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32-450: In 1908, Rufus Switzer, the future mayor of Huntington, pushed the city to purchase 75 acres of land on 13th Avenue to construct Ritter Park. Five years later in 1913, the park opened to the public. The park was named after lumberman , Charles Ritter, who donated 20 acres of land for the creation of the park. In 2011, Huntington won the Bark for Your Park contest, hosted by PetSafe , and won

64-566: A grand prize of $ 100,000 for the construction of Huntington's Petsafe Dog Park which later opened in 2012. In 2017, Huntington put aside $ 236,000 to reconstruct the Ritter Park Playground. Before this, the playground was built in 1987 with an Alice in Wonderland design, the new remodel now has a woodland forest design. Ritter Park is home to numerous events and fairs throughout the year. Lumberman Logging

96-585: A safety principle. In British Columbia, Canada, the BC Forest Safety Council was created in September 2004 as a not-for-profit society dedicated to promoting safety in the forest sector. It works with employers, workers, contractors, and government agencies to implement fundamental changes necessary to make it safer to earn a living in forestry. The risks experienced in logging operations can be somewhat reduced, where conditions permit, by

128-452: A set of wheels over ten feet tall, initially pulled by oxen. As the logging industry expanded, the 1880s saw the introduction of mechanized equipment like railroads and steam-powered machinery, marking the beginning of the railroad logging era. Logs were moved more efficiently by railroads built into remote forest areas, often supported by additional methods like high-wheel loaders , tractors and log flumes . The largest high-wheel loader,

160-406: A total overstory removal during the second cut will often be conducted eliminating the need for a third cut. Irregular shelterwood systems retain the trees left during the establishment cut for an extended period of time resulting in an uneven-aged stand with trees of multiple ages. It maybe done to get additional growth on the oldest trees to get extra-large diameters for wood . It also enhances

192-504: Is often far from professional emergency treatment. Traditionally, the cry of "Timber!" developed as a warning alerting fellow workers in an area that a tree is being felled, so they should be alert to avoid being struck. The term " widowmaker " for timber, typically a limb or branch that is no longer attached to a tree, but is still in the canopy either wedged in a crotch, tangled in other limbs, or miraculously balanced on another limb demonstrates another emphasis on situational awareness as

224-441: Is significant occupational injury risk involved in logging. Logging can take many formats. Clearcutting (or "block cutting") is not necessarily considered a type of logging but a harvesting or silviculture method. Cutting trees with the highest value and leaving those with lower value, often diseased or malformed trees, is referred to as high grading . It is sometimes called selective logging, and confused with selection cutting ,

256-400: Is that it provides protection from blowdown. Cutting is conducted into the direction of the prevailing winds resulting in mature trees always being protected by younger trees from wind damage. In other situations the cuts are oriented to maximize or minimize exposure to sunlight to promote regeneration of the desired species Similarly to in group shelterwoods, when the strips are narrow enough,

288-418: Is the process of cutting, processing, and moving trees to a location for transport . It may include skidding , on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks or skeleton cars . In forestry , the term logging is sometimes used narrowly to describe the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest , usually a sawmill or a lumber yard . In common usage, however,

320-547: Is the process of felling, delimbing, bucking, and sorting ( pulpwood , sawlog, etc.) at the stump area, leaving limbs and tops in the forest. Mechanical harvesters fell the tree, delimb, and buck it, and place the resulting logs in bunks to be brought to the landing by a skidder or forwarder . This method is routinely available for trees up to 900 mm (35 in) in diameter. Logging methods have changed over time, driven by advancements in transporting timber from remote areas to markets. These shifts fall into three main eras:

352-419: The crowns of the older trees grow. This unintentionally damages some of the regeneration which is sometimes desirable as it helps to thin the regrowth, increasing the growth rates of remaining trees. All the mature trees may be removed, or some may be left as reserves. These will continue to grow and may be harvested several decades later, or may be left to die of old age and contribute ecological values to

