident engine used in Internet Explorer, and switching between them based on a "compatibility list" that came with the browser. This effectively exposed users to the security vulnerabilities in both and resulted in
2136-432: Is SHACL (Shapes Constraint Language). SHACL specification is divided in two parts: SHACL Core and SHACL-SPARQL. SHACL Core consists of a list of built-in constraints such as cardinality, range of values and many others. SHACL-SPARQL describes SPARQL-based constraints and an extension mechanism to declare new constraint components. Other non-standard ways to describe and validate RDF graphs include: The following example
2225-410: Is a URI, blank node or a Unicode string literal . As of RDF 1.1 resources are identified by Internationalized Resource Identifiers (IRIs); IRI are a generalization of URI. In Semantic Web applications, and in relatively popular applications of RDF like RSS and FOAF (Friend of a Friend), resources tend to be represented by URIs that intentionally denote, and can be used to access, actual data on
2314-534: Is a directed graph invariant so isomorphic directed graphs have the same degree sequence. However, the degree sequence does not, in general, uniquely identify a directed graph; in some cases, non-isomorphic digraphs have the same degree sequence. The directed graph realization problem is the problem of finding a directed graph with the degree sequence a given sequence of positive integer pairs. (Trailing pairs of zeros may be ignored since they are trivially realized by adding an appropriate number of isolated vertices to
2403-607: Is an example of a SPARQL query to show country capitals in Africa, using a fictional ontology: Other non-standard ways to query RDF graphs include: SHACL Advanced Features specification (W3C Working Group Note), the most recent version of which is maintained by the SHACL Community Group defines support for SHACL Rules, used for data transformations, inferences and mappings of RDF based on SHACL shapes. The predominant language for describing and validating RDF graphs
2492-410: Is based on the idea of making statements about resources (in particular web resources) in expressions of the form subject – predicate – object , known as triples . The subject denotes the resource; the predicate denotes traits or aspects of the resource, and expresses a relationship between the subject and the object . For example, one way to represent the notion "The sky has
2581-521: Is partially mapped to a URI space for use in RDF. The intent of publishing RDF-based ontologies on the Web is often to establish, or circumscribe, the intended meanings of the resource identifiers used to express data in RDF. For example, the URI: http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-owl-guide-20040210/wine#Merlot is intended by its owners to refer to the class of all Merlot red wines by vintner (i.e., instances of
2670-401: Is rather a URI reference , containing the '#' character and ending with a fragment identifier . The body of knowledge modeled by a collection of statements may be subjected to reification , in which each statement (that is each triple subject-predicate-object altogether) is assigned a URI and treated as a resource about which additional statements can be made, as in " Jane says that John
2759-416: Is significantly belated. Internet security site Security Watch stated that a trend of infrequent security updates for AOL's Netscape caused the browser to become a "security liability", specifically the 2005–2007 versions, Netscape Browser 8 . Asa Dotzler, one of Firefox's original bug testers, greeted the news with "good riddance" in his blog post, but praised the various members of the Netscape team over
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2848-519: Is some resource or literal. More statements about the original statement may also exist, depending on the application's needs. Borrowing from concepts available in logic (and as illustrated in graphical notations such as conceptual graphs and topic maps ), some RDF model implementations acknowledge that it is sometimes useful to group statements according to different criteria, called situations , contexts , or scopes , as discussed in articles by RDF specification co-editor Graham Klyne . For example,
2937-480: Is taken from the W3C website describing a resource with statements "there is a Person identified by http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me, whose name is Eric Miller, whose email address is e.miller123(at)example (changed for security purposes), and whose title is Dr." The resource "http://www.w3.org/People/EM/contact#me" is the subject. The objects are: The subject is a URI. The predicates also have URIs. For example,
3026-431: Is the author of document X". Reification is sometimes important in order to deduce a level of confidence or degree of usefulness for each statement. In a reified RDF database, each original statement, being a resource, itself, most likely has at least three additional statements made about it: one to assert that its subject is some resource, one to assert that its predicate is some resource, and one to assert that its object
