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130-413: Richard Serra (November 2, 1938 – March 26, 2024) was an American artist known for his large-scale abstract sculptures made for site-specific landscape, urban, and architectural settings, and whose work has been primarily associated with Postminimalism . Described as "one of his era's greatest sculptors", Serra became notable for emphasizing the material qualities of his works and exploration of

260-779: A Fulbright Grant . In 1966 while still in Italy, Serra made a trip to the Prado Museum in Spain and saw Diego Velázquez 's painting, " Las Meninas ." The artist realized he would not surpass the skill of that painting and decided to move away from painting. While still in Europe, Serra began experimenting with nontraditional sculptural material. He had his first one-person exhibition "Animal Habitats" at Galleria Salita, Rome . Exhibited there were assemblages made with live and stuffed animals which would later be referenced as early work from

390-478: A triangular space on the ground with three openings that can be walked through. Once inside the viewer can look up and see the sky framed by the triangular shape made by the leaning plates. Another vertical sculpture, Terminal (1977), was conceived for " Documenta VI " in 1977. It was permanently installed on a traffic island between the street car tracks in front of a train station in Bochum, Germany . Serra chose

520-591: A B.A. in Art History and an M.F.A. in 1964. While in Paris on a Yale fellowship in 1964, he befriended composer Philip Glass and explored Constantin Brâncuși 's studio, both of which had a strong influence on his work. His time in Europe also catalyzed his subsequent shift from painting to sculpture. From the mid-1960s onward, particularly after his move to New York City in 1966, Serra worked to radicalize and extend

650-710: A BA in English Literature. In Santa Barbara, Serra met the muralists, Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw. Both were in the Art Department and took Serra under their wing. During this period, Serra worked in steel mills to earn a living, as he did at various times from ages 16–25. Serra studied painting at Yale University and graduated with both a BA in Art History and an MFA in 1964. Fellow Yale alumni contemporaneous to Serra include Chuck Close , Rackstraw Downs , Nancy Graves , Brice Marden , and Robert Mangold . At Yale Serra met visiting artists from

780-871: A Circle (1911); František Kupka had painted the Orphist works, Discs of Newton (Study for Fugue in Two Colors ), 1912 and Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs ( Fugue in Two Colors ), 1912; Robert Delaunay painted a series entitled Simultaneous Windows and Formes Circulaires, Soleil n°2 (1912–13); Léopold Survage created Colored Rhythm (Study for the film), 1913; Piet Mondrian , painted Tableau No. 1 and Composition No. 11 , 1913. With his expressive use of color and his free and imaginative drawing Henri Matisse comes very close to pure abstraction in French Window at Collioure (1914), View of Notre-Dame (1914), and The Yellow Curtain from 1915. And

910-742: A Splash Piece: Splashing with Four Molds (To Eva Hesse) (1969). Following his process-based works of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Serra began to solely use rolled or forged steel in his sculpture. Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin) (1977) was Serra's first forged sculpture. Made for the plaza outside the Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe , the sculpture weighs 70 tons. His other forged sculptures include Elevation for Mies (1985–88) at Museum Haus Esters, Krefeld, Germany ; Philibert et Marguerite (1985), in

1040-516: A basis for a diversity of modes of abstraction. The following extract from The World Backwards gives some impression of the inter-connectedness of culture at the time: " David Burliuk 's knowledge of modern art movements must have been extremely up-to-date, for the second Knave of Diamonds exhibition , held in January 1912 (in Moscow) included not only paintings sent from Munich, but some members of

1170-538: A buoyant, floating structure and noted that: "All the raw material that I needed is contained in the reserve of this memory." Serra's father, who was related to the Catalan architect Antoni Gaudí , later worked as a candy plant foreman. Serra studied English literature at the University of California, Berkeley in 1957 before transferring to the University of California, Santa Barbara and graduating in 1961 with

1300-720: A collaborator and long-time friend. In Paris, Serra spent time sketching in Constantin Brâncuși 's studio, partially reconstructed inside the Musée national d'Art moderne on the Avenue du Président Wilson, allowing Serra to study Brâncuși's work, later drawing his own sculptural conclusions. An exact replica of Brâncuși's studio is now located opposite the Centre Pompidou . Serra spent the following year in Florence, Italy on

1430-599: A commissioned installation, opened at the Guggenheim Museum , Bilbao, Spain . Consisting of eight sculptures spanning a decade from 1994 to 2005, "The Matter of Time" highlights the evolution of Serra's sculptural forms. Serra chose to include five sculptures derived from the initial torqued ellipse: one single, one double ellipse, and three torqued spirals. The Torqued Spirals followed after the Double Torqued Ellipses when Serra decided to connect

