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59-814: Throughout much of the 20th century, the Jubaland region in present-day southern Somalia was part of the then british administered kenya Jubaland was subsequently ceded without the consultation or approval of the kenyan people directly or their representatives to Italy in 1924–25, as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I,[8] and had a brief existence as the Italian colony of Trans-Juba under governor (16 July 1924 – 31 December 1926) Corrado Zoli (1877–1951). Italy issued its first postage stamps for

118-508: A change from their traditional pastoralist lifestyle of livestock herding. By the late 1980s, the moral authority of Barre's government had collapsed. Many Somalis had become disillusioned with life under military dictatorship. The government became increasingly totalitarian , and resistance movements , encouraged by Ethiopia, sprang up across the country, eventually leading to the Somali Civil War and Barre's ouster. Following

177-726: A draft provisional constitution, which they overwhelming approved. On 15 May 2013, an overwhelming majority of 500 delegates elected Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) as the President of Jubaland. On 28 August 2013, the autonomous Jubaland administration signed a national reconciliation agreement in Addis Ababa with the Somali federal government . Endorsed by the federal State Minister for the Presidency Farah Abdulkadir on behalf of President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud ,

236-515: A mass exodus of Somali residents was reported. Hundreds of Somali entrepreneurs withdrew between Sh10 to Sh40 billion from their bank accounts in Kenya, with the intention of reinvesting most of that money back home in Somalia. The collective departures most affected Eastleigh's real estate sector, as landlords struggled to find Kenyans able to afford the high rates of the apartments and shops vacated by

295-447: A military operation. KDF soldiers subsequently burned down the local market and shot at a crowd of protesters, killing a woman and injuring 10 people. Another 35 residents were also receiving treatment at the provincial hospital after being assaulted by the soldiers, including a chief and two pupils. A group of MPs led by Farah Maalim accused Kenyan officers of inciting violence, raping women and shooting at students, and threatened to take

354-498: A route 28 mass transit mini-bus ( matatu ) in Eastleigh . The blast was believed to have been an improvised explosive device or bomb of some sort. Looting and destruction of Somali-owned homes and shops by angry mobs of young Kenyans ensued. Somalis defended their property, and interpreted the bus explosion as a pretext for non-Somalis to steal from their community. On 20 November 2012, Kenya Defence Forces (KDF) swooped on Garissa in

413-499: A security committee consisting of representatives from both administrations, which will facilitate launching joint counterinsurgency operations, extradition, and expertise and intelligence sharing. The two administrations also proposed the creation of an interstate commission to liaise between the federal government and constituent regional states. They likewise indicated that their respective Chambers of Commerce would buttress commercial exchanges and cross-border trade. In February 2015,

472-605: Is a Federal Member State in southern Somalia . Jubba River , stretching from Dolow to the Indian Ocean, while its western side flanks the North Eastern Province in Kenya , which was carved out of Jubaland during the colonial period . Jubaland has a total area of 110,293 km (42,584 sq mi). As of 2005, it had a total population of 953,045 inhabitants. the largest city Kismayo , which

531-675: Is a local grassroots development organisation in Jubaland. Death from hunger is a recurrent issue in Jubaland, including in 2017 and 2021. In 2022 Adar Ismail Jurati led a consultative meeting with government officials and people who perform female gential mutilation (FGM) with a view to stopping the practice in the Kismayo area. Local dances of Jubaland include the Saar . 2014 Gikomba bombings On 16 May 2014, two improvised explosive devices were detonated simultaneously in

590-553: Is an airport serving Bardera , a city in Jubaland Somalia . The airport resides at an elevation of 550 feet (168 m) above mean sea level . It has one runway designated 15/33 with a compacted sand surface measuring 1,300 by 30 metres (4,265 ft × 98 ft). Garbaharey Airport ( IATA : GBM) is an airport serving Garbaharey in Jubaland. The airport has one runway which is 1,050 metres (3,445 ft) long. Lugh Ganane Airport ( IATA : LGX , ICAO : HCMJ )

649-536: Is an airport serving Luuq , Jubaland, Somalia . The airport has one runway which is 1,120 metres (3,675 ft) long. Kismayo Airport ( IATA : KMU, ICAO: HCMK), also known as Kisimayu Airport, is an airport serving Kismayo in Jubaland Somalia. The airport resides at an elevation of 49 feet (15 m) above mean sea level . It has one asphalt paved runway designated 05/23 which is 3,688 metres (12,100 ft) long. Solidarity Group of Jubbaland (SGJ),