3115-487: Is used as a foundation for RDF Schema , where it is extended. Several common serialization formats are in use, including: RDF/XML is sometimes misleadingly called simply RDF because it was introduced among the other W3C specifications defining RDF and it was historically the first W3C standard RDF serialization format. However, it is important to distinguish the RDF/XML format from the abstract RDF model itself. Although
3204-545: Is used to power the Mozilla Foundation's Firefox browser. In addition to browsers, Netscape developed a suite of award-winning server software, known as SuiteSpot, to power enterprise Internet and Intranet websites, forums, and email; e-commerce software; and a consumer web portal named Netcenter. Netscape's browser development continued until December 2007, when AOL announced that the company would stop supporting it by early 2008. As of 2024, AOL continues to use
3293-507: The JavaScript web page scripting language. It also pioneered the development of push technology , which effectively allowed websites to send regular updates of information (weather, stock updates, package tracking, etc.) directly to a user's desktop (aka "webtop"); Netscape's implementation of this was named Netcaster. However, businesses quickly recognized the use of push technology to deliver ads to users, which annoyed them, so Netcaster
3382-568: The Mozilla Organization was formed and largely funded by Netscape (the vast majority of programmers working on the code were paid by Netscape) to coordinate the development of Netscape 5 (codenamed "Gromit"), which would be based on the Communicator source code. However, the aging Communicator code proved difficult to work with and the decision was taken to scrap Netscape 5 and re-write the source code. The re-written source code
3471-675: The Propeller web portal , which was a popular social-news site, similar to Digg , which was given a new look in June 2006. AOL marketed a discount ISP service under the Netscape brand name. A new version of the Netscape browser, Netscape Navigator 9 , based on Firefox 2, was released in October 2007. It featured a green and grey interface. In November 2007, IE had 77.4% of the browser market, Firefox 16.0%, and Netscape 0.6%, according to Net Applications, an Internet metrics firm. On December 28, 2007, AOL announced that it would drop support for
3560-608: The University of Michigan . In 1999, the W3C published the first recommended RDF specification, the Model and Syntax Specification ("RDF M&S"). This described RDF's data model and an XML serialization. Two persistent misunderstandings about RDF developed at this time: firstly, due to the MCF influence and the RDF "Resource Description" initialism, the idea that RDF was specifically for use in representing metadata; secondly that RDF
3649-458: The dot-com bubble . It is alleged that several Microsoft executives visited the Netscape campus in June 1995 to propose dividing the market (an allegation denied by Microsoft and, if true, would have breached antitrust laws), which would have allowed Microsoft to produce web browser software for Windows while leaving all other operating systems to Netscape. Netscape refused the proposition. Microsoft released version 1.0 of Internet Explorer as
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3738-410: The first browser war , with its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s to less than one percent in 2006. An early Netscape employee, Brendan Eich , created the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages. A founding engineer of Netscape, Lou Montulli , created HTTP cookies . The company also developed SSL which
3827-616: The open source Mozilla project. Netscape publicly released the source code of Netscape Communicator 5.0 under the Netscape Public License , which was similar to the GNU General Public License but allowed Netscape to continue to publish proprietary work containing the publicly released code. The United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust case against Microsoft in May 1998. Netscape
3916-633: The Mac platform until version 4.5. Despite this, Apple entered into an agreement with Microsoft to make IE the default browser on new Mac OS installations, a further blow to Netscape's prestige. The Communicator suite was made up of Netscape Navigator, Netscape Mail & Newsgroups , Netscape Address Book and Netscape Composer (an HTML editor). On January 22, 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation announced that all future versions of its software would be available free of charge and developed by an open source community, Mozilla. Netscape Communicator 5.0
4005-408: The Netscape 7 series of suites being fully supported and updated by Netscape's in-house development team. Between 2005 and 2007, Netscape's releases became known as Netscape Browser . AOL chose to base Netscape Browser on the relatively successful Mozilla Firefox , a re-written version of Mozilla produced by the Mozilla Foundation. This release is not a full Internet suite as before, but is solely
