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137-456: Rhodes Must Fall was a protest movement that began on 9 March 2015, originally directed against a statue at the University of Cape Town (UCT) that commemorates Cecil Rhodes . The campaign for the statue's removal received global attention and led to a wider movement to " decolonise " education across South Africa. On 9 April 2015, following a UCT Council vote the previous night, the statue

274-529: A Rhodes Scholarship. The Rhodes Trust was criticised for not awarding the scholarship to someone more deserving. Following the completion of his studies at Oxford as a Rhodes Scholar, Nott took up a position of paid employment at the Rhodes Trust. He is employed as 'Associate - Global Partnerships' within the Trust's Rise programme. Social movement A social movement is a loosely organized effort by

411-415: A community. Hence, making emergence the first step to a social movement. This discontent will act as the chain that links common people together, as they share the same experiences and feelings of oppression. "Within this stage, social movements are very preliminary and there is little to no organization. Instead this stage can be thought of as widespread discontent (Macionis, 2001; Hopper, 1950). " Emergence

548-554: A female slave who was enslaved by the Royall family. After conservative students placed posters in the occupied lounge that were then torn down by students from Reclaim, Dean Martha Minow reaffirmed the school's commitment to free speech in an email to the student body and in the school's student newspaper. This and other incidents sparked an on-campus debate in Spring 2016 about whether free speech could undermine social justice. As part of

685-539: A focus on the role of language—specifically Afrikaans —in education at the university. The organisation was inspired by the Rhodes Must Fall movement at the University of Cape Town. Four independent University of Cape Town students produced a short video documentary called Luister in which students attending Stellenbosch and Elsenburg College explained their experiences of racism and slow transformation at

822-741: A former Rhodes Scholar , wrote an op-ed in The Financial Times advocating replacing the Cecil Rhodes statue with two other Rhodes Scholars, Alain Locke , the first African-American scholar and Zambian human rights advocate Lucy Banda-Sichone . That same month, the governing body of Oxford's Oriel college voted to remove the statue of Rhodes. Later that month, a blog article in the London Review of Books by academic Natalya Din-Kariuki suggested that though Rhodes Must Fall had made

959-559: A good start, anti-racist organising in UK higher education had much further to go. In May 2021, sculptor Antony Gormley suggested not taking the statue down but turning it around, so that it would face the wall. In Fall 2015 a group of law students calling itself Royall Must Fall and inspired by Rhodes Must Fall called for the retirement of the Harvard Law School shield, publishing an open letter to law school dean Martha Minow in

1096-493: A graduate entry medical program, and the development of academic programs in rural health , bioethics , sports medicine , emergency medicine , and biomedical sciences . Additionally, Price was instrumental in establishing The Wits Donald Gordon Medical Centre, the country's first university-owned private teaching hospital, and Wits Health Consortium, the first university research company in South Africa. In 2004, Price

1233-417: A large group of people to achieve a particular goal, typically a social or political one. This may be to carry out a social change , or to resist or undo one. It is a type of group action and may involve individuals , organizations , or both. Social movements have been described as "organizational structures and strategies that may empower oppressed populations to mount effective challenges and resist

1370-415: A large number of people realize that there are others sharing the same value and desire for a particular social change. This third stage, bureaucratization, is when movements must become more organized, centered around a more systematic model. The set up and system for going about the construct must be more formal, with people taking on specific roles and responsibilities. "In this phase their political power

1507-490: A life cycle: they are created, they grow, they achieve successes or failures and eventually, they dissolve and cease to exist. They are more likely to evolve in the time and place which is friendly to the social movements: hence their evident symbiosis with the 19th century proliferation of ideas like individual rights, freedom of speech and civil disobedience. Social movements occur in liberal and authoritarian societies but in different forms. These new movements are activated by

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1644-415: A movement may take before proceeding into decline. Success of a movement would result in permanent changes within the society and/or government that would result in a loss of need for protest. Failure is often the result of the incapability to keep a common focus, and work towards the goal in mind. "Failure of social movements due to organizational or strategic failings is common for many organizations". Such

1781-425: A plaque acknowledging slavery 's role in its history, which reads, " May we pursue the highest ideals of law and justice in their memory." The controversies that occurred over the 2015-2016 year are recounted from a conservative perspective in a book by Kayleigh McEnany , a prominent conservative and former Trump spokeswoman who was a third-year law student at the time. McEnany's view of the controversy, in which she

1918-481: A plurality of individuals, groups and/or organizations, engaged in a political or cultural conflict, on the basis of a shared collective identity" Sociologist Charles Tilly defines social movements as a series of contentious performances, displays and campaigns by which ordinary people make collective claims on others. For Tilly, social movements are a major vehicle for ordinary people's participation in public politics. He argues that there are three major elements to

2055-611: A protest in the parking lot of the Bremner Building which ended with the slogan " One Settler, One Bullet! " This post was subsequently deleted. On 25 April 2015, Mcebo Dlamini , then president of the Students' Representative Council (SRC) of Wits University , stated in a Facebook post that he "loves Adolf Hitler " and admired Hitler for his "charisma" and "organisational skills." In the same post Dlamini also stated that he "loves Robert Mugabe." Dlamini later declared during

2192-531: A radio interview on PowerFM, "Jews are devils," a remark which led the South African Jewish Board of Deputies to lay criminal charges of hate speech against him. Dlamini was ultimately dismissed as SRC President on unrelated charges of misconduct. Wits University Vice Chancellor Adam Habib stated, "I believe that Mr Dlamini has single-handedly wrought more damage on Wits University's reputation than any other person who I can think of in at least

2329-475: A rational and strategic effort by ordinary people to change society or politics. The form of the resources shapes the activities of the movement (e.g., access to a TV station will result in the extensive use TV media). Movements develop in contingent opportunity structures that influence their efforts to mobilize; and each movement's response to the opportunity structures depends on the movement's organization and resources Critics of this theory argue that there