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384-938: The "Bunyan Buggie," was built in 1960 for service in California, featuring wheels 24 feet (7.3 m) high. After World War II, mechanized logging equipment, including chainsaws, diesel trucks, and Caterpillar tractors , transformed the logging industry, making railroad-based logging obsolete. With the advent of these tools, transporting logs became more efficient as new roads were constructed to access remote forests. However, in protected areas like United States National Forests and designated wilderness zones, road building has been restricted to minimize environmental impacts such as erosion in riparian zones . Today, heavy machinery such as yarders and skyline systems are used to gather logs from steep terrain, while helicopters are used for heli-logging to minimize environmental impact. Less common forms of logging, like horse logging and

416-470: The center of the circle. Usually a third cut is not implemented in these systems since the trees on the sides of the cuts provide shade and a seed source. This has the advantage of eliminating the need to mark trees for removal as the entire overstory is removed in the second cut. It also eliminates the risk of damage to the regeneration from logging equipment. Strip shelterwood systems organize cuts into narrow strips. The main advantage of this variation

448-477: The cut is followed by the use of herbicides or prescribed fire to suppress any undesired vegetation. Further, in some cases, trees are planted after the cut to increase species diversity, introduced improved stock, or create denser regrowth. Removal cutting removes all of the mature trees that were left to seed the regeneration. This is to give more light to the established seedlings, allowing them to grow freely. Without this cutting, seedlings will stagnate as

480-438: The establishment cut. This also allows the remaining trees to grow faster and produce more seed. If the stand does not have many undesired species the preparatory cut is not necessary. This cut is also not needed if thinning has been implemented throughout the life of the stand, treatment which has the added benefit of building resilience to windthrow . Establishment cuttings removes enough trees to allow sufficient light into

512-469: The following three are considered industrial methods: Trees are felled and then delimbed and topped at the stump. The log is then transported to the landing, where it is bucked and loaded on a truck. This leaves the slash (and the nutrients it contains) in the cut area, where it must be further treated if wild land fires are of concern. Trees and plants are felled and transported to the roadside with top and limbs intact. There have been advancements to

544-460: The growing space to the new generation. Shelterwood systems have many variations and can be adapted to site conditions and the goals of the landowner. There are concerns associated with this silvicultural system due to windthrow and high costs as well as advantages due to improved aesthetics and cost savings from natural regeneration. Preparatory cutting thins the stand removing species that are not desired so that they do not contribute seeds to

576-703: The highest fatality rate of 23.2 per 100,000 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers and a non-fatal incident rate of 8.5 per 100 FTE workers. The most common type of injuries or illnesses at work include musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which include an extensive list of "inflammatory and degenerative conditions affecting the muscles , tendons , ligaments , joints , peripheral nerves , and supporting blood vessels ." Loggers work with heavy, moving weights, and use tools such as chainsaws and heavy equipment on uneven and sometimes steep or unstable terrain . Loggers also deal with severe environmental conditions, such as inclement weather and severe heat or cold. An injured logger

608-483: The logging industry employed 86,000 workers and accounted for 93 deaths. This resulted in a fatality rate of 108.1 deaths per 100,000 workers that year. This rate is over 30 times higher than the overall fatality rate. Forestry/logging-related injuries (fatal and non-fatal) are often difficult to track through formal reporting mechanisms. Thus, some programs have begun to monitor injuries through publicly available reports such as news media. The logging industry experiences

640-519: The manual logging era before the 1880s, the railroad logging era from the 1880s to World War II , and the modern mechanized era that began after the war. In the early days, felled logs were transported using simple methods such as rivers to float tree trunks downstream to sawmills or paper mills. This practice, known as log driving or timber rafting , was the cheapest and most common. Some logs, due to high resin content, would sink and were known as deadheads. Logs were also moved with high-wheel loaders,