4094-592: The Netscape brand to market a discount Internet service provider, which itself continues to provide a Chromium -based web browser called Netscape, developed by UK security firm SentryBay. Netscape Communications wants you to forget all the highway metaphors you've ever heard about the Internet. Instead, think about an encyclopedia—one with unlimited, graphically rich pages, connections to E-mail and files, and access to Internet newsgroups and online shopping. — Netscape Navigator , Macworld (May 1995) Netscape
4183-538: The Netscape web browser and would no longer develop new releases on February 1, 2008. The date was later extended to March 1 to allow a major security update and to add a tool to assist users in migrating to other browsers. These additional features were included in the final version of Netscape Navigator 9 (version 9.0.0.6), released on February 20, 2008. Netscape Navigator was Netscape's web browser from versions 1.0–4.8. The first beta versions were released in 1994 and were called Mosaic and later Mosaic Netscape. Then,
4272-466: The RDF/XML format is still in use, other RDF serializations are now preferred by many RDF users, both because they are more human-friendly, and because some RDF graphs are not representable in RDF/XML due to restrictions on the syntax of XML QNames . With a little effort, virtually any arbitrary XML may also be interpreted as RDF using GRDDL (pronounced 'griddle'), Gleaning Resource Descriptions from Dialects of Languages. RDF triples may be stored in
4361-645: The URI for each predicate: In addition, the subject has a type (with URI http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type), which is person (with URI http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/contact#Person). Therefore, the following "subject, predicate, object" RDF triples can be expressed: In standard N-Triples format, this RDF can be written as: Equivalently, it can be written in standard Turtle (syntax) format as: Or, it can be written in RDF/XML format as: Certain concepts in RDF are taken from logic and linguistics , where subject-predicate and subject-predicate-object structures have meanings similar to, yet distinct from,
4450-629: The W3C's Platform for Internet Content Selection (PICS), an early web content labelling system, but the project was also shaped by ideas from Dublin Core , and from the Meta Content Framework (MCF), which had been developed during 1995 to 1997 by Ramanathan V. Guha at Apple and Tim Bray at Netscape . A first public draft of RDF appeared in October 1997, issued by a W3C working group that included representatives from IBM , Microsoft , Netscape , Nokia , Reuters , SoftQuad , and
4539-499: The World Wide Web. But RDF, in general, is not limited to the description of Internet-based resources. In fact, the URI that names a resource does not have to be dereferenceable at all. For example, a URI that begins with "http:" and is used as the subject of an RDF statement does not necessarily have to represent a resource that is accessible via HTTP , nor does it need to represent a tangible, network-accessible resource — such
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#17327723153094628-448: The above URI each represent the class of all wine produced by a single vintner), a definition which is expressed by the OWL ontology — itself an RDF document — in which it occurs. Without careful analysis of the definition, one might erroneously conclude that an instance of the above URI was something physical, instead of a type of wine. Note that this is not a 'bare' resource identifier, but
4717-478: The alliance was ended, "iPlanet became a division of Sun... Sun retained the intellectual property rights for all products and the engineering" On July 15, 2003, Time Warner (formerly AOL Time Warner) disbanded Netscape. Most of the programmers were laid-off, and the Netscape logo was removed from the building. However, the Netscape 7.2 web browser (developed in-house rather than with Netscape staff, with some work outsourced to Sun's Beijing development center )
4806-423: The browser return to multi-platform support across Windows , Linux and Mac OS X . Like Netscape version 8.x, the new release was based upon the popular Mozilla Firefox (version 2.0), and supposedly had full support of all Firefox add-ons and plugins , some of which Netscape was already providing. A beta of the program was first released on June 5, 2007. The final version was released on October 15, 2007. It
4895-492: The color blue" in RDF is as the triple: a subject denoting "the sky", a predicate denoting "has the color", and an object denoting "blue". Therefore, RDF uses subject instead of object (or entity ) in contrast to the typical approach of an entity–attribute–value model in object-oriented design : entity (sky), attribute (color), and value (blue). RDF is an abstract model with several serialization formats (being essentially specialized file formats ). In addition
4984-439: The community. AOL reversed the decision and allowed Netscape to reinstate the popup-blocker for Netscape 7.01. Netscape also introduced a new AOL-free-version (without the usual AOL add-ons) of the browser suite. Netscape 7.1 (codenamed "Buffy" and based on Mozilla 1.4) was released in June 2003. In 2003, AOL closed down its Netscape division and laid-off or reassigned all of Netscape's employees. Mozilla.org continued, however, as