2466-420: A route would result in the gradual breaking up of an organization, and out of the stages of movement. Co-optation results when people or groups are integrated and shift away from the social movement's initial concerns and values. Repression is another example, when the movement is slowly wiped away from the public platform through means of an outside force, usually being the government. The last route into declining

2603-499: A shared normative orientation; (3.) the sharing of a concern for change of the status quo and (4.) the occurrence of moments of practical action that are at least subjectively connected together across time addressing this concern for change. Thus we define a social movement as a form of political association between persons who have at least a minimal sense of themselves as connected to others in common purpose and who come together across an extended period of time to effect social change in

2740-405: A social movement as "a set of opinions and beliefs in a population which represents preferences for changing some elements of the social structure and/or reward distribution of a society." According to Paul van Seeters and Paul James , defining a social movement entails a few minimal conditions of 'coming together': (1.) the formation of some kind of collective identity; (2.) the development of

2877-413: A social movement to improve (or defend) their conditions. There are two significant problems with this theory. First, since most people feel deprived at one level or another almost all the time, the theory has a hard time explaining why the groups that form social movements do when other people are also deprived. Second, the reasoning behind this theory is circular – often the only evidence for deprivation

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3014-441: A social movement to organize it must have strong leadership and sufficient resources. Political opportunity refers to the receptivity or vulnerability of the existing political system to challenge. This vulnerability can be the result of any of the following (or a combination thereof): One of the advantages of the political process theory is that it addresses the issue of timing or emergence of social movements. Some groups may have

3151-411: A social movement: Sidney Tarrow defines a social movement as "collective challenges [to elites, authorities, other groups or cultural codes] by people with common purposes and solidarity in sustained interactions with elites, opponents and authorities." He specifically distinguishes social movements from political parties and advocacy groups . The sociologists John McCarthy and Mayer Zald define as

3288-591: A white waitress in South Africa. For this he was widely criticised in the UK and in South Africa. A few days after the November 2015 Paris attacks Qwabe also caused controversy comparing the French flag to the Nazi flag and calling for it to be banned from universities. Joshua Nott, a former publicist for Rhodes Must Fall, was accused of hypocrisy, including by Rhodes Must Fall, over subsequently applying for and accepting

3425-404: A wish for change in social customs, ethics and values which oppress certain communities. The birth of a social movement needs what sociologist Neil Smelser calls an initiating event : a particular, individual event that will begin a chain reaction of events in the given society leading to the creation of a social movement. The root of this event must be the result of some common discontent among

3562-467: Is bound to fail." Activists too often make the mistake of trying to convince people to address their issues. A mobilization strategy aimed at large-scale change often begins with action a small issue that concerns many people. Popovic also argues that a social movement has little chance of growing if it relies on boring speeches and the usual placard waving marches. He argues for creating movements that people actually want to join. OTPOR! succeeded because it

3699-505: Is critical of the protesters, differs from many expressed at the time. Indeed, some students who defended free speech during the controversy nonetheless wrote that they suspected that some on-campus conservatives may have rallied around free speech as a way to fight Reclaim's aims while hiding their own racism. Several articles appeared comparing the Rhodes Must Fall and Royall Must Fall movements, in both positive and negative lights. Small student protests in support of or directly inspired by

3836-548: Is far-reaching, as in his will Rhodes established The Rhodes Scholarships . Each year, some 100 international students are selected to study at Oxford under the scholarship that bears Rhodes' name. This scholarship is regarded as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the world. When some of those in receipt of the scholarship were challenged over their opposition to iconography of Rhodes in Oxford, they commented "this scholarship does not buy our silence" and claimed that "...there

3973-432: Is going mainstream, which is generally perceived as an overall success. This is when goals of the movement are taken into society as a part of daily life, making it a 'social norm.' For example, birth control is still a greatly debated topic on a government level, but it has been accepted into social life as a common thing that exists. It is important to recognize that though movements may disintegrate and cease to be active,

4110-508: Is greater than in the previous stages in that they may have more regular access to political elites." In this stage, one organization may take over another one in order to obtain a greater status and formal alliance. This 'taking over' may be a positive or negative move for organizations. Ella Baker, an activist who played a role in the NAACP, had proposed to the students of the student movement to start their own organization. This becomes known as

4247-449: Is no hypocrisy in being a recipient of a Rhodes scholarship and being publicly critical of Cecil Rhodes and his legacy". This followed a number of criticisms by British media outlets, and on social media, against the scholarship holders Ntokozo Qwabe and Joshua Nott in response to their involvement in the movement. The students commented that "...a wave of ad hominem and unfounded accusations, hate speech and racism have flooded social media,

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4384-405: Is prior to any sort of organized resistance to the condition of society. Jonathan Christiansen's essay on the four stages of social movement dissects further into the historical sociology of how each stage affects the whole movement. The Civil Rights Movement's early stages are an example of the public display of protest that is utilized to push a movement into the next stages. "It was not until after

4521-473: Is that for most, neither insiders to a movement nor outsiders apply consistent labels or even descriptive phrases. Unless there is a single leader who does, or a formal system of membership agreements, activists will typically use diverse labels and descriptive phrases that require scholars to discern when they are referring to the same or similar ideas, declare similar goals, adopt similar programs of action, and use similar methods. There can be great differences in

4658-638: Is the social movement. If deprivation is claimed to be the cause but the only evidence for such is the movement, the reasoning is circular. Mass society theory argues that social movements are made up of individuals in large societies who feel insignificant or socially detached. Social movements, according to this theory, provide a sense of empowerment and belonging that the movement members would otherwise not have. Very little support has been found for this theory. Aho (1990), in his study of Idaho Christian Patriotism, did not find that members of that movement were more likely to have been socially detached. In fact,

4795-685: Is too much of an emphasis on resources, especially financial resources. Some movements are effective without an influx of money and are more dependent upon the movement members for time and labor (e.g., the civil rights movement in the U.S.). Political process theory is similar to resource mobilization in many regards, but tends to emphasize a different component of social structure that is important for social movement development: political opportunities . Political process theory argues that there are three vital components for movement formation: insurgent consciousness, organizational strength, and political opportunities. Insurgent consciousness refers back to