672-431: The practice of managing stands by harvesting a proportion of trees. Logging usually refers to above-ground forestry logging. Submerged forests exist on land that has been flooded by damming to create reservoirs . Harvesting trees from forests submerged by flooding or dam creation is called underwater logging , a form of timber recovery. Clearcutting, or clearfelling, is a method of harvesting that removes essentially all

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704-413: The process which now allows a logger or harvester to cut the tree down, top, and delimb a tree in the same process. This ability is due to the advancement in the style felling head that can be used. The trees are then delimbed, topped, and bucked at the landing. This method requires that slash be treated at the landing. In areas with access to cogeneration facilities, the slash can be chipped and used for

736-483: The production of electricity or heat. Full-tree harvesting also refers to utilization of the entire tree including branches and tops. This technique removes both nutrients and soil cover from the site and so can be harmful to the long-term health of the area if no further action is taken, however, depending on the species, many of the limbs are often broken off in handling so the result may not be as different from tree-length logging as it might seem. Cut-to-length logging

768-406: The regrowth. Shelterwood cutting is ideal for species that are long-lived, have seedlings that would naturally tend to start under partial shade or full shade, and have seeds that are not easily dispersible. It allows for natural regeneration from site-adapted trees that are retained because of their good genetics. Further, it has improved aesthetics compared to clearcutting since tree cover

800-412: The scenery, is important for some organisms, and creates old-growth characteristics. The irregular shelterwood system can be further divided into three variants: Shelterwood is very similar to seed-tree as a regeneration method since both use natural regeneration to create an even aged stand . However, the seed-tree method retains fewer trees since it does not intentionally use tree cover to shelter

832-419: The site. When a very shade-tolerant species is being regenerated this is the only cut needed. Group shelterwood organizes cutting into concentric circles originating from the first cuts in the patch in the center of the circle. Eventually these concentric circles meet at which point the entire stand has been cut. Sometimes the first cut will simply release a patch of advanced regeneration that will serve as

864-475: The stand for the desired regeneration while avoiding providing enough to encourage the growth of undesired vegetation. This added light also allows the remaining trees to increase their growth rates and seed production. It is done in a year when seed production is good. Only the best trees are left to seed the regeneration. In many cases the mineral soil is intentionally exposed by equipment allowing small-seeded species that require exposed soil to grow. Sometimes,

896-649: The standing trees in a selected area. Depending on management objectives, a clearcut may or may not have reserve trees left to attain goals other than regeneration, including wildlife habitat management, mitigation of potential erosion or water quality concerns. Silviculture objectives for clearcutting, (for example, healthy regeneration of new trees on the site) and a focus on forestry distinguish it from deforestation . Other methods include shelterwood cutting , group selective , single selective , seed-tree cutting , patch cut , and retention cutting . The above operations can be carried out by different methods, of which

928-543: The term may cover a range of forestry or silviculture activities. Logging is the beginning of a supply chain that provides raw material for many products societies worldwide use for housing , construction , energy , and consumer paper products. Logging systems are also used to manage forests , reduce the risk of wildfires , and restore ecosystem functions, though their efficiency for these purposes has been challenged. Logging frequently has negative impacts. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal , including

960-533: The use of corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. It may involve the so-called " timber mafia ". Excess logging can lead to irreparable harm to ecosystems, such as deforestation and biodiversity loss . Infrastructure for logging can also lead to other environmental degradation . These negative environmental impacts can lead to environmental conflict . Additionally, there

992-411: The use of mechanical tree harvesters, skidders, and forwarders. Shelterwood cutting Shelterwood cutting removes part of the old forest stand to allow for a natural establishment of seedlings under the cover of the remaining trees. Initial cuttings give just enough light to allow for the regeneration of desired species. Subsequent cuttings give the new seedlings more light and fully pass

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1024-686: The use of oxen, still exist but are mostly superseded. Logging is a dangerous occupation. In the United States, it has consistently been one of the most hazardous industries and was recognized by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as a priority industry sector in the National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) to identify and provide intervention strategies regarding occupational health and safety issues. In 2008,

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