5073-537: The company was formed. The stock was set to be offered at US$ 14 per share, but a last-minute decision doubled the initial offering to US$ 28 per share. The stock's value soared to US$ 75 during the first day of trading, nearly a record for first-day gain. The stock closed at US$ 58.25, which gave Netscape a market value of US$ 2.9 billion. While it was somewhat unusual for a company to go public prior to becoming profitable, Netscape's revenues had, in fact, doubled every quarter in 1995. The success of this IPO subsequently inspired
5162-588: The directed graph.) A sequence which is the degree sequence of some directed graph, i.e. for which the directed graph realization problem has a solution, is called a directed graphic or directed graphical sequence. This problem can either be solved by the Kleitman–Wang algorithm or by the Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem . A directed graph is weakly connected (or just connected ) if the undirected underlying graph obtained by replacing all directed edges of
5251-582: The entire browser's source code based on the Gecko rendering engine , and all future Netscape releases were based on this rewritten code. When AOL scaled back its involvement with Mozilla Organization in the early 2000s, the Organization proceeded to establish the Mozilla Foundation in July 2003 to ensure its continued independence with financial and other assistance from AOL. The Gecko engine
5340-563: The existing site in September 2007. Netscape.com now redirects to AOL's website, with no Netscape branding at all. Meanwhile, Netscape.co.uk now redirects to AOL Search, also with no Netscape branding at all. DMOZ (from d irectory. moz illa.org, its original domain name , also known as the Open Directory Project or ODP ), was a multilingual open content directory of World Wide Web links owned by Netscape that
5429-412: The form of Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0. But Netscape remained the most popular browser at that time. Netscape also released a Gold version of Navigator 3.0 that incorporated WYSIWYG editing with drag and drop between web editor and email components. Netscape 4 addressed the problem of Netscape Navigator being used as both the name of the suite and the browser contained within it by renaming
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#17327723153095518-402: The graph with undirected edges is a connected graph . A directed graph is strongly connected or strong if it contains a directed path from x to y (and from y to x ) for every pair of vertices ( x , y ) . The strong components are the maximal strongly connected subgraphs. A connected rooted graph (or flow graph ) is one where there exists a directed path to every vertex from
5607-532: The independent Mozilla Foundation , taking on many of Netscape's ex-employees. AOL continued to develop Netscape in-house (with help from Sun's Beijing development center ), but, due to there being no staff committed to it, improvements were minimal. One year later, in August 2004, the last version based on Mozilla was released: Netscape 7.2, based on Mozilla 1.7.2. After an official poll posted on Netscape's community support board in late 2006, speculation arose of
5696-747: The particular encoding for resources or triples can vary from format to format. This mechanism for describing resources is a major component in the W3C's Semantic Web activity: an evolutionary stage of the World Wide Web in which automated software can store, exchange, and use machine-readable information distributed throughout the Web, in turn enabling users to deal with the information with greater efficiency and certainty . RDF's simple data model and ability to model disparate, abstract concepts has also led to its increasing use in knowledge management applications unrelated to Semantic Web activity. A collection of RDF statements intrinsically represents
5785-449: The same source and target nodes, but some authors consider a broader definition that allows directed graphs to have such multiple arcs (namely, they allow the arc set to be a multiset ). Sometimes these entities are called directed multigraphs (or multidigraphs ). On the other hand, the aforementioned definition allows a directed graph to have loops (that is, arcs that directly connect nodes with themselves), but some authors consider
5874-558: The start of the major online portal wars. Netscape's exclusive features, such as the Netscape Blog, Netscape NewsQuake, Netscape Navigator, My Netscape and Netscape Community pages, are less accessible from the AOL Netscape designed portal and in some countries not accessible at all without providing a full URL or completing an Internet search . The new AOL Netscape site was originally previewed in August 2007 before moving