4932-669: The Faculty of Health Sciences at Wits University from 1996 to 2006. In 1997, the Faculty submitted a report to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) and conducted an internal reconciliation process, inviting black alumni to share their experiences of medical training during apartheid . As Dean, Price oversaw several initiatives, including the Internal Reconciliation Commission, the introduction of

5069-479: The Harvard Law Record and posting signs and posters throughout the campus. Depicting three wheat sheaves, the shield incorporated the coat of arms of Isaac Royall Jr. , a Harvard benefactor who had endowed the law school's first professorship. The shield had become a source of contention among Royall Must Fall activists because of the Royall family's history as slave-owners. The movement's inception

5206-568: The House of Commons to deliver a petition demanding the repeal of the Act, which the government refused to do. Soon, large riots broke out across London and embassies and Catholic owned businesses were attacked by angry mobs. Other political movements that emerged in the late 18th century included the British abolitionist movement against slavery (becoming one between the sugar boycott of 1791 and

5343-640: The Houses of Parliament in Cape Town was vandalised on 9 April. EFF spokesperson Mbuyeseni Ndlozi said on 9 April that the party would have to take responsibility for its members' actions, but that the EFF was for the removal, not vandalism or destruction, of colonial and apartheid symbols in the public space. In response to the vandalism of the Louis Botha Statue and Horse Memorial, local supporters of

5480-535: The Napoleonic Wars entered a period of social upheaval characterised by the growing maturity of the use of social movements and special-interest associations. Chartism was the first mass movement of the growing working-class in the world. It campaigned for political reform between 1838 and 1848 with the People's Charter of 1838 as its manifesto – this called for universal suffrage and the implementation of

5617-467: The Second World War entered a period of radical reform and change. In the post-war period, feminism , gay rights movement , peace movement , civil rights movement , anti-nuclear movement and environmental movement emerged, often dubbed the new social movements They led, among other things, to the formation of green parties and organisations influenced by the new left . Some find in

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5754-719: The University of KwaZulu-Natal . EFF members were implicated in the vandalism of a number of Second Boer War statues, including that on 4 April of the Uitenhage War memorial statue for fallen British troops, a 6 April attack on the Horse Memorial in Port Elizabeth dedicated to the animals that served in the war, and the 7 April vandalism, with green paint, of Paul Kruger 's statue in Church Square , Pretoria . The statue of Louis Botha situated outside

5891-424: The University of Oxford , students called for a statue of Rhodes to be removed from Oriel College , and started a movement at the university to better represent non-white culture in the curriculum as well as to combat racial discrimination and insensitivity. Organising members of Rhodes Must Fall in Oxford stated that awareness should be raised at the university about the institution's implication in colonialism and

6028-784: The industrialization and urbanization of 19th-century societies. It is sometimes argued that the freedom of expression, education and relative economic independence prevalent in the modern Western culture are responsible for the unprecedented number and scope of various contemporary social movements. Many of the social movements of the last hundred years grew up, like the Mau Mau in Kenya, to oppose Western colonialism. Social movements have been and continue to be closely connected with democratic political systems . Occasionally, social movements have been involved in democratizing nations, but more often they have flourished after democratization. Over

6165-629: The secret ballot , amongst other things. The term "social movements" was introduced in 1848 by the German Sociologist Lorenz von Stein in his book Socialist and Communist Movements since the Third French Revolution (1848) in which he introduced the term "social movement" into scholarly discussions – actually depicting in this way political movements fighting for the social rights understood as welfare rights . The labor movement and socialist movement of

6302-538: The vice-chancellor and principal of the University of Cape Town (UCT) in South Africa , succeeding Njabulo Ndebele . He held this position for a decade, from 19 August 2008, until 30 June 2018. Max Price, a qualified medical doctor, formerly held the position of Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand . His academic qualifications include an MBBCh degree from

6439-407: The worker class . Many other social movements were created at universities , where the process of mass education brought many people together. With the development of communication technologies, creation and activities of social movements became easier – from printed pamphlets circulating in the 18th century coffeehouses to newspapers and Internet , all those tools became important factors in

6576-479: The 16th of June and was a march from Cowley , a nearby suburb of Oxford, through to the Oriel College building on High Street and onto the University of Oxford Museum of Natural History . Both protests were peaceful. On 17 June 2020, some University of Oxford professors expressed opinions in support of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford. In particular, within a letter to The Telegraph , they criticised

6713-718: The Brown v. the Board of Education Supreme court decision (1954), which outlawed segregation in Public schools, and following the arrest of Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama for refusing to comply with segregation laws on city buses by giving up her bus seat to a white man, that the American Civil Rights Movement would proceed to the next stage – coalescence." The impact of a black woman, Rosa Parks , riding in

6850-587: The Democratic Alliance Student Organization (DASO) met with the university to vote on the removal of Afrikaans as a language of instruction. Following clashes between students and police, 24 students were arrested for public violence. The following day, the university announced that the Hatfield and Groenkloof campuses would be closed until the university could ensure the safety of its students and staff. On 22 February 2016,

6987-605: The Free State , University of Witwatersrand, University of Pretoria , and the University of KwaZulu-Natal . On 22 March 2015, UCT lecturer Xolela Mangcu told the Cape Times newspaper that the university was not hiring enough black professors. He said that only 5 out of the 200 senior professors at the university were black. A week later, Julius Malema of the Economic Freedom Fighters agreed that

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7124-673: The Hasso Plattner School of Design Thinking, the Nelson Mandela School of Public Governance, and the Global Citizen Initiative. During Price's tenure, the institution saw significant growth in research output and impact. The number of peer-reviewed publications increased by 85%, the number of National Research Foundation -rated researchers doubled, and there was a 43% increase in the number of master's and doctoral students. Additionally,