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708-714: Is attempting to build an even more multi-ethnic generation of fighters in the larger region. One such recent convert who helped carry out the Kampala bombings but now cooperates with the Kenyan police believes that in doing so, the group is essentially trying to use local Kenyans to do its "dirty work" for it while its core members escape unscathed. According to diplomats, Muslim areas in coastal Kenya and Tanzania , such as Mombasa and Zanzibar , are also especially vulnerable for recruitment. On 18 November 2012, 10 people were killed and 25 seriously injured when an explosion ripped apart

767-406: Is being pre-empted by the Kenyan officials. Kenya demanded Somalia to abandon its ICJ case for bilateral discussion. Somalia sees this as delaying tactics as discussion did not produce results between 2009 and 2014. Kenya gave mining rights to France and Italian companies in 2009, however, accused Somalia of doing the same. Somalia denied the accusation. This seems to create confusion. The only hope

826-620: Is for ICJ to make a binding decision. Also known as Battle of Rhamu , this brief armed conflict between Kenya and Somalia occurred when the latter invaded the Northern Frontier District on the eve of the Ogaden War . A force of 3000+ Somali soldiers supported by the Somali Air Force attacked a border post , killing a number of Kenyan police officers and soldiers . The Somali army did not occupy

885-554: Is situated on the coast in the Indian Ocean. Bardhere , Luuq , and Beled Haawo are the region's other principal settlements. Other cities such as Jamame and Jilib are currently occupied by Al-Shabaab . During the Middle Ages, the influential Somali Ajuran Sultanate held sway over the territory, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate . They were later incorporated into British East Africa . In 1925, Jubaland

944-499: The 1998 United States embassy bombings , and is the second deadliest overall, with more casualties than the 2002 Mombasa attacks , the 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack , the 2014 Nairobi bus bombings , the 2014 Gikomba bombings , the 2014 Mpeketoni attacks and the 2014 Lamu attacks . In October 2011, the coordinated Operation Linda Nchi between the Somali military and the Kenyan military began against Al-Shabaab. The mission

1003-708: The Italian Islands of the Aegean to Greece , but Benito Mussolini 's government rejected the quid pro quo . After the Corfu incident , British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald decided to cede Jubaland unconditionally to the Italian colonial empire . Jubaland was then incorporated into neighbouring Italian Somaliland on 30 June 1926. The boundary with Kenya was settled by the Jubaland Commission and

1062-516: The Italian colony of Trans-Juba ( Oltre Giuba ) under governor (16 July 1924 – 31 December 1926) Corrado Zoli (1877–1951). Italy issued its first postage stamps for the territory on 29 July 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba). Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD). Britain wanted to give Jubaland to Fascist Italy in exchange for returning

1121-631: The Juba Valley Alliance in 2001. On 18 June of that year, an 11-member inter-clan council decided to ally the JVA with the newly forming Transitional Federal Government . In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), an Islamist organization, assumed control of much of Jubaland and other parts of southern Somalia and promptly imposed Sharia law . The Transitional Federal Government sought to re-establish its authority, and, with

1180-708: The Kitui District in the Eastern Province clashed with the Kenyan Kamba community along the Kitui and Tana River boundary. The conflict was related to pastureland for livestock. The Garissa Massacre was a 1980 massacre of ethnic Somali residents by the Kenyan government in the Garissa District of the North Eastern Province . The incident occurred when government forces, acting on

1239-694: The Sultanate of Muscat (now in Oman ). The Geledi Sultanate that controlled this entire region later joined the Italian Somaliland protectorate after the Geledi ruler called Osman Ahmed signed multiple treaties with the colonial Italians. Jubaland was subsequently ceded to Italy in 1924–25, as a reward for the Italians having joined the Allies in World War I , and had a brief existence as

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1298-575: The Wagalla Airstrip . The facility is situated approximately 15 km (9 mi) west of the district capital of Wajir in the North Eastern Province , a region primarily inhabited by ethnic Somalis. Kenyan troops had descended on the area to reportedly help diffuse clan-related conflict. However, according to eyewitness testimony, about 5,000 Somali men were then taken to an airstrip and prevented from accessing water and food for five days before being executed by Kenyan soldiers. According to

1357-662: The Federal Government after a period of six months, and revenues and resources generated from these infrastructures will be earmarked for Jubaland's service delivery and security sectors as well as local institutional development. Additionally, the agreement includes the integration of Jubaland's military forces under the central command of the Somali National Army (SNA), and stipulates that the Juba Interim Administration will command

