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71-750: Fritillaria ( fritillaries ) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family ( Liliaceae ). The type species , Fritillaria meleagris , was first described in Europe in 1571, while other species from the Middle East and Asia were also introduced to Europe at that time. The genus has about 130–140 species divided among eight subgenera . The flowers are usually solitary, nodding and bell-shaped with bulbs that have fleshy scales, resembling those of lilies . They are known for their large genome size and genetically are very closely related to lilies. They are native to

142-832: A monophyletic genus, placed within the tribe Lilieae s.s. , where it is a sister group to Lilium and the largest member of that tribe. The evolutionary and phylogenetic relationships between the genera currently included in Liliaceae are shown in the following Cladogram : Tricyrtis Streptopus Prosartes Scoliopus Calochortus Clintonia Medeola Tulipa Amana Erythronium Gagea ( Lloydia ) Notholirion Cardiocrinum Lilium ( Nomocharis ) Fritillaria More recently, some larger phylogenetic studies of Lilieae, Lilium and Fritillaria have suggested that Fritillaria may actually consist of two distinct biogeographical clades (A and B), and that these are in

213-461: A nectarial pit, groove or pouch at the base of the tepal , anthers usually pseudobasifixed, rarely versatile, fruit sometimes winged, embryo minute. The bulbs are typically tunicate , consisting of a few tightly packed fleshy scales with a translucent tunic that disappears with further growth of the bulb. However, some species ( F. imperialis , F. persica ) have naked bulbs with many scales and loosely attached bulbils , resembling those of

284-565: A polytomous relationship with Lilium . This could mean that Fritillaria is actually two distinct genera, suggesting that the exact relationship is not yet fully resolved. Notholirion Cardiocrinum Lilium Fritillaria A Fritillaria B The large number of species have traditionally been divided into a number of subgroupings. By 1828, Duby in his treatment of the flora of France, recognized two subgroups, which he called section Meleagris and section Petilium . By 1874, Baker had divided 55 species into ten subgenera: In

355-532: A basic chromosome number of x=12, but x=9, 11 and 13 have been reported. Gerard (1597) states that Fritillaria was unknown to the ancients , but certainly it was appearing in the writings of sixteenth century European botanists, including Dodoens (1574, 1583), Lobelius (1576, 1581), and Clusius (1583) in addition to Gerard, and was mentioned by Shakespeare and other authors of the period (see Culture ). Species of Fritillaria were known in Persia (Iran) in

426-407: A genus is determined by taxonomists . The standards for genus classification are not strictly codified, so different authorities often produce different classifications for genera. There are some general practices used, however, including the idea that a newly defined genus should fulfill these three criteria to be descriptively useful: Moreover, genera should be composed of phylogenetic units of

497-651: A later homonym of a validly published name is a nomen illegitimum or nom. illeg. ; for a full list refer to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants and the work cited above by Hawksworth, 2010. In place of the "valid taxon" in zoology, the nearest equivalent in botany is " correct name " or "current name" which can, again, differ or change with alternative taxonomic treatments or new information that results in previously accepted genera being combined or split. Prokaryote and virus codes of nomenclature also exist which serve as

568-628: A long time and redescribed as new by a range of subsequent workers, or if a range of genera previously considered separate taxa have subsequently been consolidated into one. For example, the World Register of Marine Species presently lists 8 genus-level synonyms for the sperm whale genus Physeter Linnaeus, 1758, and 13 for the bivalve genus Pecten O.F. Müller, 1776. Within the same kingdom, one generic name can apply to one genus only. However, many names have been assigned (usually unintentionally) to two or more different genera. For example,

639-409: A reference for designating currently accepted genus names as opposed to others which may be either reduced to synonymy, or, in the case of prokaryotes, relegated to a status of "names without standing in prokaryotic nomenclature". An available (zoological) or validly published (botanical) name that has been historically applied to a genus but is not regarded as the accepted (current/valid) name for