7261-662: The President of the Protestant Association in 1779. The Association had the support of leading Calvinist religious figures, including Rowland Hill , Erasmus Middleton , and John Rippon . Gordon was an articulate propagandist and he inflamed the mob with fears of Papism and a return to absolute monarchical rule . The situation deteriorated rapidly, and in 1780, after a meeting of the Protestant Association, its members subsequently marched on

7398-483: The Rhodes University Council voted 15–9 in favour of keeping the existing name. While the university agreed with critics that "[it] cannot be disputed that Cecil John Rhodes was an arch-imperialist and white supremacist who treated people of this region as sub-human", it also said it had long since distanced itself from the person and had distinguished itself with the name Rhodes University as one of

7535-537: The Rhodes statue', and that the submission from the College Governing Body to this commission would be for the removal of the Rhodes statue and plaque. The commission will be led by Carole Souter CBE, the current Master of St Cross College, Oxford and it was announced that the commission will accept written and oral evidence from all stakeholders including activist groups such as Rhodes Must Fall, and

7672-418: The Rhodes statue, occupying UCT offices, and burning art, vehicles, and buildings. Students also made use of the internet; protesting students created a Facebook page entitled 'Rhodes Must Fall' and promoted and made use of the hashtag '#RhodesMustFall' on Twitter . The first action of the movement took place on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele "picked up one of the buckets of faeces that sat reeking on

7809-547: The SNCC, the student nonviolent coordinating committee (1960s). The students could have joined forces with the SCLC, an already existing organization, but that would have been a poor bureaucratizing decision, as they would succumb to old ideologies. New and progressive ideas that challenge prior authority are crucial to social change. The declining of a social movement does not necessarily mean failure. There are multiple routes in which

7946-939: The Schools Improvement Initiative. In 2015, Price co-founded and served as the first Chair of the African Research Universities Alliance, which was established to strengthen links between research universities in Africa. He was also a member of the Global Universities Leaders’ Forum of the World Economic Forum and served on the Board of Directors of the Community Organisation Resources Centre (CORC). Fees Must Fall movement From 2015 to 2017,

8083-466: The Student Housing department by Rhodes Must Fall protesters. The university also refuted protesters' claims of prioritising the housing of white students, stating that 75% of students in university residences were black. The university claimed that a number of the protesters were not university students and that due to the "intimidation of others, demeaning utterances, and distortion of facts" it

8220-458: The University of Cape Town ran a poll on whether or not the statue should be moved. Out of 2700 students, 1100 students voted. Sixty percent of them were against the removal of the statue, 38% were in favour of its removal and the remaining 2% abstained. However, the poll did not measure strength of opinion. A consensus in the Senate found that many who are against removal did not feel strongly about

8357-444: The University of Cape Town witnessed a series of student and worker protests that were part of a broader national protest movement. The protests centered around several key issues, including the demand for free education ( #FeesMustFall ), calls for decolonization and transformation ( #RhodesMustFall ), and union demands for the re-insourcing of outsourced workers. During his tenure as vice-chancellor, Price's leadership in addressing

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8494-503: The University of Cape Town: Africa's Leading University in Decline . On a national scale, the #FeesMustFall movement resulted in a government commitment to provide grants to fully fund university education for students from lower-income households (earning below R350,000 annually). At the University of Cape Town (UCT), the movement prompted the removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes from its central location on campus. Additionally,

8631-582: The University of Oxford Vice-Chancellor Louise Richardson for claims she made concerning the Rhodes Must Fall movement engaging in the 'hiding of history'. In response to this, meetings of Oriel College undergraduates, the Oriel junior common room (JCR), and the Oriel graduates, the Oriel middle common room (MCR), each passed motions calling for the removal of the statue. On 17 June 2020, the Oriel College Governing Body convened to vote on

8768-807: The University of the Witwatersrand (1979), a BA (Hons) PPE from Oxford University (1983), an M.Sc. in Community Health from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and a Diploma in Occupational Health from Wits University. During his student years, Price served as President of the Student Representative Council at Wits University, a period marked by student protests in South Africa. He also held an executive position in NUSAS . During

8905-403: The aggregation of resources by social movement entrepreneurs and movement organizations, who use these resources to turn collective dissent in to political pressure. Members are recruited through networks; commitment is maintained by building a collective identity, and through interpersonal relationships. Resource Mobilization Theory views social movement activity as "politics by other means":

9042-573: The authorities to concede to the movement's demands. Wilkes was returned to Parliament, general warrants were declared unconstitutional, and press freedom was extended to the coverage of Parliamentary debates . A much larger movement of anti-Catholic protest was triggered by the Papists Act 1778 , which eliminated a number of the penalties and disabilities endured by Roman Catholics in England , and formed around Lord George Gordon , who became

9179-412: The communist regimes of Eastern Europe , developed after trade union activist Anna Walentynowicz was fired from work. The South African shack dwellers' movement Abahlali baseMjondolo grew out of a road blockade in response to the sudden selling off of a small piece of land promised for housing to a developer. Such an event is also described as a volcanic model – a social movement is often created after

9316-474: The controversy as well. After the shield was ordered retired on 15 March 2016, Royall Must Fall renamed itself Reclaim Harvard Law and broadened its focus. Prominent members of Reclaim included third-year student A.J. Clayborne, but the group was organised in an equitable manner to counteract the perceived hierarchical nature of Harvard Law School. Reclaim sparked controversy when it occupied the law school's lounge and renamed it Belinda Hall after Belinda Sutton ,

9453-429: The debate, the Harvard Law Record's editor-in-chief and third-year law student Michael Shammas faced criticism from right-wing students for refusing to publish videos of activists tearing down pro-free speech posters, as well as criticism from some left-wing activists for accepting conservative op-eds for publication. Shammas, who was politically liberal, noted that even though he supported anti-racist protesters, his role

9590-410: The end of the 1990s the emergence of a new global social movement, the anti-globalization movement . Some social movement scholars posit that with the rapid pace of globalization, the potential for the emergence of new type of social movement is latent—they make the analogy to national movements of the past to describe what has been termed a global citizens movement . Several key processes lie behind

