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73-453: The Ribeira Palace, as well as most of the city of Lisbon, was destroyed in the 1755 earthquake . After the earthquake, the reigning monarch, King José I , suffered from claustrophobia and chose to live the rest of his life in a group of pavilions in the hills of Ajuda , and thus the palace was never rebuilt. Today, Lisbon's primary square, the Praça do Comércio , is situated on the site of

146-497: A 50-kilometre-long (31 mi) thrust fault southwest of Cape St. Vincent , with a dip-slip throw of more than 1 km (0.62 mi). This structure may have created the primary tectonic event. Economic historian Álvaro Pereira estimated that of Lisbon's population at the time of approximately 200,000 people, 30,000–40,000 were killed. Another 10,000 may have died in Morocco. A 2009 study of contemporary reports relating to

219-438: A few months. On 1 November 1755, a huge earthquake , and resulting tsunami and fire destroyed the palace and most of Lisbon. The 70,000-volume royal library housed within the palace, as well as hundreds of works of art, were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. King Joseph I was not at the palace and survived. His prime minister,

292-421: A large area, it led to the birth of modern seismology and earthquake engineering . The earthquake struck on the morning of 1 November 1755, All Saints' Day . Contemporary reports state that the earthquake lasted from three and a half to six minutes, causing fissures 5 metres (16 ft) wide in the city center. Survivors rushed to the open space of the docks for safety and watched as the sea receded, revealing

365-512: A new royal palace be built in Campo de Ourique as the new royal residence in 1760, but was later abandoned due to a lack of priority or interest in a palace being built in the Campo de Ourique neighborhood of Lisbon. The king and the prime minister immediately launched efforts to rebuild the city. On 4 December 1755, a little more than a month after the earthquake, Manuel da Maia , chief engineer to

438-468: A plain of mud littered with lost cargo and shipwrecks. Approximately 40 minutes after the earthquake, a tsunami engulfed the harbor and downtown area, rushing up the Tagus river "so fast that several people riding on horseback ... were forced to gallop as fast as possible to the upper grounds for fear of being carried away." It was followed by two more waves. Candles lit in homes and churches all around

511-433: A ship's position. He created the nonius to improve instrument (such as the quadrant (instrument) ) accuracy. This consisted of a number of concentric circles traced on the instrument and dividing each successive one with one fewer divisions than the adjacent outer circle. Thus the outermost quadrant would comprise 90° in 90 equal divisions, the next inner would have 89 divisions, the next 88 and so on. When an angle

584-799: A source of information and as a method of confirming theories. Nunes was, above all, one of the last great commentators, as is shown by his first published work “Tratado da Esfera”, enriched with comments and additions that denote a profound knowledge of the difficult cosmography of the period. He also acknowledged the value of experimentation. In his Tratado da sphera he argued for a common and universal diffusion of knowledge. Accordingly, he not only published works in Latin , at that time science's lingua franca , aiming for an audience of European scholars, but also in Portuguese , and Spanish ( Livro de Algebra ). Much of Nunes' work related to navigation . He

657-416: A staunch and devout Roman Catholic country. Theologians and philosophers focused and speculated on the religious cause and message, seeing the earthquake as a manifestation of divine judgment . A 2009 study estimated that the earthquake cost between 32 and 48 per cent of Portugal's GDP. Also, "in spite of strict controls, prices and wages remained volatile in the years after the tragedy. The recovery from

730-536: A subject of considerable debate. Early hypotheses had proposed the Gorringe Ridge , about 320 km (170 nmi; 200 mi) south-west of Lisbon, until simulations showed that a location closer to the shore of Portugal was required to comply with the observed effects of the tsunami. A 1992 seismic reflection survey of the ocean floor along the Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault detected

803-586: Is a concept album detailing the story of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The album is entirely sung in Portuguese and explores not only the history but also its effects on Portuguese society, culture and spirituality. The Lisbon earthquake is vividly depicted in Avram Davidson 's Masters of the Maze , one of the many times and places visited by the book's time-traveling protagonists. The board game Lisboa