710-461: A separate genus, whose status has been maintained since ( see cladogram ). He also divided Eufritillaria into subsections. In the post- Darwinian era, Komarov (1935) similarly segregated Rhinopetalum and Korolkowia as separate genera, but Turrill and Sealy (1980) more closely followed Boissier, but further divided Eufritillaria and placed all American species in Liliorhiza . However,

781-590: A sweet fragrance. The "foxy" odor of F. imperialis has been identified as 3-methyl-2-butene-1-thiol (dimethylallyl mercaptan), an alkylthiol . Fritillaria represents one of the most extreme cases of genome size expansion in angiosperms . Polyploidy is rare, with nearly all species being diploid and only occasional reports of triploidy. Reported genome size in Fritillaria vary from 1Cx ( DNA content of unreplicated haploid chromosome complement) values of 30.15 to 85.38 Gb (Giga base pairs ), that

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852-427: A taxon; however, the names published in suppressed works are made unavailable via the relevant Opinion dealing with the work in question. In botany, similar concepts exist but with different labels. The botanical equivalent of zoology's "available name" is a validly published name . An invalidly published name is a nomen invalidum or nom. inval. ; a rejected name is a nomen rejiciendum or nom. rej. ;

923-455: A total of c. 520,000 published names (including synonyms) as at end 2019, increasing at some 2,500 published generic names per year. "Official" registers of taxon names at all ranks, including genera, exist for a few groups only such as viruses and prokaryotes, while for others there are compendia with no "official" standing such as Index Fungorum for fungi, Index Nominum Algarum and AlgaeBase for algae, Index Nominum Genericorum and

994-513: A very large genome. With approximately 127  pg (130 Gb), it was for a long time the largest known genome, exceeding the largest vertebrate animal genome known to date, that of the marbled lungfish ( Protopterus aethiopicus ), in size. Heterochromatin levels vary by biogeographic region, with very little in Old World and abundant levels in New World species. Most species have

1065-420: Is Fritillaria , while Theresia , Korolkowia and Davidii are monotypic (containing a single species). 1. Number of species in (parentheses) 2. Boissier's Flora orientalis included only oriental species 3. Theresia : Fritillaria persica 4. Petilium : F. chitralensis , F. eduardii , F. imperialis and F. raddeana . 5. Korolkowia : F. sewerzowii Baker based his classification on

1136-444: Is > 190 times that of Arabidopsis thaliana , which has been called the "model plant" and > 860 times that of Genlisea aurea , which represents the smallest land plant genome sequenced to date. Giant genome size is generally defined as >35 pg (34 Gb). The largest genomes in diploid Fritillaria are found in subgenus Japonica , exceeding 85 Gb. At least one species, tetraploid F. assyriaca , has

1207-472: Is also endangering some species. Fritillaria flowers have been popular subjects for artists to depict and as emblems of regions and organizations. Fritillaria is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes , dying back after flowering to an underground storage bulb from which they regrow in the following year. It is characterised by nodding (pendant) flowers, perianths campanulate (bell- or cup-shaped) with erect segments in upper part,

1278-612: Is discouraged by both the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants , there are some five thousand such names in use in more than one kingdom. For instance, A list of generic homonyms (with their authorities), including both available (validly published) and selected unavailable names, has been compiled by the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG). The type genus forms

1349-450: Is obovoid to globose, loculicidal and six-angled, sometimes with wings. The seeds are flattened with a marginal wing, the seed coat made out of both integuments, but the testa is thin and the endosperm lacks starch. The embryo is small. Fritillaria, like other members of the family Liliaceae, contain flavonol glycosides and tri- and diferulic-acid sucrose esters , steroidal alkaloids , saponins and terpenoids that have formed

1420-460: Is somewhat arbitrary. Although all species within a genus are supposed to be "similar", there are no objective criteria for grouping species into genera. There is much debate among zoologists about whether enormous, species-rich genera should be maintained, as it is extremely difficult to come up with identification keys or even character sets that distinguish all species. Hence, many taxonomists argue in favor of breaking down large genera. For instance,