9727-655: The first Steering Committee of the National Progressive Primary Health Care Network (NPPHCN) / South African Health and Social Services Organisation (SAHSSO) Policy Conference. Price holds an h-index of 16 according to Google Scholar . Their body of work spans across various domains including health systems research , political economy of health, health economics and financing, privatisation and medical aids, and medical education, encompassing journal articles, technical papers, and media contributions. Price served as Dean of

9864-450: The general public. The Commission intends to report by the end of 2020. Councillor Susan Brown, Leader of Oxford City Council , welcomed this announcement and invited an 'early submission of a formal planning application from Oriel to accompany the review process and feed into it'. Should Oriel College submit a planning application for the removal of the statue from what the college refers to as 'The Rhodes Building' listed building consent and

10001-567: The growing movement for popular sovereignty among the middle classes – people began chanting "Wilkes and Liberty" in the streets. After a later period of exile brought about by further charges of libel and obscenity , Wilkes stood for the Parliamentary seat at Middlesex , where most of his support was located. When Wilkes was imprisoned in the King's Bench Prison on 10 May 1768, a mass movement of support emerged, with large demonstrations in

10138-608: The growth of the social movements. Finally, the spread of democracy and political rights like the freedom of speech made the creation and functioning of social movements much easier. Nascent social movements often fail to achieve their objectives because they fail to mobilize sufficient numbers of people. Srdja Popovic, author of Blueprint for Revolution, and spokesperson for OTPOR! , says that movements succeed when they address issues that people actually care about. "It's unrealistic to expect people to care about more than what they already care about, and any attempt to make them do so

10275-501: The history of social movements. Urbanization led to larger settlements, where people of similar goals could find each other, gather and organize. This facilitated social interaction between scores of people, and it was in urban areas that those early social movements first appeared. Similarly, the process of industrialization which gathered large masses of workers in the same region explains why many of those early social movements addressed matters such as economic wellbeing, important to

10412-438: The ideas of deprivation and grievances. The idea is that certain members of society feel like they are being mistreated or that somehow the system is unjust. The insurgent consciousness is the collective sense of injustice that movement members (or potential movement members) feel and serves as the motivation for movement organization. Organizational strength falls inline with resource-mobilization theory, arguing that in order for

10549-605: The impact that they have in the social realm is success in its own way. It sparks the notion in new generations that the possibility to organize and make change is there. Sociologists have developed several theories related to social movements [Kendall, 2005]. Some of the better-known approaches are outlined below. Chronologically they include: Deprivation theory argues that social movements have their foundations among people who feel deprived of some good(s) or resource(s). According to this approach, individuals who are lacking some good, service, or comfort are more likely to organize

10686-557: The importance of culture. One advance on the political process theory is the political mediation model, which outlines the way in which the political context facing movement actors intersects with the strategic choices that movements make. An additional strength of this model is that it can look at the outcomes of social movements not only in terms of success or failure but also in terms of consequences (whether intentional or unintentional, positive or negative) and in terms of collective benefits . Max Price Max Price served as

10823-428: The insurgent consciousness and resources to mobilize, but because political opportunities are closed, they will not have any success. The theory, then, argues that all three of these components are important. Critics of the political process theory and resource-mobilization theory point out that neither theory discusses movement culture to any great degree. This has presented culture theorists an opportunity to expound on

10960-625: The issue. Apartheid-era president, F. W. de Klerk has criticised the movement, calling the movement a "folly" and the students "full of sound and fury". He argues that Rhodes was "the architect of the Anglo-Boer War that had a disastrous impact on our people, yet the National Party government never thought of removing his name from our history". De Klerk continued on by saying in a letter to The Times that for better or for worse, "Rhodes had made an impact on history, which included

11097-511: The kerbside" and "hurled its contents" to a bronze statue of Rhodes, as reported by The Guardian . The Times later named Chumani as "The faeces-throwing activist who orchestrated the #RhodesMustFall campaign at UCT." Ntokozo Qwabe was named as "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement at Oxford University in the UK" by BusinessTech and by the Daily Mirror . Parisian magazine Jeune Afrique named Youssef Robinson "one of

11234-490: The key to joining the movement was having a friend or associate who was a member of the movement. Social Strain Theory, is the "proposal that pressure derived from social factors, such as lack of income or lack of quality education, drives individuals to commit crime." This theory is also subject to circular reasoning as it incorporates, at least in part, deprivation theory and relies upon it, and social/structural strain for

11371-427: The last two decades." On 7 May 2015 Rhodes Must Fall tweeted "Why Mcebo Dlamini's views on Hitler are not outrageous", including a link to an anonymous letter in the student newspaper Wits Vuvuzela bearing this title. On the same day Eyewitness News reported that the Rhodes Must Fall movement stated that it "rejects the removal of Wits SRC President Mcebo Dlamini." Protests resumed at the University of Cape Town at

11508-680: The late 19th century are seen as the prototypical social movements, leading to the formation of communist and social democratic parties and organisations. These tendencies were seen in poorer countries as pressure for reform continued, for example in Russia with the Russian Revolution of 1905 and of 1917 , resulting in the collapse of the Czarist regime around the end of the First World War . In 1945, Britain after victory in

11645-455: The leaders of the movement in Britain." Athabile Nonxuba was also named a leader of the movement at UCT by City Press . National Public Radio interviewed Kgotsi Chikane and named him "one of the leaders of the Rhodes Must Fall movement." The first protest, and the action that started the Rhodes Must Fall campaign occurred on 9 March 2015, when Chumani Maxwele threw human faeces onto

11782-399: The mass petition march. However, the movement was careful not to cross the line into open rebellion; it tried to rectify the faults in governance through appeals to existing legal precedents and was conceived of as an extra-Parliamentary form of agitation to arrive at a consensual and constitutional arrangement. The force and influence of this social movement on the streets of London compelled

