31-873: Rich Benjamin is an American cultural critic, anthropologist, and author. Benjamin is perhaps best known for the non-fiction book Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America . He is also a lecturer and a public intellectual , who has discussed issues on NPR , PBS , CNN and MSNBC . His writing appears in The New York Times , The New Yorker , The Guardian and The New York Review of Books . Benjamin's work focuses on US politics and culture, democracy, money, high finance, class, Blacks, Whites, Latinos, public policy, global cultural transformation, and demographic change. Benjamin has been contributing essays to The New Yorker since 2017. Benjamin's book, Searching for Whitopia ,
62-467: A 2009 non-fiction book by Rich Benjamin . In May 2010, Benjamin briefly summarized his experiences in a TED talk . African American journalist Rich Benjamin documents his journeys to find out why more and more white Americans move to small towns and areas that are, for the most part, white, and to explain why Whitopias are growing and what it means for the United States. Benjamin mounted
93-1006: A conference on technology. In 2021, he served as a Fellow at the Cullman Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library . Benjamin was in Princeton, NJ in 2023 for his research and teaching post as the Anschutz Distinguished Fellow in American Studies at Princeton University. In 2023-2024, Benjamin served as a Harvard-Radcliffe Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. There he continued research on his major field of interest, high finance—the social-scientific dimensions of quants, flash trading, hedge funds, extreme wealth, and risk. As
124-400: A doctoral student at Stanford University , Benjamin studied with Professors Tim Lenoir and Terry Winograd , an adviser to the founders of Google. This article about a United States journalist born in the 20th century is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Searching for Whitopia Searching for Whitopia: An Improbable Journey to the Heart of White America is
155-451: A number of state chapters, but it was highly decentralized and the chapters' ties to the organization's headquarters were extremely loose. The group hosted an annual World Congress of Aryan Nations at Hayden Lake for Aryan Nations members and members of similar groups. Aryan Nations had difficult relations with the city of Coeur d'Alene . In 1986-1987, there were a series of bombings of the homes of local human rights activists, after which,
186-561: A resort cabin at Lake Coeur d'Alene . He found a significant number of retired LAPD officers living there, and also found a significant number of gun owners where he learned to shoot a pistol at the local gun range. He spent time at a retreat, the only non-white journalist in the group, at the Council of Aryan Nations compound. He was told that the group is not "white-supremacy"; they are "white-segregation" - they merely don't want to live in close proximity to non-white people. He noted
217-401: A two-year tour of the United States, covering 26,907 miles (43,303 km), looking for "Whitopias", which he defined as: He spent several months in three such areas: St. George, Utah , Coeur d'Alene, Idaho , and Forsyth County, Georgia . In each case, he generated a master plan to thoroughly immerse himself in the community's core, with lists of the power brokers, the important groups, and
248-558: Is a North American antisemitic , neo-Nazi and white supremacist hate group that was originally based in Kootenai County , Idaho , about 2 + 3 ⁄ 4 miles (4.4 km) north of the city of Hayden Lake . Richard Girnt Butler founded Aryan Nations in the 1970s. In 2001, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) classified Aryan Nations as a "terrorist threat." In a review of terrorist organizations,
279-542: The Church of Jesus Christ–Christian , a name which continues to be used by Aryan Nations churches. William Potter Gale introduced Richard Girnt Butler to Swift in 1962. Swift quickly converted Butler, who was an admirer of Adolf Hitler and Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy , to Christian Identity. When Swift died in 1971, Butler fought against Gale, James Warner, and Swift's widow for control of
310-536: The RAND Corporation called it the "first truly nationwide terrorist network" in the United States and Canada. Aryan Nations beliefs are based on the teachings of Wesley A. Swift , a leading figure in the early Christian Identity movement. Swift was originally exposed to British Israelism while at the Angelus Temple through the teachings of visiting minister Gerald Burton Winrod . Swift