1416-543: The Gikomba market in Nairobi , Kenya , killing at least 12 people and injuring 70. The first blast came from a minibus and the second from within the market. Two people were reportedly arrested at the site of the explosions. Shortly after the attacks, hundreds of people swarmed onto the crime scene despite police efforts to stop them. Shortly before the blasts, 400 British holidaymakers had been evacuated from Mombasa ,

1475-499: The Interim Juba Administration began a selection process for the members of the new regional parliament. Following consultations with local stakeholders, the lawmakers were slated to be nominated by intellectuals in conjunction with traditional elders. The legislative selection process was drawn from all of the regional state's constituent districts. On 15 April 2015, a new 75-seat chamber of Jubaland parliament

1534-605: The Jubaland Boundary Commission. During the post-independence period, one particularly significant historical event was the series of internal migrations into the Jubba regions by Somalis from other parts of the country. Between 1974 and 1975, a major drought referred to as the Abaartii Dabadheer ("The Lingering Drought") affected the northern regions of Somalia. The Soviet Union , which at

1593-545: The Ocean off Jubaland. The International Court of Arbitration has scheduled procedures for September 2019 concerning maritime territorial waters, which Somali sources indicate is being pre-empted by the Kenyan officials. Kenya demanded Somalia to abandon its ICJ case for bilateral discussion. Somalia sees this as delaying tactics as discussion did not produce results between 2009 and 2014. Kenya gave mining rights to France and Italian companies in 2009, however, accused Somalia of doing

1652-587: The President of Kenya, reacted to the explosions by saying that "All of us around the world must be united to ensure that we are able to fight this particular terror." Kenya's government, convinced that the perpetrators were Somalian terrorists, reacted to the attacks by rounding up thousands of immigrants, refugees and members of Kenya's large Somali community. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has advised against all but essential travel to Mombasa Island off Kenya's coast. Thomson Airways and First Choice Airways cancelled all their flights to Mombasa until

1711-616: The Somalis. The maritime border dispute is a problem that Kenya and Somali claims over and the solution was held by the ICJ In February 2019, Kenyan officials have alleged that Somalia is engaged in an inappropriate auctioning of drilling rights along the African coast of the Ocean. The International Court of Arbitration has scheduled procedures for September 2019 concerning maritime territorial waters, which Somali sources indicate

1770-577: The area, as the objective of their mission was to invade Ethiopia through Kenya . Rhamu , situated on the Ethiopian-Kenyan border, lay on the road to the Sidamo region, and was considered a strategic point of entrance. Upon learning of the incursion, the Kenyan government immediately ordered a temporary retreat from the NFD, after which they would mobilize the entire Kenyan army and dispatch them to

1829-634: The assistance of Ethiopian troops , African Union peacekeepers and air support by the United States, managed to drive out the rival ICU and solidify its rule. The Battle of Ras Kamboni took place on 8 January 2007. Afterwards, the TFG then relocated to Villa Somalia in the capital from its interim location in Baidoa . This marked the first time since the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991 that

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1888-649: The chairman of The Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission of Kenya , a government oversight body that had been formed in response to the 2008 Kenyan post-election violence , the Wagalla massacre represents the worst human rights violation in Kenya's history. On 2 April 2015, gunmen stormed the Garissa University College in Garissa, Kenya, killing 147 students, and injuring 79 or more. The militant group Al-Shabaab from southern Somalia, which

1947-408: The clauses of the accord were equitable allocation of international assistance by the federal authorities, agreeing on pre-civil war boundaries and regional demarcations established by the military government, and recommending that the federal authorities both delegate powers to regional bodies and adopt a No Objection Policy. Additionally, the memorandum stipulates that the two regional states will form

2006-603: The country's second largest city, due to the British Foreign Office declaring an "unacceptably high" threat level. The day before the blasts, the United States had also issued a similar warning, which stated: "The U.S. government continues to receive information about potential terrorist threats aimed at U.S., Western, and Kenyan interests in Kenya, including the Nairobi area and the coastal cities of Mombasa and Diani." It had also said that their embassy in Kenya

2065-535: The deployment of Kenyan troops for what a BBC correspondent suggested was his opposition to the notion of Kenya's involvement in the Jubaland initiative. However, the Somalian and Kenyan governments later jointly issued a communique formally pledging coordinated military, political and diplomatic support for the mission, and specifying that the operation would officially be Somalia-led. The new president of Somalia , Hassan Sheikh Mohamoud and his government, declared

2124-574: The end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to retreat, leaving behind an under-equipped African Union peacekeeping force to assist the Transitional Federal Government's troops. Following the Kenyan military entry into Somalia in 2011 , President of Somalia Sharif Ahmed initially expressed reservations about