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1560-582: A departure from reality in depiction of imagery in art. This departure from accurate representation can be slight, partial, or complete. Abstraction exists along a continuum. Even art that aims for verisimilitude of the highest degree can be said to be abstract, at least theoretically, since perfect representation is impossible. Artwork which takes liberties, e.g. altering color or form in ways that are conspicuous, can be said to be partially abstract. Total abstraction bears no trace of any reference to anything recognizable. In geometric abstraction , for instance, one

1690-583: A double ellipses into one wound form that can be entered and walked through. The remaining sculptures in "The Matter of Time" are one closed ( Blind Spot Reversed) and one open ( Between the Torus and the Sphere ) torus and spherical sculpture; and Snake : made of three parts, each comprising two identical conical sections inverted relative to each other and spanning 104 feet (31.7 m) overall. The sculptures are organized by Serra with intention. The direction which

1820-728: A few directions relating to abstraction in the second half of the 20th century. In the United States, Art as Object as seen in the Minimalist sculpture of Donald Judd and the paintings of Frank Stella are seen today as newer permutations. Other examples include Lyrical Abstraction and the sensuous use of color seen in the work of painters as diverse as Robert Motherwell , Patrick Heron , Kenneth Noland , Sam Francis , Cy Twombly , Richard Diebenkorn , Helen Frankenthaler , Joan Mitchell , and Veronica Ruiz de Velasco . One socio-historical explanation that has been offered for

1950-809: A few of the exiled Europeans who arrived in New York. The rich cultural influences brought by the European artists were distilled and built upon by local New York painters. The climate of freedom in New York allowed all of these influences to flourish. The art galleries that primarily had focused on European art began to notice the local art community and the work of younger American artists who had begun to mature. Certain artists at this time became distinctly abstract in their mature work. During this period Piet Mondrian's painting Composition No. 10 , 1939–1942, characterized by primary colors, white ground and black grid lines clearly defined his radical but classical approach to

2080-495: A gate that opens as the viewer walks down the path toward the sea. Seen from the center of a bridge, which crosses the ravine and leads to the museum, the two plates form a single plane as if the gate had closed. As you walk down from the museum to the ocean below, the plates appear to have a continuous swinging motion. In 1988 Serra was invited by the National Gallery of Iceland to build a work. Serra chose Videy Island as

2210-757: A house in Cape Breton , Nova Scotia, in 1970 and spent summers working there. Serra married art historian Clara Weyergraf in 1981. As of 2019, Serra maintained a home in Manhattan and studios in Nova Scotia and the North Fork of Long Island . Abstract art Western art had been, from the Renaissance up to the middle of the 19th century, underpinned by the logic of perspective and an attempt to reproduce an illusion of visible reality. By

2340-476: A large, light-filled space with western and northern exposures. At Rainbow Farms, the family's 400-acre summer residence in Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania , since 1991, an old barn was converted to a third workspace with almost no natural light. On Hydra, Marden and his wife traded up houses (as they did elsewhere), moving into the current one in 1989. In 2006, the couple bought a fifth property, Golden Rock Inn, on

2470-627: A limited group of Window Study paintings. After preparing designs for stained-glass windows for Basel Cathedral, he became interested in expressing in his paintings the conditions of colour and light in architecture. The Basel commission saw the artist move away from the understated encaustic monochromes that dominated his output during the 1960s and 1970s to embrace a new, vibrant palette and set of linear compositional devices. In part influenced by his growing interest in alchemy, he decided to work with combinations of colors limited to three (the Trinity) for

2600-509: A manifesto defining an abstract art in which the line, color and surface only are the concrete reality. Abstraction-Création founded in 1931 as a more open group, provided a point of reference for abstract artists, as the political situation worsened in 1935, and artists again regrouped, many in London. The first exhibition of British abstract art was held in England in 1935. The following year

2730-668: A pier in Doha, Qatar , reflect the verticality of their surrounding architecture. Outdoor sculptures like St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) temporarily installed outside the Holland Tunnel entrance in New York City; Tilted Arc (1981) installed and later removed from New York City's Federal Plaza; Clara-Clara (1983), temporarily installed at Tuileries , Place de la Concorde , Paris; Berlin Junction (1987) installed outside