1491-474: Is the type species , and the generic name is permanently associated with the type specimen of its type species. Should the specimen turn out to be assignable to another genus, the generic name linked to it becomes a junior synonym and the remaining taxa in the former genus need to be reassessed. In zoological usage, taxonomic names, including those of genera, are classified as "available" or "unavailable". Available names are those published in accordance with

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1562-419: Is then described as petaloid . When the undifferentiated tepals resemble petals, they are also referred to as "petaloid", as in petaloid monocots or liliod monocots, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals. The corolla and petals have a role in attracting pollinators , but this may be augmented by more specialised structures like the corona (see below). When the perianth consists of separate tepals

1633-621: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ; the earliest such name for any taxon (for example, a genus) should then be selected as the " valid " (i.e., current or accepted) name for the taxon in question. Consequently, there will be more available names than valid names at any point in time; which names are currently in use depending on the judgement of taxonomists in either combining taxa described under multiple names, or splitting taxa which may bring available names previously treated as synonyms back into use. "Unavailable" names in zoology comprise names that either were not published according to

1704-824: The International Plant Names Index for plants in general, and ferns through angiosperms, respectively, and Nomenclator Zoologicus and the Index to Organism Names for zoological names. Totals for both "all names" and estimates for "accepted names" as held in the Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG) are broken down further in the publication by Rees et al., 2020 cited above. The accepted names estimates are as follows, broken down by kingdom: The cited ranges of uncertainty arise because IRMNG lists "uncertain" names (not researched therein) in addition to known "accepted" names;

1775-815: The Lilio-Narcissus plants, including tulips. The term Lilio-Narcissus refers to an appearance of having lily-like flowers, but a narcissus -like bulb. He called it Fritillaria ( synonyms Lilio-Narcissus purpurens variegatus or Meleagris flos Dodonaei ). Lobelius also included amongst the lilies, but not as Fritillaria , Corona imperialis which he mentions originated in Turkey and added what he referred to as Lilium persicum ( Fritillaria persica ). In his later vernacular Kruydtboeck (1581) he described two species he considered related, Fritillaria Lilio-Narcissus purpurens variegatus and Lilio-Narcissus variegatus atropurpureus Xanctonicus . He acknowledged that

1846-489: The botanical authority is given as Tourn. ex L. . Linnaeus identified five known species of Fritillaria , and grouped them in his Hexandria Monogynia (six stamens +one pistil ), his system being based on sexual characteristics. These characteristics defined the core group of the family Liliaceae for a long time. Linnaeus' original species were F. imperialis , F. regia (now Eucomis regia ), F. persica , F. pyrenaica and F. meleagris . The family Liliaceae

1917-468: The corolla (petals) or tepals when called a perigone. The term perianth is derived from Greek περί ( peri , "around") and άνθος ( anthos , "flower"), while perigonium is derived from περί ( peri ) and γόνος ( gonos , "seed, sex organs"). In the mosses and liverworts (Marchantiophyta) , the perianth is the sterile tubelike tissue that surrounds the female reproductive structure (or developing sporophyte ). In flowering plants ,

1988-419: The nomenclature codes , which allow each species a single unique name that, for animals (including protists ), plants (also including algae and fungi ) and prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ), is Latin and binomial in form; this contrasts with common or vernacular names , which are non-standardized, can be non-unique, and typically also vary by country and language of usage. Except for viruses ,

2059-579: The nucellus is small. The embryo sac or megagametophyte is tetrasporic, in which all four megaspores survive. The style is trilobate to trifid (in 3 parts) and the surface of the stigma is wet. Stamens are six, in two trimerous whorls of three, and diplostemonous (outer whorl of stamens opposite outer tepals and the inner whorl opposite inner tepals). Filaments filiform or slightly flattened, but sometimes papillose and rarely hairy ( F. karelinii ). Anthers are linear to ellipsoid, but rarely subglobose ( F. persica ) in shape, and their attachment to

2130-404: The platypus belongs to the genus Ornithorhynchus although George Shaw named it Platypus in 1799 (these two names are thus synonyms ) . However, the name Platypus had already been given to a group of ambrosia beetles by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1793. A name that means two different things is a homonym . Since beetles and platypuses are both members of the kingdom Animalia,