11919-535: The monuments laid wreaths at the monuments a few days afterwards. To protect it from future vandalism, the Horse Memorial was temporarily moved to a safe space by the local municipality. The chairperson of the Nelson Mandela Bay region of the EFF, Bo Madwara, threatened to "unload it into the sea" should the monument be restored. On 18 September 2015, the bronze bust of Rhodes at Rhodes Memorial

12056-508: The more powerful and advantaged elites". They represent a method of social change from the bottom within nations . On the other hand, some social movements do not aim to make society more egalitarian, but to maintain or amplify existing power relationships. For example, scholars have described fascism as a social movement. Political science and sociology have developed a variety of theories and empirical research on social movements. For example, some research in political science highlights

12193-420: The movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is the term by which they are known to history. Caution must always be exercised in any discussion of amorphous phenomena such as movements to distinguish between the views of insiders and outsiders, supporters and antagonists, each of whom may have their own purposes and agendas in characterization or mischaracterization of it. Social movements have

12330-491: The movement led to the insourcing of 1300 workers, including cleaners, drivers, security personnel, and residence kitchen staff, who were previously outsourced. Recent Memberships Price assumed the role of Chair of the Worldwide Universities Network (WUN) Partnership Board from 2014 to 2016 and served as Vice-Chair during the periods of 2013-2014 and 2016-2017. From 2011 to 2018, Price held

12467-479: The name of Rhodes University to change, and has since made several interventions towards transforming Rhodes University, which it regards as a colonial university. In late May 2015, following protests and complaints by the Black Students Movement, the university, Rhodes University (named after Cecil Rhodes) approved plans to formally begin the process of changing the university's name. In 2017,

12604-417: The name of that purpose. The early growth of social movements was connected to broad economic and political changes in England in the mid-18th century, including political representation , market capitalization , and proletarianization . The first mass social movement catalyzed around the controversial political figure John Wilkes . As editor of the paper The North Briton , Wilkes vigorously attacked

12741-584: The new administration of Lord Bute and the peace terms that the new government accepted at the 1763 Treaty of Paris at the end of the Seven Years' War . Charged with seditious libel , Wilkes was arrested after the issue of a general warrant , a move that Wilkes denounced as unlawful – the Lord Chief Justice eventually ruled in Wilkes favour. As a result of this, Wilkes became a figurehead to

12878-611: The number of students accepted to universities will lead to a decrease in the quality of their education, as money which would have gone towards securing quality educators goes instead to subsidising students' fees. Sikhakhane draws parallels between South Africa's path and the situation in Chile and Colombia. The university protests have been criticised for their increasingly violent nature and their racism against non-black students, especially their "extreme hatred of whites". Some black students claim they fear retribution should they not support

13015-494: The organization of the first anniversary commemorations of the Soweto Uprising , Price was arrested and detained in solitary confinement for 12 days at John Vorster Square . Price received a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford University from 1981 to 1983. In 1988, Price became part of the newly established Centre for Health Policy in South Africa, which aimed to develop post-apartheid health policies. In 1992, he chaired

13152-558: The past 200 years, they have become part of a popular and global expression of dissent . Modern movements often use technology and the internet to mobilize people globally. Adapting to communication trends is a common theme among successful movements. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy organizations linked to social movements in the U.S. and Canada use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action. Mario Diani argues that nearly all definitions share three criteria: "a network of informal interactions between

13289-426: The permission from Historic England will be required, as the building is grade II* listed. The possible removal of the Rhodes statue at Oriel College follows a 2016 YouGov survey in Britain which reported that 59% of respondents agreed that Rhode's statue should not be taken down, and 44% agreed with the statement that "we should be proud of British colonialism". In June 2020, international lawyer Ann Olivarius ,

13426-518: The positive contribution of his scholarship scheme." Members of the governing party ANC criticized the movement. For example, education minister Blade Nzimande accused them of being "ultra-left formations" controlled by the EFF and accused them of having "an anti-ANC government agenda by those who cannot win power through the ballot". Some critics of the movement worry that the focus is on quantity rather than quality of education, and that an increase in

13563-487: The possible removal of the Rhodes statue. The outcome of this meeting was that the college would formally move to have the Cecil Rhodes statue removed from their building, along with the King Edward Street Plaque. The announcement was not for the immediate removal of the statue, but rather that the college move to immediately establish an 'independent Commission of Inquiry into the key issues surrounding

13700-571: The press and indeed Ntokozo's personal inbox.". In June 2020, the issue was again brought to attention during the George Floyd protests in the United Kingdom . Two large Rhodes Must Fall protests took place outside Oriel College, on High Street in central Oxford to call for the removal of the Rhodes statue from the Oriel building. The first protest occurred on 9 June 2020 and was attended by over 1000 people. The second protest occurred on

13837-494: The protests received both criticism and praise from various quarters. Some critics accused Price of displaying a "gross lack of leadership," while others questioned the necessity of using private security and police to manage the protests. Price's decisions during this period and their perceived negative impact on the status and functioning of UCT as an institution have been discussed in David Benetar 's book, The Fall of

13974-492: The protests. The start of the movement at the University of Cape Town resulted in the emergence of a broader movement in other universities in South Africa, United Kingdom and the United States to address black alienation within higher education. In mid April 2015, the student- and staff-led activist organisation Open Stellenbosch was founded at the University of Stellenbosch to promote similar aims, but with more of

14111-533: The relation between popular movements and the formation of new political parties as well as discussing the function of social movements in relation to agenda setting and influence on politics. Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement examining things such as scope, type of change, method of work, range, and time frame. Some scholars have argued that modern Western social movements became possible through education (the wider dissemination of literature ) and increased mobility of labor due to

14248-438: The removal of the statue and the Rhodes Must Fall movement also occurred at the University of Edinburgh and the University of California, Berkeley . Berkeley protesters felt the demands of the Rhodes Must Fall movement were relevant to their own grievances of perceived black marginalisation at Berkeley. At the University of Cambridge the movement catalysed the creation of similar 'decolonisation' student led initiatives such as