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2860-498: A ring 26 feet (7.9 m) in diameter, into the surface of 183rd Street in the Bronx . One semi-circle measured 1 inch (25.4 mm) wide and the second, 8 inches wide (203.2 mm). The work was visible from two perspectives: either when the viewer came directly upon it or from above on a stairway overlooking the street. Throughout the 1970s Serra continued to make outdoor site-specific sculptures for urban areas and landscapes. Serra

2990-523: A series of actions: a hand tries to catch falling lead; pairs of hands move lead shavings; and bound hands untie themselves. A later film Railroad Turnbridge (1976) frames the surrounding landscape of the Willamette River in Portland, Oregon , as the bridge turns. Steelmill/Stahwerk (1979), made in collaboration with the art historian Clara Weyergraf is divided in two parts. The first part

3120-457: A series of free-standing forms. "To prop" is another transitive verb from Serra's "Verb List" utilized by the artist for a series of assemblages of lead plates and poles dependent on leaning and gravity as a force to stay upright. Serra's early Prop Pieces such as Prop (1968) relied mainly on the wall as a support. Serra wanted to move away from the wall to remove what he thought was a pictorial convention. In 1969 he propped four lead plates up on

3250-525: A source of controversy, such as that caused by his Tilted Arc in Manhattan in 1981. Serra was married to artist Nancy Graves between 1965 and 1970, and Clara Weyergraf between 1981 and his death in 2024. Serra was born in San Francisco, California, on November 2, 1938, to Tony and Gladys Serra – the second of three sons. His father was Spanish from Mallorca and his mother Gladys was the daughter of Ukrainian Jewish immigrants from Odessa . From

3380-407: A technician, learning to use the tools and materials of modern production. Art into life! was Vladimir Tatlin 's slogan, and that of all the future Constructivists. Varvara Stepanova and Alexandre Exter and others abandoned easel painting and diverted their energies to theatre design and graphic works. On the other side stood Kazimir Malevich , Anton Pevsner and Naum Gabo . They argued that art

3510-410: A total of 31 paintings on marble on Hydra. Marden’s early monochromatic paintings exist as single panels, diptychs, and triptychs. In each of the four Red Yellow Blue paintings (1974), the artist painted slabs of dense yet nuanced color on three adjoined canvas panels, using oil paint mixed on the spot with melted beeswax and turpentine and applied with a knife and spatula . He gradually increased

3640-445: A unique surface in his prints. He did so by first applying a layer of ink onto the paper. He then would apply a layer of paint stick through the second screen creating a saturated and textured surface. Serra continued to work this his silkscreen technique, sometimes combining it with etching and aquatint. His print series include: Videy Afanger (1991); Hreppholer (1991); WM (1996); Rounds (1999); Venice Notebook (2001); Between

3770-547: A vertical sculpture consisting of three vertical plates, each 36 feet (11 m) high, was installed at a subway entrance near West Broadway between Leonard and Franklin Streets . The sculpture is now permanently installed outside the Deichterhallen , Hamburg, Germany . St. John's Rotary Arc , one of Serra's earliest curved sculptures, was 12 feet (3.6 m) high and spanned 180 feet (55 m). From 1980 to 1988

3900-565: A view from a single point, with modulated color in flat areas – became the basis of a new visual art, later to be developed into Cubism . Additionally in the late 19th century in Eastern Europe mysticism and early modernist religious philosophy as expressed by theosophist Mme. Blavatsky had a profound impact on pioneer geometric artists like Hilma af Klint and Wassily Kandinsky . The mystical teaching of Georges Gurdjieff and P.D. Ouspensky also had an important influence on

4030-416: A young age, he was encouraged to draw by his mother. The young Serra would carry a small notebook for his sketches and his mother would introduce her son as "Richard the artist." His father worked as a pipe fitter for a shipyard near San Francisco. Serra recounted a memory of a visit to the shipyard to see a boat launch when he was four years old. He watched as the ship transformed from an enormous weight to

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4160-580: Is perpendicular to the fall of the land. East-West/West-East (2014), located on an east-west axis in the Brouq Nature Reserve in Qatar , was commissioned by Sheika al-Mayassa al-Thani of Qatar. It consists of four steel plates either 54 3 ⁄ 4 or 48 1 ⁄ 2 feet (16.7 or 14.8 m) high. The plates are placed at irregular intervals in a valley that runs between two gypsum plateaus . The plates are level with each other and