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876-492: Is best known for being the first to approach navigation and cartography with mathematical tools. Among other accomplishments, he was the first to propose the idea of a loxodrome (a rhumb line ), and was the inventor of several measuring devices, including the nonius (from which the Vernier scale was derived), named after his Latin surname. Little is known about Nunes' early education, life or family background, only that he

949-469: Is not greatly important, yet it shows the geometric genius of Nunes as it was a problem which was independently tackled by Johann and Jakob Bernoulli more than a century later with less success. They could find a solution to the problem of the shortest day , but failed to determine its duration, possibly because they got lost in the details of differential calculus which, at that time, had only recently been developed. The achievement also shows that Nunes

1022-537: The House of Aviz ruled Portugal, that the Portuguese Renaissance truly flourished, and Ribeira Palace was one of its centers. It was a beacon for artists, scientists, navigators, and noblemen from all over Portugal and Europe alike. It was at Ribeira Palace, in 1515, that Gil Vicente , the father of Portuguese and Spanish theatre, first performed his play Quem Tem Farelos? for King Manuel I. The palace

1095-626: The 1st Marquis of Pombal , coordinated a massive reconstruction effort that would give rise to the Pombaline Downtown of Lisbon. The royal family abandoned the Ribeira area and moved to palaces in the areas of Ajuda and Belém . The old Palace Square (Terreiro do Paço) gave rise to a new square, the Pombaline Commerce Square (Praça do Comércio). The two towers at the corners of the square are still reminiscent of

1168-565: The Casa da Índia , into a five-story Mannerist tower, complete with an observatory and one of the largest royal libraries in all of Europe.To beautify the palace the monarch commissioned several artists, such as Correggio , Rubens and, most famously, Titian , who made a massive painting on the ceiling of the Royal Library portraying Philip II holding a globe and being crowned. When King Philip I left Lisbon, in 1583, Ribeira Palace became

1241-639: The Pombaline Lower Town ( Baixa Pombalina ), is one of the city's famed attractions. Sections of other Portuguese cities, such as the Vila Real de Santo António in Algarve , were also rebuilt along Pombaline principles. The Casa Pia , a Portuguese institution founded by Maria I (known as A Pia , "Maria the Pious"), and organized by Police Intendant Pina Manique in 1780, was founded following

1314-669: The University of Lisbon , including Moral , Philosophy , Logic and Metaphysics . He obtained his doctorate in medicine in 1532. When, in 1537, the Portuguese University located in Lisbon returned to Coimbra , he moved to the re-founded University of Coimbra to teach mathematics, a post he held until 1562. This was a new post in the University of Coimbra and it may have been established to provide instruction in

1387-548: The heliocentric system proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus . Nunes knew Copernicus' work but referred only briefly to it in his published works, with the purpose of correcting some mathematical errors. Most of Nunes' achievements were possible because of his profound understanding of spherical trigonometry and his ability to transpose Ptolemy 's adaptations of Euclidean geometry to it. Nunes worked on several practical nautical problems concerning course correction as well as attempting to develop more accurate devices to determine

1460-617: The 1 November event found them vague and difficult to separate from reports of another local series of earthquakes on 18–19 November . Pereira estimated the total death toll in Portugal, Spain and Morocco from the earthquake and the resulting fires and tsunami at 40,000 to 50,000 people. Eighty-five percent of Lisbon's buildings were destroyed, including famous palaces and libraries, as well as most examples of Portugal's distinctive 16th-century Manueline architecture. Several buildings that had suffered little earthquake damage were destroyed by

1533-590: The Algarve and, at lower levels, it razed several houses. Almost all the coastal towns and villages of the Algarve were heavily damaged, except Faro , which was protected by the sandy banks of Ria Formosa . In Lagos , the waves reached the top of the city walls. Other towns in different Portuguese regions, such as Peniche , Cascais , Setúbal and even Covilhã (which is located near the Serra da Estrela mountain range in central inland Portugal) were visibly affected by