5963-413: The suite to Netscape Communicator. After five preview releases in 1996–1997, Netscape released the final version of Netscape Communicator in June 1997. This version, more or less based on Netscape Navigator 3 Code, updated and added new features. The new suite was successful, despite increasing competition from Internet Explorer (IE) 4.0 and problems with the outdated browser core. IE was slow and unstable on
6052-478: The use of the term "Netscape moment" to describe a high-visibility IPO that signals the dawn of a new industry. During this period, Netscape also pursued a publicity strategy (crafted by Rosanne Siino , then head of public relations) packaging Andreessen as the company's "rock star." The events of this period ultimately landed Andreessen, barefoot, on the cover of Time magazine. The IPO also helped kickstart widespread investment in internet companies that created
6141-458: The uses of those terms in RDF. This example demonstrates: In the English language statement 'New York has the postal abbreviation NY' , 'New York' would be the subject, 'has the postal abbreviation' the predicate and 'NY' the object. Directed graph In mathematics , and more specifically in graph theory , a directed graph (or digraph ) is a graph that is made up of
6230-420: The vertices, where a nondiagonal entry a ij is the number of arcs from vertex i to vertex j , and the diagonal entry a ii is the number of loops at vertex i . The adjacency matrix of a directed graph is a logical matrix , and is unique up to permutation of rows and columns. Another matrix representation for a directed graph is its incidence matrix . See direction for more definitions. For
6319-487: The world's number one web browser . A cartoon Godzilla -like lizard mascot was drawn by artist-employee Dave Titus, which went well with the theme of crushing the competition. The Mozilla mascot featured prominently on Netscape's website in the company's early years. However, the need to project a more "professional" image (especially towards corporate clients) led to this being removed. On August 9, 1995, Netscape made an extremely successful IPO , only sixteen months after
6408-412: The years for enabling the creation of Mozilla in 1998. Others protested and petitioned AOL to continue providing vital security fixes to unknowing or loyal users of its software, as well as protection of a well-known brand. On June 11, 2007, Netscape announced Netscape Mercury, a standalone email and news client that was to accompany Navigator 9. Mercury was based on Mozilla Thunderbird . The product
6497-469: Was adopted as a W3C recommendation in 1999. The RDF 1.0 specification was published in 2004, and the RDF 1.1 specification in 2014. SPARQL is a standard query language for RDF graphs. RDF Schema (RDFS), Web Ontology Language (OWL) and SHACL (Shapes Constraint Language) are ontology languages that are used to describe RDF data. The RDF data model is similar to classical conceptual modeling approaches (such as entity–relationship or class diagrams ). It
6586-483: Was also a trademark of Cisco Systems ) on November 14, 1994, to avoid trademark ownership problems with NCSA , where the initial Netscape employees had previously created the NCSA Mosaic web browser. The Mosaic Netscape web browser did not use any NCSA Mosaic code. The internal codename for the company's browser was Mozilla , which stood for "Mosaic killer", as the company's goal was to displace NCSA Mosaic as
6675-711: Was an XML format rather than a data model, and only the RDF/XML serialisation being XML-based. RDF saw little take-up in this period, but there was significant work done in Bristol , around ILRT at Bristol University and HP Labs , and in Boston at MIT . RSS 1.0 and FOAF became exemplar applications for RDF in this period. The recommendation of 1999 was replaced in 2004 by a set of six specifications: "The RDF Primer", "RDF Concepts and Abstract", "RDF/XML Syntax Specification (revised)", "RDF Semantics", "RDF Vocabulary Description Language 1.0", and "The RDF Test Cases". This series
6764-417: Was announced (codenamed "Gromit"). However, its release was greatly delayed, and meanwhile, there were newer versions of Internet Explorer, starting with version 4 . These had more features than the old Netscape version, including better support of HTML 4, CSS , DOM , and ECMAScript ; eventually, the more advanced Internet Explorer 5.0 became the market leader. In October 1998, Netscape Communicator 4.5
6853-552: Was in the form of the Mozilla web browser, on which, with a few additions, Netscape 6 was based. Netscape 7.0 (based on Mozilla 1.0.1) was released in August 2002 as a direct continuation of Netscape 6 with very similar components. It picked up a few users, but was still very much a minority browser. It did, however, come with the popular Radio@Netscape Internet radio client. AOL had decided to deactivate Mozilla's popup-blocker functionality in Netscape 7.0, which created an outrage in
6942-538: Was later renamed Netscape Messenger 9, and an alpha version was released. In December 2007, AOL announced it was canceling Netscape's development of Messenger 9 as well as Navigator 9. Netscape's initial product line consisted of: Netscape's later products included: Between June 2006 and September 2007, AOL operated Netscape's website as social news website similar to Digg . The format did not do well as traffic dropped 55.1 percent between November 2006 and August 2007. In September 2007, AOL reverted Netscape's website to