4290-549: Is composed of six rectilinear concrete sections placed along the sloping landscape . In 2013 Shift was designated a Heritage Site under the Ontario Heritage Act. Shift, like Pulitzer Prizes pieces, was based on the elevational fall of the land over a given distance. The top edges of the plates function as a horizon being placed into specific elevational intervals as you walk the entire field. Serra's subsequent site-specific works in landscape continued to explore

4420-439: Is conspicuously and deliberately altered vis-a-vis reality, and cubism , which alters the forms of the real-life entities depicted. Patronage from the church diminished and private patronage from the public became more capable of providing a livelihood for artists. Three art movements which contributed to the development of abstract art were Romanticism , Impressionism and Expressionism . Artistic independence for artists

4550-409: Is level at the top. All stones at the higher elevation measure 3 meters; all stones at the lower elevation measure 4 meters. Because of the variance of topography , the stones in a set are sometimes closer together, sometimes further apart. The rise and fall of Videy Island and the surrounding landscape are seen against the fixed measure of the standing stones. The stones are visible along the horizon of

4680-521: Is made up of interviews of German steel factory workers about their work. The second part captures the forging of Serra's sculpture Berlin Block (for Charlie Chaplin). Survey exhibitions and screenings of his films have been held at the Kunstmuseum Basel , Switzerland in 2017; Anthology Film Archives, New York, October 17–23, 2019; and Harvard Film Archive, January 27 – February 9, 2020. In 2019, Serra donated his entire film and video works to

4810-548: Is malleable enough to be rolled, folded, ripped, and melted. With To Lift (1967) Serra lifted a 10-foot (3 m) sheet of rubber off the ground making a free-standing form; with Thirty-five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Serra, with the help of Philip Glass, unrolled and rolled a sheet of lead as tightly as they could. In 1968 Serra was included in the group exhibition "Nine at Castelli" at Castelli Warehouse in New York where he showed Prop (1968), Scatter Piece (1968), and made Splashing (1968) by throwing molten lead against

4940-456: Is then precisely the abstract nature of social existence—legal formalities, bureaucratic impersonalization, information/power—in the world of late modernity . By contrast, Post-Jungians would see the quantum theories with their disintegration of conventional ideas of form and matter as underlying the divorce of the concrete and the abstract in modern art. Brice Marden Nicholas Brice Marden Jr. (October 15, 1938 – August 9, 2023)

5070-424: Is unlikely to find references to naturalistic entities. Figurative art and total abstraction are almost mutually exclusive . But figurative and representational (or realistic ) art often contain partial abstraction. Both geometric abstraction and lyrical abstraction are often totally abstract. Among the very numerous art movements that embody partial abstraction would be for instance fauvism in which color

5200-670: The Abstract expressionists and the New York School . In New York City there was an atmosphere which encouraged discussion and there was a new opportunity for learning and growing. Artists and teachers John D. Graham and Hans Hofmann became important bridge figures between the newly arrived European Modernists and the younger American artists coming of age. Mark Rothko , born in Russia, began with strongly surrealist imagery which later dissolved into his powerful color compositions of

5330-472: The Arte Povera movement. Serra returned from Europe and moved to New York City in 1966. He continued his constructions using experimental materials such as rubber, latex , fiberglass , neon, and lead . His Belt Pieces were made with strips of rubber and hung on the wall using gravity as a forming device. Serra combined neon with continuous strips of rubber in his sculpture Belts (1966–67) referencing

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5460-461: The Bauhaus . By the mid-1920s the revolutionary period (1917 to 1921) when artists had been free to experiment was over; and by the 1930s only socialist realism was allowed. As visual art becomes more abstract, it develops some characteristics of music : an art form which uses the abstract elements of sound and divisions of time. Wassily Kandinsky , himself an amateur musician, was inspired by

5590-704: The Berlin Philharmonic ; are all curved forms or arcs that open and close depending on the direction the viewer takes walking around them. Sight Point (1972–75) was Serra's first vertical Urban work and a continuation of the balance and counterbalance principles of his earlier work Prop . Sight Point stands outside the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, consisting of three vertical steel plates 10 feet (3 m) wide and 40 feet (12 m) high that lean in at an angle and forming

5720-630: The Boston University School of Fine and Applied Arts in 1961. Thereafter, Marden earned his M.F.A. from the Yale School of Art in 1963, where he studied with Esteban Vicente , Alex Katz , Jon Schueler , Jack Tworkov , Reginald Pollack , Philip Pearlstein , and Gabor Peterdi . Among his fellow students were the future artists Richard Serra , Chuck Close , Janet Fish , Vija Celmins , Nancy Graves , Gary Hudson, and Sylvia and Robert Mangold . As he studied art, Marden