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1606-496: The Atlantic Ocean. A three-metre (ten-foot) tsunami hit Cornwall on the southern British coast. Galway , on the west coast of Ireland, was also hit, resulting in partial destruction of the " Spanish Arch " section of the city wall. In County Clare, Aughinish Island was created when a low lying connection to the mainland was washed away. At Kinsale , several vessels were whirled round in the harbor, and water poured into

1679-742: The Casa da Índia was installed in the tower, which hoisted a large sculpture of the Royal Coat of Arms of Portugal on the exterior of the tower, facing the river. Starting in 1525, King John III sponsored a set of enlargements and renovations to the palace, which, most notably, altered the Tower of the King , expanding it and opening a large balcony, faced towards the Tagus. It was during the Manueline era, when

1752-526: The Colégio Romano, the great center of Roman Catholic knowledge of that period, classified Nunes as “supreme mathematical genius". Nunes died in Coimbra . Pedro Nunes lived in a transition period, during which science was changing from valuing theoretical knowledge (which defined the main role of a scientist/mathematician as commenting on previous authors), to providing experimental data, both as

1825-463: The Lisbon disaster"). Voltaire's Candide attacks the notion that all is for the best in this, " the best of all possible worlds ", a world closely supervised by a benevolent deity. The Lisbon disaster provided a counterexample for Voltaire. Theodor Adorno wrote, "the earthquake of Lisbon sufficed to cure Voltaire of the theodicy of Leibniz " ( Negative Dialectics 361). Jean-Jacques Rousseau

1898-452: The Lisbon earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 or greater on the moment magnitude scale , with its epicenter in the Atlantic Ocean about 200 km (110 nmi; 120 mi) west-southwest of Cape St. Vincent , a cape in Algarve region, and about 290 km (160 nmi; 180 mi) southwest of Lisbon. Chronologically, it was the third known large-scale earthquake to hit the city (following those of 1332 and 1531 ). Estimates place

1971-478: The Palace of Alcáçova, and by the time King Manuel I of Portugal succeeded the throne, the Palace of Alcáçova was a large, but cramped, complex, not fitting with the tastes of King Manuel I. With his lucrative profits from Portugal's monopoly on the spice trade , King Manuel I set off on a building spree, renovating the Lisbon landscape, and starting with the construction of a new royal palace. The groundbreaking of

2044-604: The authority of Filipe Terço , the Master of the Royal Works. King Philip I decided to modernize the palace, stripping it of its early renaissance, Manueline style and planning and converting Ribeira Palace into a monumental, organized Mannerist complex. The highlight of the Philippine renovations was the reconstruction and enlargement of the Tower of the King , which transformed a three-story Manueline tower, which housed

2117-540: The beginnings of scientific geography in Germany. And certainly the beginnings of seismology". Werner Hamacher has claimed that the earthquake's consequences extended into the vocabulary of philosophy, making the common metaphor of firm "grounding" for philosophers' arguments shaky and uncertain: "Under the impression exerted by the Lisbon earthquake, which touched the European mind in one [of] its more sensitive epochs,

2190-412: The city for All Saints' Day were knocked over, starting a fire that developed into a firestorm which burned for hours in the city, asphyxiating people up to 30 metres (98 ft) from the blaze. Lisbon was not the only Portuguese city affected by the catastrophe. Throughout the south of the country, in particular the Algarve , destruction was rampant. The tsunami destroyed some coastal fortresses in

2263-468: The city, after attending Mass at sunrise, fulfilling the wish of one of the king's daughters to spend the holiday away from Lisbon. After the catastrophe, Joseph I developed a fear of living within walls, and the court was accommodated in a huge complex of tents and pavilions in the hills of Ajuda , then on the outskirts of Lisbon. The king's claustrophobia never waned, and it was only after Joseph's death that his daughter Maria I of Portugal began building