7031-440: Was not a plaintiff in the case, though its executives were subpoenaed and it contributed much material to the case, including the entire contents of the 'Bad Attitude' internal discussion forum. On November 24, 1998, America Online (AOL) announced it would acquire Netscape Communications in a tax-free stock-swap valued at US$ 4.2 billion. By the time the deal closed on March 17, 1999, it was valued at US$ 10 billion. This merger
7120-461: Was released by AOL on August 18, 2004. After the Sun acquisition by Oracle in January 2010, Oracle continued to sell iPlanet branded applications, which originated from Netscape. The Netscape brand name continued to be used extensively. The company once again had its own programming staff devoted to the development and support for the series of web browsers . Additionally, Netscape also maintained
7209-493: Was released. It featured various functionality improvements, especially in the Mail and Newsgroups component, but did not update the browser core, whose functionality was essentially identical to that of version 4.08. One month later, Netscape Communications Corporation was bought by AOL . In November, work on Netscape 5.0 was canceled in favor of developing a completely new program from scratch . In 1998, an informal group called
7298-428: Was released. Version 2.0 added a full email reader called Netscape Mail, thus transforming Netscape from a single-purpose web browser to an Internet suite . The email client's main distinguishing feature was its ability to display HTML email . During this period, the entire suite was called Netscape Navigator. Version 3.0 of Netscape (the first beta was codenamed "Atlas") was the first to face any serious competition in
7387-689: Was ridiculed by many who believed that the two corporate cultures could not possibly mesh; one of its most prominent critics was longtime Netscape developer Jamie Zawinski . During Netscape's acquisition by AOL, joint development and marketing of Netscape software products would occur through the Sun-Netscape Alliance. In the newly branded iPlanet, the software included "messaging and calendar, collaboration, web, application, directory, and certificate servers", as well as "production-ready applications for e-commerce, including commerce exchange, procurement, selling, and billing." In March 2002, when
7476-430: Was short-lived. Netscape was notable for its cross-platform efforts. Its client software continued to be made available for Windows ( 3.1 , 95 , 98 , NT ), Macintosh, Linux, OS/2 , BeOS , and many versions of Unix including DEC , Sun Solaris , BSDI , IRIX , IBM AIX , and HP-UX . Its server software generally was only available for Unix and Windows NT, though some of its servers were made available on Linux, and
7565-406: Was superseded in 2014 by the following six "RDF 1.1" documents: "RDF 1.1 Primer", "RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax", "RDF 1.1 XML Syntax", "RDF 1.1 Semantics", "RDF Schema 1.1", and "RDF 1.1 Test Cases". The vocabulary defined by the RDF specification is as follows: rdf:Statement , rdf:subject , rdf:predicate , rdf:object are used for reification (see below ). This vocabulary
7654-403: Was the first company to attempt to capitalize on the emerging World Wide Web . It was founded under the name Mosaic Communications Corporation on April 4, 1994, the brainchild of Jim Clark who had recruited Marc Andreessen as co-founder and Kleiner Perkins as investors. The first meeting between Clark and Andreessen was never truly about a software or service like Netscape, but more about
7743-481: Was the first time the browser was produced in-house with its own programming staff since 2004. AOL officially announced that support for Netscape Navigator would end on March 1, 2008, and recommended that its users download either the Flock or Firefox browsers, both of which were based on the same technology. The decision met mixed reactions from communities, with many arguing that the termination of product support
7832-449: Was the web browser, called Mosaic Netscape 0.9, released on October 13, 1994. Within four months of its release, it had already taken three-quarters of the browser market. It became the main browser for Internet users in such a short time due to its superiority over other competition, like Mosaic. This browser was subsequently renamed Netscape Navigator , and the company took the "Netscape" name (coined by employee Greg Sands, although it
7921-486: Was used for securing online communications before its successor TLS took over. Netscape stock traded from 1995 until 1999 when the company was acquired by AOL in a pooling-of-interests transaction ultimately worth US$ 10 billion. In February 1998, approximately one year prior to its acquisition by AOL, Netscape released the source code for its browser and created the Mozilla Organization to coordinate future development of its product. The Mozilla Organization rewrote
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