2201-604: The temperate regions of the Northern hemisphere , from the Mediterranean and North Africa through Eurasia and southwest Asia to western North America . Many are endangered due to enthusiastic picking. The name Fritillaria is thought to refer to the checkered pattern of F. meleagris , resembling a box in which dice were carried. Fritillaries are commercially important in horticulture as ornamental garden plants and also in traditional Chinese medicine , which

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2272-420: The 1880s, both Bentham and Hooker (1883) and Boissier (1884) independently simplified this by reducing nine of these subgenera to five, which they treated as sections rather than subgenera. Bentham and Hooker, who recognized more than 50 species, transferred the tenth of Baker's subgenera, Notholirion to Lilium . Boissier, by contrast, in his detailed account of oriental species, recognized Notholirion as

2343-521: The Eurasian species, the largest subgenus, Fritillaria , appeared to be polyphyletic in that F. pallidiflora appeared to segregate in subclade B1, with subgenera Petillium , Korolkowia and Theresia while all other species formed a clade within B2. The phylogenetic, evolutionary and biogeographical relationships between the subgenera are shown in this cladogram : Genus The composition of

2414-422: The active ingredients in traditional medicine ( see Traditional medicine ). Certain species have flowers that emit disagreeable odors that have been referred to as phenolic, putrid, sulfurous, sweaty and skunky. The scent of Fritillaria imperialis has been called "rather nasty", while that of F. agrestis , known commonly as stink bells, is reminiscent of canine feces . On the other hand, F. striata has

2485-442: The base for higher taxonomic ranks, such as the family name Canidae ("Canids") based on Canis . However, this does not typically ascend more than one or two levels: the order to which dogs and wolves belong is Carnivora ("Carnivores"). The numbers of either accepted, or all published genus names is not known precisely; Rees et al., 2020 estimate that approximately 310,000 accepted names (valid taxa) may exist, out of

2556-722: The best known and cited of these classification schemes based on plant morphology is that of Martyn Rix , produced by the Fritillaria Group of the Alpine Garden Society in 2001. This listed 165 taxa grouped into 6 subgenera , 130 species , 17 subspecies , and 9 varieties . Rix, who described eight subgenera in all, restored both Rhinopetalum and Korolkowia as subgenera. He also used series to further subdivide subgenera, kept Boissier's four sections, renamed Eufritillaria as Fritillaria , and added subgenera Davidii and Japonica . The largest of these

2627-647: The broad division of the genus into Rix's eight subgenera but not the deeper relationships (sections and series). Clade A corresponds with subgenus Liliorhiza centred in California, but a number of species ( F. camschatcensis - Japan and Siberia), F. maximowiczii and F. dagana - Russia) are also found in Western Asia. These Asian species form a grade with the true North American species, suggesting an origin in Asia followed by later dispersal. Of clade B,

2698-536: The characteristics of the bulb, style , nectary and capsule valves. The large nectaries of Fritillaria have been the focus of much of the morphological classification, while the distinct form of the nectaries in Rhinopetalum were the basis for considering it a separate genus. The development of molecular phylogenetics and cladistic analysis has allowed a better understanding of the infrageneric relationships of Fritillaria species. Initial studies showed

2769-805: The closely related Lilium , although F. persica has only a single scale. The stems have few or many cauline leaves (arising from the stem) that are opposite on the stem or verticillate (arranged in whorls ), sometimes with a cirrhose apex (ending in a tendril ). The inflorescence bears flowers that are often solitary and nodding, but some form umbels or have racemes with many flowers. The flowers are usually actinomorphic (radially symmetric), but weakly zygomorphic (single plane of symmetry) in F. gibbosa and F. ariana . The campanulate perianth has six tepals , in two free whorls of three ( trimerous ), that can be white, yellow, green, purple or reddish. The erect segments are usually tesselated with squares of alternating light and dark colours. While