341-607: The Aryan Nations compound when their car backfired , which the guards claimed to misinterpret as gunfire. The guards fired at the car, striking it several times. The car crashed and one of the Nations guards held the Keenans at gunpoint, beating them. Two of the assailants, Aryan Nations security chief Edward Jessie Warfield and guard John Yeager, were prosecuted for the attack. Warfield pleaded guilty to aggravated assault and
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#1732798447748372-514: The Church of Jesus Christ–Christian. Butler eventually gained control of the organization and moved it from California to Idaho in 1973. After moving to Idaho, Butler founded Aryan Nations as a paramilitary wing of the church with an ideological mixture of Christian Identity and Nazism . From 1974 until 2001, the Aryan Nations headquarters was located in a 20-acre (8.1 ha) compound 1.8 miles (3 km) north of Hayden, Idaho . Aryan Nations had
403-609: The Holy Order of the Phineas Priesthood , previously in association with the faction which was led by Kreis, seceded and formed Aryan Nations Revival, based in New York City. The Holy Order was created in opposition to Kreis's acceptance of adherents of Wicca , Islam , and Odinism . It considered such groups to be a deviation from the core Christian Identity belief of Aryan Nations. This Revival rapidly became
434-542: The church's former buildings by burning them during training exercises. Edgar Steele , the attorney who had represented Butler, was later convicted of hiring a handyman to kill his own wife. In 2014, Steele died while serving a 50-year prison sentence. The Aryan Nations were divided between three main factions. The largest group after Aryan Nations' bankruptcy was led by Charles John Juba, followed by August Kreis III until Kreis stepped down as leader and designated Drew Bostwick as his successor in 2012. In 2002, Juba's group
465-431: The city and Aryan Nations left each other alone. In 1998, Aryan Nations applied for a permit for a march in downtown Coeur d'Alene. Although the permit was approved, the city declared a public holiday on the same day, resulting in an empty downtown of closed businesses. Until 1998, the leadership of Aryan Nations remained firmly in the hands of Richard Girnt Butler . By that time, he was over 80 years old, and his health
496-498: The group's Hayden Lake compound and intellectual property, including the names "Aryan Nations" and "Church of Jesus Christ Christian", were transferred to the Keenans. Idaho native and millionaire philanthropist Greg Carr purchased the property from the Keenans, donating it to the North Idaho College Foundation. It has been converted to a park dedicated to peace. Local fire departments demolished some of
527-399: The large verdict was partly to compensate the Keenans, but largely to punish Butler and his followers, and serve to deter similar conduct in the future. The $ 6.3 million verdict caused Butler to file for bankruptcy one month later. As part of the bankruptcy process, the group's property was put up for auction. SPLC loaned the Keenans $ 95,000 to bid on the 20-acre property. In February 2001,
558-600: The largest faction. In the Congressional Record , the leaders of Aryan Nations Revival were listed as domestic terrorists . The government concluded that the Holy Order of the Brotherhood of the Phineas Priesthood was the enforcement/terrorist wing of Aryan Nations. Aryan Nations Revival hosted a weekly radio broadcast which it titled The Aryan Nations Broadcast . Airing from 1979 to 2009,
589-843: The organization since the mid-1990s. Redfeairn had brought in Dave Hall, an FBI informant who exposed the group's illegal activities. After this was discovered, Redfeairn was distrusted by some in the group. Redfeairn and August Kreis III , the propaganda minister for Aryan Nations, formed a splinter group, and Butler expelled them from Aryan Nations. A few months later, Redfeairn returned to form an alliance with Butler. Butler's 2002 World Congress drew fewer than 100 people, and when he ran for mayor, he lost, garnering only 50 votes against more than 2,100 votes. Redfeairn died in October 2003, and Butler died of heart failure in September 2004. At
620-412: The preponderance of Confederate flags . In Georgia he found the predominant cultural activity revolved around a mega-church, so he involved himself in its activities. He felt the most comfortable in this situation, since both blacks and whites in this area are used to seeing the other - as contrasted to the first two sites, where a black person is still a rarity. Aryan Nations Aryan Nations
651-568: The radio program was authorized by Richard Butler. The program ended when host Hal Turner was arrested for threatening the lives of federal judges in Chicago . While incarcerated, Turner announced, through his attorney, that he was a federal informant, and that Aryan Nations was among those organizations which had been informed upon. In 2009, Aryan Nations Revival, which was then based in Texas , merged with Pastor Jerald O'Brien's Aryan Nations, which