5850-463: The Bykert Gallery , which exhibited the first of his classic oil-and-beeswax paintings. Prior to that he had worked at Chiron Press as an assistant to Steve Poleskie. Marden created the lithograph Gulf (from the New York 10-69 portfolio) in 1969 while at Chiron Press. In the late 1960s and early '70s, a moment when painting was widely considered moribund, Marden gained international fame as

5980-680: The Caribbean island of Nevis , with plans to build yet another studio there. Brice Marden died at his home in Tivoli, New York, on August 9, 2023, at the age of 84. In 1988, Marden became a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters . In 2000, Brown University awarded the artist an honorary degree of Doctor of Fine Arts. Marden was represented by the Gagosian Gallery from 2017 on. He had previously worked with

6110-673: The Matthew Marks Gallery for more than twenty years. One of Marden's paintings sold for nearly $ 3 million at Christie's in May 2006. Marden’s Cold Mountain I (Path) (1988–89), managed to almost double his auction record from May 2008 when it sold at Sotheby's for $ 9,602,500 on an $ 10–15 million estimate. In 2013, Steven A. Cohen sold The Attended (1996-9) for $ 10.9 million at Sotheby's New York. On 10 July 2020 an abstract painting by Brice Marden Complements (2004-2007) sold at Christie´s for $ 30,920,000 The result brought

6240-802: The Musee de Brou , Bourg-en-Bresse, France; Weight and Measure (1992), a temporary site-specific installation at the Tate Gallery , London; Santa Fe Depot (2004), in the Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego ; and Equal (2015) in the Museum of Modern Art , New York. Serra's most known series of sculptures using rolled steel plates are the Torqued Ellipses . In 1991 Serra visited Borromini's Church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome and mistook

6370-627: The Museum of Modern Art in New York. Serra's first solo exhibition was in 1966 at Galleria Salita in Rome, Italy. His first solo exhibition in the U.S. was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York in 1969. His first solo museum exhibition was held at the Pasadena Art Museum in California in 1970. The first retrospective of his work was held at the Museum of Modern Art , New York, in 1986. A second retrospective

6500-423: The New York School such as Philip Guston , Robert Rauschenberg , Ad Reinhardt , and Frank Stella . Serra taught a color theory course during his last year at Yale and after graduating was asked to help proof Josef Albers ' notable color theory book "Interaction of Color." In 1964, Serra was awarded a one-year traveling fellowship from Yale and went to Paris where he met the composer Philip Glass who became

6630-574: The New York punk scene since the late 1970s playing in bands such as the Stimulators and False Prophets . The Mardens' daughter Mirabelle Marden was a proprietor of Rivington Arms , an art gallery in New York. She is also a photographer. Melia Marden is the chef of the New York restaurant group The Smile. From 1987 to 2000 Marden’s studio was located on the Bowery . At the time of his death

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6760-531: The Rothko Chapel in Houston, Texas , which the artist visited in 1972, Marden painted with the aim of fostering a heightened spiritual environment through abstraction. Occupying the space above the altar, these windows would be central to the ritual activity of the space, and the artist spent the next seven years honing his concept to address the spiritual weight of the installation context, culminating in

6890-609: The Zen gardens and temples of the Myoshin-ji in Kyoto . The layout of the gardens revealed the landscape as a total field that can only be experienced by walking. The gardens changed Serra's way of seeing space in relation to time. Upon returning to the United States he built his first site-specific outdoor work: To Encircle Base Plate Hexagram, Right Angles Inverted (1970). Here Serra embedded two semi-circular steel flanges, forming

7020-453: The Arts, New York, 1997; Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles , 1998–1999; Centro de Arte Hélio Oiticica, Rio de Janeiro, 1997–1998; Trajan's Market , Rome, 1999–2000; Pulitzer Foundation for the Arts , St. Louis, 2003; National Archaeological Museum, Naples , 2004; and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, in 2017. Serra's work is included in many museums and public collections around

7150-516: The Bauhaus went to America. During the 1930s Paris became the host to artists from Russia, Germany, the Netherlands and other European countries affected by the rise of totalitarianism . Sophie Tauber and Jean Arp collaborated on paintings and sculpture using organic/geometric forms. The Polish Katarzyna Kobro applied mathematically based ideas to sculpture. The many types of abstraction now in close proximity led to attempts by artists to analyse