2183-497: The end of October, citing the FCO's advice. After the Gikomba explosions, which were the latest in a long line of attacks occurring in Kenya in recent months, the value of the Kenyan shilling decreased by 0.2% that day. The United States Department of State announced on the day of the bombings that it was planning on reducing the number of staff it would employ at its embassies in Kenya. While no one has claimed responsibility for

2242-552: The ensuing breakdown of central authority, General Mohammed Said Hersi "Morgan" , Barre's son-in-law and former Minister of Defence, briefly declared Jubaland independent on 3 September 1998. Political opponents of General Morgan subsequently united as the Allied Somali Forces (ASF), seizing control of Kismayo by June of the following year. Led by Colonel Barre Adan Shire Hiiraale , the ASF administration renamed itself

2301-639: The federal government controlled most of the country. Following this defeat, the Islamic Courts Union splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab , regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian National Defence Force 's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At

2360-546: The figure of Kenyan fighters at around 10% of Al-Shabaab's total forces. Referred to as the "Kenyan Mujahideen" by Al-Shabaab's core members, the converts are typically young and overzealous, poverty making them easier targets for the group's recruitment activities. Because the Kenyan insurgents have a different profile from the Somali and Arab militants that allows them to blend in with the general population of Kenya, they are also often harder to track. Reports suggest that Al-Shabaab

2419-756: The formation of Jubaland and its process 'unconstitutional' and urged the process to be delayed until the parliament establishes laws and territorial boundaries of proposed regional states within Federal Somalia. This was rejected by the organisers of the Jubaland conference. Talks aimed at brokering an agreement between the Marehan and Ogaden as well as many smaller clans, began after Operation Linda Nchi started in October 2011. (ICG 2013) On 28 February 2013, more than 500 delegates convened in Kismayo to attend

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2478-422: The gunmen claimed to be from, took responsibility for the attack. The gunmen took over 700 students hostage, freeing Muslims and killing those who identified as Christians . The siege ended the same day, when all four of the attackers were killed. Five men were later arrested in connection with the attack, and a bounty was placed for the arrest of a suspected organizer. The attack was the deadliest in Kenya since

2537-524: The matter to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) if the perpetrators were not brought to justice. Maalim also suggested that the deployment of the soldiers was unconstitutional and had not received the requisite parliamentary approval, and that the ensuing rampage cost Garissa entrepreneurs over Sh1.5 billion to Sh2 billion in missed revenue. Additionally, Sheikhs with the CPK threatened to sue

2596-403: The military commanders for crimes against humanity committed during the operation. However, general harassment of the Somali community by Kenyan policemen continued, with some officers going as far as invading the homes of Somali businesspeople to steal precious jewelry, foreign currencies and electronic devices, including expensive phones, laptops, and other personal accessories. By January 2013,

2655-564: The newly formed Somali Republic embedded it's operatives within ,funded, trained and armed groups such as the Northern Province People's Progressive Party (NPPPP), the Kenyan government enacted a number of repressive measures designed to frustrate their efforts in what came to be known as the Shifta War that the somali republic went on to lose to a then military underdog kenya . Between 2010 and 2012, Somali herders in

2714-669: The opening of a conference, which would discuss and plan the proposed formation of Jubaland. A 32-strong technical committee chaired by Ma'alin Mohamed Ibrahim, the deputy of the Raskamboni movement , was established along with several sub-committees whose purpose was to oversee the process. The conference was attended by several high-profile politicians, including Professor Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi) and former TFG Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke . On 2 April 2013, delegates at Kismayo conference were presented with

2773-548: The pact was brokered by the Foreign Ministry of Ethiopia and came after protracted bilateral talks. Under the terms of the agreement, Jubaland will be administered for a two-year period by a Juba Interim Administration and led by the region's incumbent president, Ahmed Mohamed Islam. The regional president will serve as the chairperson of a new Executive Council, to which he will appoint three deputies. Management of Kismayo's seaport and airport will also be transferred to

2832-546: The premise of flushing out a local hoodlum known as Abdi Madobe, set fire to a residential estate called Bulla Kartasi, killing people and raping women. They then forcefully interned the populace in a primary school for three days without food or water, resulting in over 3000 deaths. The Wagalla massacre was a massacre of ethnic Somalis by Kenyan security forces on 10 February 1984 in Wajir District , North Eastern Province. The massacre took place on 10 February 1984 at

2891-578: The region. Fearing escalation with Somalia, the Kenyatta regime requested aid and interference from the UK if the situation degenerated into a full-scale war. The Somali government denied the invasion, and claimed to have no knowledge of the incident. Jubaland Jubaland ( Somali : Jubbaland ; Arabic : جوبالاند ; Italian : Oltregiuba ), or the Juba Valley (Somali: Dooxada Jubba ),