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2336-525: The construction of a ceremonial arch for the palace's Terreiro do Paço , culminating in a large series or triumphal and ceremonial arches by the end of the Philippine era. Another king to improve the palace was John V , who invested great sums – derived from the gold mines in colonial Brazil – to enlarge and embellish the Ribeira Palace. Deciding against building a new palace in the capital from scratch due to both monetary concerns and outcry from

2409-608: The court, King John V turned his attention to the Ribeira Palace. The original manueline chapel was turned into a magnificent baroque church, and the palace gained another wing for the queen, parallel to the previous one, commissioned to the Italian Antonio Cannevari . Later in the century, King Joseph I built a Royal Opera House by the palace, designed by the Italian Giuseppe Bibiena . The Ópera do Tejo , inaugurated in 1755, lasted only

2482-471: The death toll in Lisbon around 30,000–40,000. A further 10,000 may have died in Morocco. The earthquake accentuated political tensions in Portugal and profoundly disrupted the Portuguese Empire . The event was widely discussed and dwelt upon by European Enlightenment philosophers , and inspired major developments in theodicy . As the first earthquake studied scientifically for its effects over

2555-587: The earthquake also led to a rise in the wage premium of construction workers. More significantly, the earthquake became an opportunity to reform the economy and to reduce the economic semi-dependency vis-à-vis Britain." The earthquake and its aftermath strongly influenced the intelligentsia of the European Age of Enlightenment . The noted writer-philosopher Voltaire used the earthquake in Candide and in his Poème sur le désastre de Lisbonne ("Poem on

2628-426: The earthquake, he collected all the information available in news pamphlets and formulated a theory of the causes of earthquakes. Kant's theory, which involved shifts in huge caverns filled with hot gases, though inaccurate, was one of the first systematic attempts to explain earthquakes in natural rather than supernatural terms. According to Walter Benjamin , Kant's slim early book on the earthquake "probably represents

2701-564: The earthquake, the tsunami, or both. The shock waves of the earthquake destroyed part of Covilhã's castle walls and its large towers and damaged several other buildings in Cova da Beira , as well as in Salamanca, Spain . In Setúbal, parts of the Fort of São Filipe de Setúbal were damaged. On the island of Madeira , Funchal and many smaller settlements suffered significant damage. Almost all of

2774-564: The earthquake. A fictionalised version of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake features as a main plot element of the 2014 video game Assassin's Creed Rogue , developed and published by Ubisoft . Notably, a similar earthquake occurs earlier in the story in Port-au-Prince , Haiti , and possibly coincides with a real-world earthquake recorded there in 1751 . The album 1755 by the Portuguese Gothic metal band Moonspell

2847-469: The education of his younger brothers Luís and Henry . Years later Nunes was also charged with the education of the king's grandson, and future king, Sebastian . It is possible that, while at the University of Coimbra, future astronomer Christopher Clavius attended Pedro Nunes' classes, and was influenced by his works. Clavius, proponent of the Gregorian Calendar , the greatest figure of

2920-611: The former palace. The square is still popularly referred to as the Terreiro do Paço ("Palace Yard/Square") , reminiscent of the now destroyed royal residence. After the Siege of Lisbon , in 1147, the monarchs of Portugal had used the Palace of Alcáçova, in the São Jorge Castle , as their residence while in Lisbon , which did not become Portugal's definite capital until 1225. Over the years, various Portuguese monarchs added to

2993-677: The harbor area, were affected. In Spain, the tsunamis swept the Andalusian Atlantic Coast, damaging the city of Cadiz . Shocks from the earthquake were felt throughout Europe as far as Finland and in North Africa, and according to some sources even in Greenland and the Caribbean . Tsunamis as tall as 20 metres (66 ft) swept along the coast of North Africa , and struck Martinique and Barbados across

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3066-466: The king, but the aristocracy despised him as an upstart son of a country squire. The prime minister, in turn, disliked the old nobles, whom he considered corrupt and incapable of practical action. Before 1 November 1755, there had been a constant struggle for power and royal favour, but the competent response of the Marquis of Pombal effectively severed the power of the old aristocratic factions. However,