2840-448: The corolla or the outer edge of the stamens. It is often positioned where the corolla lobes arise from the corolla tube. There can be more than one corona in a flower. The milkweeds ( Asclepias spp.) have three very different coronas, which collectively form a flytrap pollination scheme. Some passionflowers ( Passiflora spp.) have as many as eight coronas arranged in concentric whorls. The pappus of Asteraceae , considered to be

2911-468: The ensuing centuries, the close relationship between Fritillaria and Lilium the type genus of the family, have ensured that the former has remained part of the core group, which constitutes the modern much-reduced family. For instance, Bentham and Hooker (1883), placed Fritillaria and Lilium in Liliaceae tribe Tulipeae , together with five other genera. Fritillaria is generally considered

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2982-419: The filament is usually pseudobasifixed (connective tissue extends in a tube around the filament tip), rarely attached at the centre and free (dorsifixed versatile; F. fusca and some Liliorhiza species). In contrast, pseudobasifixed anthers can not move freely. The pollen grains are spheroidal and reticulate (net like pattern), with individual brochi (lumina within reticulations) of 4–5 μm. The capsule

3053-563: The flower was known locally as Fritillaria because of a resemblance to the board used in playing checkers. In recognition of this, the botanical authority is sometimes written Fritillaria (Caperon) L. The first account in a botanical text is by Dodoens in his Purgantium (1574) and in more detail in Stirpium (1583). In the Purgantium , Dodoens describes and illustrates F. meleagris as Meleagris flos , without mentioning Capperon. He

3124-446: The form "author, year" in zoology, and "standard abbreviated author name" in botany. Thus in the examples above, the genus Canis would be cited in full as " Canis Linnaeus, 1758" (zoological usage), while Hibiscus , also first established by Linnaeus but in 1753, is simply " Hibiscus L." (botanical usage). Each genus should have a designated type , although in practice there is a backlog of older names without one. In zoology, this

3195-737: The generic name (or its abbreviated form) still forms the leading portion of the scientific name, for example, Canis lupus lupus for the Eurasian wolf subspecies, or as a botanical example, Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus . Also, as visible in the above examples, the Latinised portions of the scientific names of genera and their included species (and infraspecies, where applicable) are, by convention, written in italics . The scientific names of virus species are descriptive, not binomial in form, and may or may not incorporate an indication of their containing genus; for example,

3266-633: The largest component, with 23,236 ± 5,379 accepted genus names, of which 20,845 ± 4,494 are angiosperms (superclass Angiospermae). By comparison, the 2018 annual edition of the Catalogue of Life (estimated >90% complete, for extant species in the main) contains currently 175,363 "accepted" genus names for 1,744,204 living and 59,284 extinct species, also including genus names only (no species) for some groups. The number of species in genera varies considerably among taxonomic groups. For instance, among (non-avian) reptiles , which have about 1180 genera,

3337-407: The lizard genus Anolis has been suggested to be broken down into 8 or so different genera which would bring its ~400 species to smaller, more manageable subsets. Perianth The perianth ( perigonium , perigon or perigone in monocots) is the non-reproductive part of the flower , and structure that forms an envelope surrounding the sexual organs, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and

3408-403: The major infrageneric split to be by biogeographic region into two clades , North America (clade A) and Eurasia (clade B). Clade A corresponded most closely with subgenus Liliorhiza . A subsequent study by Rønsted and colleagues (2005), using an expanded pool of taxa of 37 species including all of Rix's subgenera and sections, confirmed the initial split on the basis of geography and supported

3479-527: The medicinal properties of F. imperialis ( laleh sarnegoun ). European fritillaries were documented in the wild amongst the Loire meadows in 1570 by Noël Capperon, an Orléans apothecary . He mentioned them to Clusius in correspondence in 1571, and sent him a specimen of F. meleagris . He also corresponded with Dodoens. Capperon suggested the name Fritillaria to Clusius, rather than the vernacular variegated lily ( Lilium ou bulbum variegatum ). He stated that