14385-472: The removal of the statue in the 1950s. Rhodes Must Fall describes itself as "a collective movement of students and staff members mobilising for direct action against the reality of institutional racism at the University of Cape Town." Whilst initially being focused on the removal of the statue of Cecil John Rhodes, Rhodes Must Fall states that "the fall of 'Rhodes' is symbolic for the inevitable fall of white supremacy and privilege at our campus." The movement

14522-464: The return of the okukor cockerel statue (taken during the punitive Benin Expedition of 1897 ) at Jesus College to Nigeria. On 22 March 2015, the EFF's president, Julius Malema , called for all other symbols of colonialism and apartheid in South Africa to be removed. Following that, a number of colonial era statues across the country were vandalised, including the statue of King George V at

14659-501: The revered anti-apartheid activist Molly Blackburn , five anti-apartheid-themed paintings by black artist Keresemose Richard Baholo , who was the first black student to receive a master's degree in Fine Art from UCT and who later supported the activists' actions); torched three vehicles, including a Jammie Shuttle transport bus; and petrol-bombed the office of the university's vice-chancellor. The University of Cape Town stated that

14796-406: The role of exceptional levels of deprivation, grievance, or social strain in motivating mass protest—Resource Mobilization perspectives hold "that there is always enough discontent in any society to supply the grass-roots support for a movement if the movement is effectively organized and has at its disposal the power and resources of some established elite group" Movement emergence is contingent upon

14933-496: The second great petition drive of 1806), and possibly the upheaval surrounding the French and American Revolutions . In the opinion of Eugene Black (1963), "...association made possible the extension of the politically effective public. Modern extra parliamentary political organization is a product of the late eighteenth century [and] the history of the age of reform cannot be written without it. From 1815, Britain after victory in

15070-454: The shack needed to be relocated by 5 p.m. the following day, as its placement was causing traffic congestion. The following day, the shack was removed after 6 p.m. by the university. In response, Rhodes Must Fall supporters vandalised two statues, one of Jan Smuts and another of Maria Emmeline Barnard Fuller ; burned paintings, predominantly portraits of white people, collected from university buildings (including two collages in remembrance of

15207-431: The shortage, 6,680 beds for 27,000 students, was due to three reasons: greatly increased student numbers caused by lower fees, students rewriting deferred exams caused by the protests the previous year, and the clearance of historical student debt increasing the number of returning students. The university also stated that their ability to respond to the housing problem was hampered by the occupation of three buildings hosting

15344-626: The stairs of Jammie Plaza, the focal point of the UCT Upper Campus, to discuss the statue, with points from all sides being heard. The following week, a march to the UCT administrative building, Bremner, took place, demanding a date for the removal of the statue. On 20 March 2015, students stormed the Bremner building, which houses the UCT offices during a speech addressing the removal of the statue by UCT vice-chancellor Max Price . On 22 March, it

15481-488: The start of the academic year on 15 February 2016, when members of the Rhodes Must Fall movement constructed a shack at a heavily used pedestrian crossing and road at the base of the Jameson Steps on the university's main campus. The shack was set up to protest what some students perceived as a lack of housing for black students and unfairness in the allocation of student housing. The university responded, stating that

15618-424: The statue and toyi-toyied with approximately a dozen protesters at the statue. Maxwele was charged with assault after he was involved in a physical altercation with a security officer during the protest. It was reported that a UCT security officer had prevented a photographer from taking photos of the protest. UCT announced that it was investigating the incident. On 12 March 2015, an open air dialogue took place on

15755-414: The statue and prevented members of the council from leaving. According to a statement issued by Max Price , Vice-Chancellor of UCT, protestors chanted "One Settler, One Bullet", a rallying cry during apartheid, both at the meeting and the following day during the removal of the statue. On Tuesday 14 April 2015, Rhodes Must Fall issued a statement from its official Facebook page calling on its members to join

15892-476: The statue should be removed and that the student protests were against not only the statue, but white supremacy itself. Albie Sachs suggested to "keep him [Rhodes] alive on the campus and force him, even if posthumously, to witness surroundings that tell him and the world that he is now living in a constitutional democracy." During March 2015, the Faculty of Engineering & the Built Environment at

16029-654: The streets under the slogan "No liberty, no King." Stripped of the right to sit in Parliament, Wilkes became an Alderman of London in 1769, and an activist group called the Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights began aggressively promoting his policies. This was the first ever sustained social movement: it involved public meetings, demonstrations, the distribution of pamphlets on an unprecedented scale and

16166-832: The underlying motivation of social movement activism. However, social movement activism is, like in the case of deprivation theory, often the only indication that there was strain or deprivation. Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources in social movement development and success. Resources are understood here to include: knowledge, money, media, labor, solidarity, legitimacy, and internal and external support from power elite. The theory argues that social movements develop when individuals with grievances are able to mobilize sufficient resources to take action.The emphasis on resources offers an explanation why some discontented/deprived individuals are able to organize while others are not. In contrast to earlier collective behavior perspectives on social movements—which emphasized

16303-497: The university and the college. On 12 November 2015, the University of Stellenbosch's Rector's Management Team recommended a new language policy in line with Open Stellenbosch's demands; specifically the adoption of English as a lingua franca. At Rhodes University , the Black Students Movement was started on 17 March in solidarity with the UCT Rhodes Must Fall Movement. The movement then began agitating for

16440-564: The university experienced growth in international student numbers and research collaborations, as well as a threefold increase in research income. During Price's tenure, the University of Cape Town became the first university on the African continent to offer massive open online courses ( MOOCs ). The institution consistently ranked among the world's top 200 universities according to the Times Higher Education rankings and

16577-438: The university proposed that its medium of instruction would become English-only. Protests against Afrikaans continued, with students boycotting classes and forcing other students out of their lectures. Lectures were cancelled as a result. On 22 February 2016, a group of 35 people consisting of contract workers and students, were arrested at the University of the Free State on charges of contempt of court and illegal gathering. At