3139-534: The kingdom after the War of the Portuguese Succession . During his three-year stay in Lisbon, from 1580 to 1583, King Philip I, who also ruled as King of Castile, Aragon, and Naples, considered turning Lisbon into the imperial capital of his trans-European monarchy and empire. To better suit Lisbon for King Philip I's extravagant court, the King ordered the remodeling and expansion of Ribeira Palace, under

3212-549: The marketplace. In 2015, it was determined that the tsunami waves may have reached the coast of Brazil, then a colony of Portugal. Letters sent by Brazilian authorities at the time of the earthquake describe damage and destruction caused by gigantic waves. Although seismologists and geologists have always agreed that the epicenter was in the Atlantic to the west of the Iberian Peninsula, its exact location has been

3285-408: The metaphor of ground and tremor completely lost their apparent innocence; they were no longer merely figures of speech" (263). Hamacher claims that the foundational certainty of René Descartes ' philosophy began to shake following the Lisbon earthquake. The earthquake had a major impact on politics. The prime minister, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal , was the favourite of

3358-511: The official seat of the Council of Portugal and the residence of the Viceroys of Portugal . King Philip I's successors, King Philip II , and King Philip III , did not continue his legacy of stressing the importance of Lisbon, and instead visited their Portuguese capital only on rare ceremonial occasions. However, each time King Philip II and King Philip III visited Ribeira Palace, they ordered

3431-590: The old tower of the Ribeira Palace. 1755 Lisbon earthquake The 1755 Lisbon earthquake , also known as the Great Lisbon earthquake , impacted Portugal, the Iberian Peninsula , and Northwest Africa on the morning of Saturday, 1 November, Feast of All Saints , at around 09:40 local time. In combination with subsequent fires and a tsunami , the earthquake almost completely destroyed Lisbon and adjoining areas. Seismologists estimate

3504-570: The other movable. Vernier himself used to say that his invention was a perfected nonius and for a long time it was known as the “nonius”, even in France. In some languages, the Vernier scale is still named after Nunes, for example nonieskala in Swedish. Pedro Nunes also worked on some mechanics problems, from a mathematical point of view. Nunes was very influential internationally, e.g. on

3577-475: The palace included various wings, loggia, balconies, gardens, and courtyards. The main loggia of the palace, facing the Terreiro do Paço , followed the style employed by King Manuel I at many of his palaces, most notably at the Royal Palace of Évora . The hallmark of the palace, not just in the Manueline era but in all its history, was its Tower of the King , in the southern wing. During the Manueline era,

3650-501: The palace was in 1498. The new palace was not to be located on a high and easily protected fortress hill, like the Palace of Alcáçova was, but instead was built on the river shore of the Tagus river , giving it the name of Ribeira Palace, or Palace of the Riverside. The new royal palace was located in the heart of renaissance Lisbon, which had become one of the most important cities and ports in all Europe, on account of its importance in

3723-485: The ports in the Azores archipelago suffered most of their destruction from the tsunami, with the sea penetrating about 150 metres (490 ft) inland. Current and former Portuguese towns in northern Africa were also affected by the earthquake. Places such as Ceuta (ceded by Portugal to Spain in 1668) and Mazagon , where the tsunami hit hard the coastal fortifications of both towns, in some cases going over it, and flooding

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3796-497: The priests' accounts, modern scientists were able to reconstruct the event from a scientific perspective. Without the questionnaire designed by the Marquis of Pombal, that would have been impossible. Because Pombal was the first to attempt an objective scientific description of the broad causes and consequences of an earthquake, he is regarded as a forerunner of modern seismological scientists. The 18th-century English Baroque composer Richard Carter composed and published an ode on