3550-403: The most (>300) have only 1 species, ~360 have between 2 and 4 species, 260 have 5–10 species, ~200 have 11–50 species, and only 27 genera have more than 50 species. However, some insect genera such as the bee genera Lasioglossum and Andrena have over 1000 species each. The largest flowering plant genus, Astragalus , contains over 3,000 species. Which species are assigned to a genus

3621-514: The name Meleagris flos or Guinea-fowl flower, for what we now know as Fritillaria meleagris , after a resemblance to that bird's spotted plumage, then known as Meleagris avis . In the seventeenth century, John Parkinson provided an account of twelve species of what he referred to as Fritillaria - the checkered daffodil, in his Paradisus (1635), correctly placing it as closest to the lilies . He provides his version of Capperon's discovery, and suggests that some feel he should be honoured with

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3692-618: The name Narcissus Caparonium . Often when these exotic new plants entered the English language literature they lacked common names in the language. While Henry Lyte can only describe F. meleagris as Flos meleagris , Fritillaria or lilionarcissus , it appears that it was Shakespeare who applied the common name of "chequered". Although Clausius had corresponded with Capperon in 1571, he did not publish his account of European flora (other than Spain) till his Rariorum Pannoniam of 1583, where he gives an account of Capperon's discovery, noting

3763-428: The name could not be used for both. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach published the replacement name Ornithorhynchus in 1800. However, a genus in one kingdom is allowed to bear a scientific name that is in use as a generic name (or the name of a taxon in another rank) in a kingdom that is governed by a different nomenclature code. Names with the same form but applying to different taxa are called "homonyms". Although this

3834-429: The names, Fritillaria, Meleagris and Lilium variegatum. However he did not consider F. imperialis or F. persica to be related, calling both of them Lilium , Lilium persicum and Lilium susianum respectively. Although the first formal description is attributed to Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1694, by convention, the first valid formal description is by Linnaeus , in his Species Plantarum (1753),. Therefore,

3905-403: The perianth is arranged in a spiral on nodes, rather than whorls. Flowers with spiral perianths tend to also be those with undifferentiated perianths. An additional structure in some plants (e.g. Narcissus , Passiflora (passion flower) , some Hippeastrum , Liliaceae ) is the corona (paraperigonium, paraperigon, or paracorolla), a ring or set of appendages of adaxial tissue arising from

3976-419: The perianth may be described as being either dichlamydeous / heterochlamydeous in which the calyx and corolla are clearly separate, or homochlamydeous , in which they are indistinguishable (and the sepals and petals are collectively referred to as tepals ). When the perianth is in two whorls, it is described as biseriate . While the calyx may be green, known as sepaloid , it may also be brightly coloured, and

4047-527: The plant had originally been found near Orleans and then sent to the Netherlands. Fritillaria is ook een soort van lelie narcis die de oorsprong heeft uit het land van Orléans van waar dat ze gebracht is in Nederland . In his own language he referred to it as Fritillaria of heel bruin gespikkelde Lelie-Narcisse . He also included Corona imperialis and Lilium persicum as before. Dodoens had proposed

4118-541: The provisions of the ICZN Code, e.g., incorrect original or subsequent spellings, names published only in a thesis, and generic names published after 1930 with no type species indicated. According to "Glossary" section of the zoological Code, suppressed names (per published "Opinions" of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature) remain available but cannot be used as the valid name for

4189-470: The same kind as other (analogous) genera. The term "genus" comes from Latin genus , a noun form cognate with gignere ('to bear; to give birth to'). The Swedish taxonomist Carl Linnaeus popularized its use in his 1753 Species Plantarum , but the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (1656–1708) is considered "the founder of the modern concept of genera". The scientific name (or

4260-408: The scientific epithet) of a genus is also called the generic name ; in modern style guides and science, it is always capitalised. It plays a fundamental role in binomial nomenclature , the system of naming organisms , where it is combined with the scientific name of a species : see Botanical name and Specific name (zoology) . The rules for the scientific names of organisms are laid down in