16714-647: The violence that accompanied it, and that representation of 'black voices' should be improved. On 19 January 2016, students at the Oxford Union (a private student debating society, without official endorsement or links to the University of Oxford) voted 245 to 212 in favour of removing the statue of Rhodes. Ultimately, on 29 January 2016, it was announced that the statue would remain; The Telegraph reported that "furious donors threatened to withdraw gifts and bequests worth more than £100 million" if it were removed. The legacy of Cecil Rhodes at The University of Oxford

16851-459: The vote, the statue was boarded up pending the final decision from the university's council. On 9 April 2015 the Rhodes statue was removed. Protest quickly spread around South Africa's universities, defacing statues and calling for the " decolonisation of education" in South Africa. On 8 April 2015 protesters disrupted the UCT Council meeting which had been called to discuss the removal of

16988-428: The way that is done, to recognize who is and who is not a member or an allied group : It is often outsiders rather than insiders that apply the identifying labels for a movement, which the insiders then may or may not adopt and use to self-identify. For example, the label for the levellers political movement in 17th-century England was applied to them by their antagonists, as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of

17125-439: The whites-only section of the bus (although she was not acting alone or spontaneously—typically activist leaders lay the groundwork behind the scenes of interventions designed to spark a movement). This leads into coalesce because now the common dilemma and source of oppression is being pinned down, allowing for organizations and appearance to the public eye to be established. The Polish Solidarity movement, which eventually toppled

17262-467: The wife of architect Charles Walgate. Charles had worked with fellow architect Joseph Michael Solomon in designing and constructing several buildings of the University of Cape Town (UCT) during this period. Marion's statue of Rhodes was unveiled in 1934 and installed on the UCT campus, as the university was built on land donated by Rhodes. Calls for the statue's removal had been slowly increasing for several decades, with Afrikaner students first demanding

17399-546: The world's best. The main argument against the change was financial, as such a change would cost a significant amount of money and the university was already having trouble with its budget. Furthermore, changing the university's name could have an adverse effect on its recognition internationally. On 19 February 2016, the AfriForum Youth, the Progressive Youth Alliance, and the EFF as well as

17536-473: Was "editor-in-chief, not thought-policeman-in-chief." Prominent Harvard Law professors such as Duncan Kennedy , Annette Gordon-Reed , Randall Kennedy , and Scott Brewer also weighed in, including in national newspapers such as The New York Times. The effects of the Royall Must Fall and Reclaim Harvard Law continue to be felt on the law school campus today. In September 2017, the school unveiled

17673-693: Was accompanied by several controversial incidents, most notably when black tape was mysteriously placed over the portraits of prominent African-American faculty members. In addition to spurring several students to express their views about the incident in an "#HLSUntaped" feature in the law school's student newspaper and at on-campus assemblies, the controversy soon eclipsed the law school and garnered university-wide interest, with several articles published in The Harvard Crimson and with some Harvard undergraduates joining protesting law students in solidarity. Several national news organisations picked up on

17810-687: Was appointed an Honorary Fellow Ad Eundum of the Colleges of Medicine of South Africa in Public Health Medicine. Between 2006 and 2008, Price held a position on the board of directors of the Aurum Institute for Health Research, a non-profit organization focusing on AIDS and tuberculosis research. Price was installed as vice-chancellor of the University of Cape Town (UCT) on 19 August 2008. During his tenure, UCT established several new institutes and initiatives, including

17947-671: Was frequently recognized as Africa's top university in various rankings. During Price's tenure, the Vice-Chancellor Strategic Initiatives were launched to address critical national challenges through university-wide, cross-disciplinary research. These initiatives included the African Climate and Development Initiative, the Safety and Violence Initiative, the Poverty and Inequality Initiative, and

18084-708: Was fun, funny, and invented graphic ways of ridiculing dictator Slobodan Milosevic . It turned fatalism and passivity into action by making it easy, even cool, to become a revolutionary, branding itself within hip slogans, rock music and street theatre. Tina Rosenberg , in Join the Club, How Peer Pressure can Transform the World , shows how movements grow when there is a core of enthusiastic players who encourage others to join them. Sociologists distinguish between several types of social movement: A difficulty for scholarship of movements

18221-400: Was initially about the removal of the statue of Cecil Rhodes, a symbol which the protesters felt was oppressive, and grew to encompass institutional racism, the lack of racial transformation at the university, and access to tertiary education and student accommodation. Students made use of occupation, civil disobedience, and violence during the protests. Actions included throwing human feces at

18358-401: Was removed. Rhodes Must Fall captured national headlines throughout 2015 and sharply divided public opinion in South Africa . It also inspired the emergence of allied student movements at other universities, both within South Africa and elsewhere in the world. A bronze statue of a seated Cecil Rhodes , a 19th-century British industrialist, was sculpted by Marion Walgate ( née  Mason ),

18495-464: Was reported that the students were still occupying the building and that members of the public were supplying them with food. The protesters "renamed" the building Azania House, an indication that the movement takes an Africanist position on national identity, thus rejecting the civic and non-racial tradition of the ANC. UCT's senate voted in favour of the removal of the statue on 27 March 2015, and following

18632-419: Was taking criminal action against the protesters. Eight protesters were arrested on charges of public violence and malicious damage. In the same week, non-black students were also barred from the UCT residences' dining hall by Rhodes Must Fall protesters and denied food from the cafeteria. Similar protests erupted across South Africa during February 2016 with protests at North-West University , University of

18769-417: Was vandalised. The nose was cut off and the memorial was daubed with graffiti accusing Rhodes of being a "Racist, thief, [and] murderer". It appeared that the vandals had attempted to cut off the whole head. In October 2018, the nose was restored by a local artist. Ntokozo Qwabe , one of the founders of Rhodes Must Fall and a Rhodes Scholar, was the subject of controversy over seemingly racist comments towards

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