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#1732798447748682-529: The significant events. He tried to volunteer or involve himself with those people and groups. In St. George, Benjamin rented a house over the telephone in a gated community, La Entrada. He took up golfing, fishing and Texas hold 'em . He was generally welcomed in every instance, and learned that the dominant topic in St. George was illegal immigration ; a local group had been organized to fight immigration, and they held regular rallies. In Idaho, Benjamin rented
713-666: The time of Butler's death, Aryan Nations had about 200 actively participating members. In September 2000, the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) won a $ 6.3 million judgment against Aryan Nations from an Idaho jury, who awarded punitive and compensatory damages to plaintiffs Victoria Keenan and her son Jason. The two Native Americans had been beaten with rifles by Aryan Nations security guards in Coeur d'Alene , Idaho in July 1998. The woman and her son were driving near
744-679: Was also exposed to Charles Parham 's British Israel teachings at the Angelus Temple. Combining British Israelism , extreme antisemitism , and political militancy, Swift later founded his own church in California in the mid-1940s known as the Anglo-Saxon Christian Congregation. He hosted a daily radio broadcast in California during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1957, the name of his church was changed to
775-413: Was based in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho . Both parties ardently adhered to Christian Identity. The emblem (or shield) of Aryan Nations is designed to reflect aspects of British Israelism . In 1983, Robert Jay Mathews , who had visited the Aryan Nations compound many times, formed The Order , along with Aryan Nations members Dan Bauer, Randy Duey, Denver Parmenter, and Bruce Pierce. The Order's mission
806-678: Was based on a 10-acre (4.0 ha) compound in the rural town of Ulysses in Potter County , north central Pennsylvania ; it hosted the 2002 Aryan Nations World Congress. Juba resigned in March 2005, announcing that Kreis was the group's new leader. Kreis established a new headquarters in Lexington , South Carolina , and he eventually moved it close to Union City, Tennessee . In 2005, Kreis received media attention because he attempted to form an Aryan Nations– al Qaeda alliance. In 2005,
837-599: Was convicted of the Los Angeles Jewish Community Center shooting and the murder of Filipino American postal worker Joseph Ileto, had previously worked as a security guard at the Aryan Nations compound for some time. On April 4, 2004, intending to start a " Race War ", Sean Michael Gillespie (a former member of Aryan Nations) threw a Molotov cocktail at B'nai Temple Israel in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . There were no casualties, but
868-588: Was poor. As Butler's health deteriorated, so did his ability to lead the group. This led to a series of violent events in Coeur d'Alene involving skinheads who had infiltrated the group. At the annual Aryan Nations World Congress in 2001, Neuman Britton was appointed to lead Aryan Nations as Butler's successor. Following Neuman's death in August 2001, Butler appointed Harold Ray Redfeairn of Ohio to lead Aryan Nations as his successor; he had been agitating for control of
899-416: Was sentenced to two to five years in prison. Yeager entered an Alford plea for assault and was sentenced to up 2.5 years in prison. A third attacker was never found. The SPLC filed suit on behalf of the Keenans. A jury found that Butler and Aryan Nations were grossly negligent in selecting and supervising the guards, and awarded the Keenans $ 6.3 million. A local attorney from Keenan's legal team said that
930-570: Was the subject of a TED Talk that has been viewed more than 2.8 million times. The book has received coverage on NPR and MSNBC. In 2021 Benjamin delivered the Poynter Lecture at Yale Law School on "conservatism and Trumpism in the era of digital media—on how right-wing ideology, white fear, and the digital media ecosystem threaten democracy in America." He has presented his research on money, blockchain, and decentralization at
961-704: Was to overthrow the Zionist Occupational Government and establish the Northwest Territorial Imperative through an orchestrated plot to commit acts of domestic terrorism which would include murder , arson , armed robbery , theft , counterfeiting , and extortion between 1983 and 1984. Dennis McGiffen, who also had ties to Aryan Nations, formed a group called "The New Order", inspired by Mathews' group. The members were arrested before they could follow through with their violent plans. Buford O. Furrow, Jr., who