4331-484: The sixteenth century, from where they were taken to Turkey. European travelers then brought back specimens together with many other exotic eastern plants to the developing botanical gardens of Europe. By the middle of the sixteenth century there was already a flourishing export trade of various bulbs from Turkey to Europe. In Persia, the first mention in the literature was by Hakim Mo'men Tonekabon in his Tohfe Al-Mo'menin in 1080 AH ( c.  1669 AD), who described

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4402-497: The specific name particular to the wolf. A botanical example would be Hibiscus arnottianus , a particular species of the genus Hibiscus native to Hawaii. The specific name is written in lower-case and may be followed by subspecies names in zoology or a variety of infraspecific names in botany . When the generic name is already known from context, it may be shortened to its initial letter, for example, C. lupus in place of Canis lupus . Where species are further subdivided,

4473-412: The standard format for a species name comprises the generic name, indicating the genus to which the species belongs, followed by the specific epithet, which (within that genus) is unique to the species. For example, the gray wolf 's scientific name is Canis lupus , with Canis ( Latin for 'dog') being the generic name shared by the wolf's close relatives and lupus (Latin for 'wolf') being

4544-403: The taxon is termed a synonym ; some authors also include unavailable names in lists of synonyms as well as available names, such as misspellings, names previously published without fulfilling all of the requirements of the relevant nomenclatural code, and rejected or suppressed names. A particular genus name may have zero to many synonyms, the latter case generally if the genus has been known for

4615-447: The tepals are usually the same size in both whorls, in F. pallidiflora , the outer tepals are wider. The tepals have nectarial pits, grooves ( F. sewerzowii ) or pouches at their base. In F. persica the nectarial pouch is developed into a short spur. The perigonal nectaries are large and well developed, and in most species (with the exception of subgenus Rhinopetalum ), are linear to lanceolate or ovate and weakly impressed upon

4686-404: The tepals. The flowers are bisexual , containing both male (androecium) and female (gynoecium) characteristics. The pistil has three carpels (tricarpellary). The ovaries are hypogynous (superior, that is attached above the other floral parts). The ovule is anatropous in orientation and has two integuments (bitegmic), the micropyle (opening) being formed from the inner integument, while

4757-420: The term apotepalous is used, or syntepalous if the tepals are fused to one another. The petals may be united to form a tubular corolla ( gamopetalous or sympetalous ). If either the petals or sepals are entirely absent, the perianth can be described as being monochlamydeous . Both sepals and petals may have stomata and veins, even if vestigial. In some taxa, for instance some magnolias and water lilies ,

4828-576: The values quoted are the mean of "accepted" names alone (all "uncertain" names treated as unaccepted) and "accepted + uncertain" names (all "uncertain" names treated as accepted), with the associated range of uncertainty indicating these two extremes. Within Animalia, the largest phylum is Arthropoda , with 151,697 ± 33,160 accepted genus names, of which 114,387 ± 27,654 are insects (class Insecta). Within Plantae, Tracheophyta (vascular plants) make up

4899-429: The virus species " Salmonid herpesvirus 1 ", " Salmonid herpesvirus 2 " and " Salmonid herpesvirus 3 " are all within the genus Salmonivirus ; however, the genus to which the species with the formal names " Everglades virus " and " Ross River virus " are assigned is Alphavirus . As with scientific names at other ranks, in all groups other than viruses, names of genera may be cited with their authorities, typically in

4970-409: Was also aware, through having been sent a picture, of F. imperialis , and decided to include it as well, without making a connection. His term for F. imperialis was Corona imperialis . Consequently, Lobelius, in his Plantarum (1576), gives Dodoens the credit for describing F. meleagris . He used the word "Fritillaria" for the first time, describing F. meleagris , which he considered to belong to

5041-474: Was first described by Michel Adanson in 1763, placing Fritillaria in section Lilia of that family, but also considering Imperialis as a separate genus to Fritillaria , together with five other genera. The formal description of the family is attributed to Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in 1789, who included eight genera, including Imperialis , in his Lilia. Although the circumscription of Liliaceae and its subdivisions have undergone considerable revision over

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