3869-615: The project. The King was an absolutist in all manners, and sought to concentrate all his powers in Ribeira Palace, by holding the Portuguese Cortes and installing the Casa da Índia , the imperial administration, in the palace's walls. The palace of King Manuel I, and his successors until King Henry I of Portugal , was a true palace of the Portuguese Renaissance . Done in the Manueline style, among others,

3942-424: The realm, presented his plans for the re-building of Lisbon. Maia presented four options from abandoning Lisbon to building a completely new city. The first, and cheapest, plan was to rebuild the old city using recycled materials. The second and third plans proposed widening certain streets. The fourth option boldly proposed razing the entire Baixa quarter and "laying out new streets without restraint". This last option

4015-461: The royal Ajuda Palace , which still stands on the site of the old tented camp. Like the king, the prime minister Sebastião de Melo (1st Marquis of Pombal) survived the earthquake. When asked what was to be done, Pombal reportedly replied "bury the dead and heal the living", and set about organizing relief and rehabilitation efforts. Firefighters were sent to extinguish the raging flames, and teams of workers and ordinary citizens were ordered to remove

4088-482: The sea chart , Nunes argued that a nautical chart should have its parallels and meridians shown as straight lines. Yet he was unsure how to solve the problems that this caused: a situation that lasted until Mercator developed the projection bearing his name. The Mercator Projection is the system which is still used. Nunes also solved the problem of finding the day with the shortest twilight duration, for any given position, and its duration. This problem per se

4161-459: The silent opposition and resentment of King Joseph I began to rise, which would culminate with the attempted assassination of the king in 1758 and the subsequent elimination of the powerful Duke of Aveiro and the Távora family . In 1752, a Sebastianist predicted that a terrible earthquake would destroy Lisbon on All Saints' Day . After the 1755 Lisbon earthquake struck on All Saints' Day, there

4234-407: The social disarray of the 1755 Lisbon earthquake. The purpose of the institution was to provide shelter and schooling to children in need. The earthquake had wide-ranging effects on the lives of the populace and intelligentsia . The earthquake had struck on an important religious holiday and had destroyed almost every important church in the city, causing anxiety and confusion amongst the citizens of

4307-541: The spice trade and Age of Discoveries . Ribeira palace was situated next to the Ribeira das Naus shipyard and near all the major Lisbon trading houses. In 1502, the palace had been built large enough so that the Portuguese Royal Court could begin moving into the palace. In 1508, King Manuel I started expansion works on the palace, which ended in 1510, and appointed Diogo de Arruda as head architect of

4380-652: The subsequent fire. The new Lisbon opera house (the " Ópera do Tejo "), opened seven months before, burned to the ground. The Royal Ribeira Palace , which stood just beside the Tagus river in the modern square Praça do Comércio , was destroyed by the earthquake and tsunami. Inside, the 70,000-volume royal library as well as hundreds of works of art, including paintings by Titian , Rubens , and Correggio , were lost. The royal archives disappeared together with detailed historical records of explorations by Vasco da Gama and other early navigators. The palace of Henrique de Meneses, 3rd Marquis of Louriçal , which housed 18,000 books,

4453-492: The technical requirements for navigation: clearly a topic of great importance in Portugal at this period, when the control of sea trade was the primary source of Portuguese wealth. Mathematics became an independent post in 1544. In addition to teaching he was appointed Royal Cosmographer in 1529 and Chief Royal Cosmographer in 1547: a post which he held until his death. In 1531, King John III of Portugal charged Nunes with

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4526-658: The thousands of corpses before disease could spread. Contrary to custom and against the wishes of the Church, many corpses were loaded onto barges and buried at sea beyond the mouth of the Tagus. To prevent disorder in the ruined city, the Portuguese Army was deployed and gallows were constructed at high points around the city to deter looters; more than thirty people were publicly executed. The army prevented many able-bodied citizens from fleeing, pressing them into relief and reconstruction work. A project proposed that

4599-452: Was a pioneer in solving maxima and minima problems, which became a common requirement only in the next century using differential calculus. He was probably the last major mathematician to make relevant improvements to the ptolemaic system (a geocentric model describing the relative motion of the Earth and Sun). With time, in a slow and complex process, the geocentric model was replaced by