2950-442: The regional police. UN Special Envoy to Somalia Nicholas Kay hailed the pact as "a breakthrough that unlocks the door for a better future for Somalia," with AUC, UN, EU and IGAD representatives also present at the signing. On 16 September 2014, President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud officially opened a reconciliation conference in Kismayo. The summit was aimed at Jubaland's Lower Juba, Middle Juba and Gedo constituencies, and

3009-493: The same. Somalia denied the accusation. Somalia won the majority of their case off the Jubaland coast on the maritime dispute in 2020 at the ICJ (International Court of Justice). Jubaland has a total population of around 2.5 million inhabitants with the majority hailing from the Somali people. Air transportation in Jubaland is served by a number of airports . These include The Bardera Airport ( IATA : BSY , ICAO : HCMD )

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3068-489: The territory on 29 July 1925, consisting of contemporary Italian stamps overprinted Oltre Giuba (Trans-Juba). Britain retained control of the southern half of the partitioned Jubaland territory, which was later called the Northern Frontier District (NFD).[4]. On 26 June 1960, after granting British Somaliland independence, the irredentist Somali government sought to incorporate the parts of Kenya NFD .

3127-536: The time maintained strategic relations with the Siad Barre government, airlifted some 90,000 people from the devastated regions of Hobyo and Caynaba . New small settlements referred to as Danwadaagaha ("Collective Settlements") were then created in the Jubbada Hoose (Lower Jubba) and Jubbada Dhexe (Middle Jubba) regions. The transplanted families were also introduced to farming and fishing techniques,

3186-409: Was also appointed as the Minister for Finance. Jubaland has a total border length of approximately 1,500 km (930 miles). This total includes both land borders with neighboring regions and countries, as well as the coastline along the Indian Ocean . In February 2019, Kenyan officials have alleged that Somalia is engaged in an inappropriate auctioning of drilling rights along the African coast of

3245-501: Was attended by delegates from across the nation and abroad. On 30 December 2014, Jubaland President Ahmed Mohamed Islam (Madobe) and South West State President Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan signed a 4-point Memorandum of Understanding on federalization, security, the 2016 general elections, trade, and the constitution. The bilateral accord was signed in the presence of representatives from the two regional states, including politicians, traditional leaders and civil society activists. Among

3304-467: Was ceded to Italy, forming a part of Italian Somaliland . On 1 July 1960, the region, along with the rest of Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland , became part of the independent Somali Republic . During the Middle Ages , the influential Somali Ajuran Empire held sway over the territory now known as Ajuran, followed in turn by the Geledi Sultanate during the early modern period . From 1836 until 1861, parts of Jubaland were nominally claimed by

3363-439: Was going to increase its security in the week preceding the bombings. Uhuru Kenyatta , the president of Kenya, dismissed these warnings, saying they "strengthen the will of terrorists" and that terrorism is a problem in many other countries as well. In the week prior to the blasts, Kenya's government required all bus passengers to be screened before boarding buses and required all buses have clear glass windows. Uhuru Kenyatta ,

3422-1005: Was inaugurated at an official ceremony at the presidential palace in Kismayo . Federal lawmaker Sheikh Abdi Yusuf was therein elected as interim speaker, and 75 MPs were sworn into the new regional legislature. On 7 May 2015, an inauguration ceremony was held in Kismayo for the Jubaland administration's first regional parliament. The event was attended by President of Somalia Hassan Sheikh Mohamud , Vice President of Puntland Abdihakim Abdullahi Haji Omar , Foreign Minister of Kenya Amina Mohamed , Foreign Minister of Ethiopia Tedros Adhanom , IGAD Executive Secretary Mahboub Maalim , IGAD Envoy to Somalia Ambassador Mohamed Abdi Afey , and other international representatives. On 20 May 2015, Jubaland's newly formed regional cabinet had its first reshuffle, with Minister for Water and Mineral Resources Abdinoor Adan transferred to Minister for Information and former Minister for Finance Mohamed Aw-Yussuf filling his previous docket. Former Minister for Information Ibrahim Bajuun

3481-412: Was officially led by the Somali Armed Forces , with the Kenyan forces providing a support role. Since the Operation Linda Nchi began, Al-Shabaab vowed retaliation against the Kenyan authorities. At the militant group's urging, a significant and increasing number of terrorist attacks in Kenya have since been carried out by local Kenyans, many of whom are recent converts to Islam . Estimates in 2012 placed

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