4672-465: Was a surge of converts to Sebastianism. The prime minister's response was not limited to the practicalities of reconstruction. He ordered a query sent to all parishes of the country regarding the earthquake and its effects. Questions included the following: The answers to those and other questions are still archived in the Torre do Tombo , the national historical archive. Studying and cross-referencing

4745-535: Was also destroyed. The earthquake damaged several major churches in Lisbon, namely Lisbon Cathedral , St Paul's Cathedral , Santa Catarina, São Vicente de Fora , and the Church of Nossa Senhora da Conceição Velha . The Royal Hospital of All Saints (the largest public hospital at the time) in the Rossio square was consumed by fire and hundreds of patients burned to death. The tomb of national hero Nuno Álvares Pereira

4818-401: Was also influenced by the devastation following the earthquake, whose severity he believed was due to too many people living within the close quarters of the city. Rousseau used the earthquake as an argument against cities as part of his desire for a more naturalistic way of life. Immanuel Kant published three separate texts in 1756 on the Lisbon earthquake. As a younger man, fascinated with

4891-464: Was also lost. Visitors to Lisbon may still walk the ruins of the Carmo Convent , which were preserved to remind Lisboners of the destruction. Most of the documentation of the 1722 Algarve earthquake sent to Lisbon for archiving became lost after the fire that followed the 1755 earthquake. The royal family escaped unharmed from the catastrophe: King Joseph I of Portugal and the court had left

4964-507: Was also where other great Portuguese and European artists and scholars presented themselves, including Luís de Camões , Portuguese playwright, Cristóvão de Morais , Portuguese painter, and Pedro Nunes , Portuguese mathematician and royal tutor. When the House of Habsburg seized the throne, in 1580, the newly acclaimed King Philip I of Portugal started a large series of constructions and renovations throughout Portugal, seeking to rehabilitate

5037-585: Was born in Alcácer do Sal in Portugal, his origins are possibly Jewish and that his grandchildren spent a few years behind bars after they were accused by the Portuguese Inquisition of professing and secretly practicing Judaism. He studied at the University of Salamanca , maybe from 1517 until 1522. He returned to Lisbon c. 1529 and started teaching at the University. He continued his medical studies but held various teaching posts within

5110-592: Was chosen by the king and his minister. In less than a year, the city was cleared of debris. Keen to have a new and perfectly ordered city, the king commissioned the construction of big squares, rectilinear, large avenues and widened streets – the new mottos of Lisbon. The Pombaline buildings are among the earliest seismically protected constructions in Europe. Small wooden models were built for testing, and earthquakes were simulated by marching troops around them. Lisbon's "new" Lower Town, known today as

5183-442: Was created in 2017 by Vital Lacerda and focuses on the reconstruction of Lisbon after the earthquake. Pedro Nunes Pedro Nunes ( Portuguese: [ˈpeðɾu ˈnunɨʃ] ; Latin : Petrus Nonius ; 1502 – 11 August 1578) was a Portuguese mathematician , cosmographer , and professor , probably from a New Christian (of Jewish origin) family. Considered one of the greatest mathematicians of his time, Nunes

5256-459: Was measured, the circle and the division on which the alidade fell was noted. A table was then consulted to provide the exact measure. The nonius was used by Tycho Brahe , who considered it too complex. The method inspired improved systems by Christopher Clavius and Jacob Curtius . These were eventually improved further by Pierre Vernier in 1631, which reduced the nonius to the Vernier scale that includes two scales, one of them fixed and

5329-525: Was the first to understand why a ship maintaining a steady course would not travel along a great circle , the shortest path between two points on Earth, but would instead follow a spiral course, called a loxodrome . These lines —also called rhumb lines — maintain a fixed angle with the meridians . In other words, loxodromic curves are directly related to the construction of the Nunes connection —also called navigator connection. In his Treaty defending

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