7280-603: The German Die Brücke group, while from Paris came work by Robert Delaunay , Henri Matisse and Fernand Léger , as well as Picasso. During the Spring David Burliuk gave two lectures on cubism and planned a polemical publication, which the Knave of Diamonds was to finance. He went abroad in May and came back determined to rival the almanac Der Blaue Reiter which had emerged from the printers while he

7410-538: The Museum Boijmans van Beuningen. Rotterdam, The Netherlands in 2017. Serra began making prints in 1972. Working closely with Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles, Serra developed unconventional printing techniques. He made over 200 printed works and like his sculpture and drawing, his prints reflect an interest in process, scale, and experimentation with material. His early lithographs starting in 1972 include

7540-535: The Paris art world with "wild", multi-colored, expressive landscapes and figure paintings that the critics called Fauvism . The raw language of color as developed by the Fauves directly influenced another pioneer of abstraction, Wassily Kandinsky . Cubism , based on Cézanne's idea that all depiction of nature can be reduced to cube , sphere and cone became, along with Fauvism , the art movement that directly opened

7670-413: The Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam in 1978; Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings at the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastrict in 1990; Richard Serra Drawings: A Retrospective at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, and Menil Collection, Houston from 2011 to 2012; and Richard Serra: Drawings 2015–2017: Rambles, Composites, Rotterdam Verticals, Rotterdam Horizontals, Rifts at

7800-654: The Torus and the Sphere (2006); Paths and Edges (2007); Level (2008); Junction (2010); Reversal (2015); Elevational Weight (2016); Equa l (2018); and (?) (2019). From 1968 to 1979 Serra made a collection of films and videos. Although he began working with sculpture and film at the same time, Serra recognized the different material capacities of each and did not extend sculptural problems into his films and videos. Serra collaborated with several artists including Joan Jonas , Nancy Holt , and Robert Fiore, on his films and videos. His first films, Hand Catching Lead (1968), Hands Scraping (1968) and Hand Tied (1968) involve

7930-538: The ancient wisdom of the sacred books of India and China in the early years of the century. It was in this context that Piet Mondrian , Wassily Kandinsky, Hilma af Klint and other artists working towards an 'objectless state' became interested in the occult as a way of creating an 'inner' object. The universal and timeless shapes found in geometry : the circle, square and triangle become the spatial elements in abstract art; they are, like color, fundamental systems underlying visible reality. The Bauhaus at Weimar, Germany

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8060-407: The angle of the floor and wall. In 1969 his piece Casting was included in the exhibition Anti-Illusion: Procedures / Materials at the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York. In Casting the artist again threw molten lead against the angle of the floor and wall. He then pulled the casting made from the hardened lead away from the wall and repeated the action of splashing and casting creating

8190-426: The artist had a Manhattan studio in a 10th-floor penthouse duplex on West Street with around 5,000 square feet of space and one two-story window looking onto the Hudson River . The Mardens bought an estate in Tivoli, New York , called Rose Hill, in 2002. At its center is a stately 1843 main house on a cliff overlooking the Hudson River. The studio was carved out of an old carriage house and has been converted into

8320-412: The artist to reassess his previous works and focus on future works. In 1960, Brice Marden married Pauline Baez (sister of Joan ) and together they had a son, Nicholas. The marriage to Pauline ended a few years later and by 1968 he was remarried to artist Helen Marden . He and Helen Marden have two daughters, Mirabelle and Melia. Brice Marden's son, Nick Marden, is a bassist who has participated in

8450-406: The artist's career." The show traveled to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art in early 2007, and finally to Berlin's Hamburger Bahnhof, Museum für Gegenwart in the summer of that year. Originally, Marden was not enthusiastic about the idea. The works were divided into two periods: from the mid-sixties to the mid-eighties and then the mid-eighties up to the present. However in the end it allowed

8580-827: The artist's work in film and video was on view at the Kunstmuseum Basel, in 2017. Serra enjoyed solo exhibitions at the Staatliche Kunsthalle Baden-Baden, 1978; Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen , Rotterdam, 1980; Musée National d'Art Moderne , Centre Pompidou , Paris, 1983–1984; Museum Haus Lange, Krefeld, 1985; The Museum of Modern Art, New York, 1986 and 2007; Louisiana Museum of Modern Art , Humlebæk, 1986; Westphalian State Museum of Art and Cultural History , Münster, 1987; Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus , Munich, 1987; Stedelijk Van Abbemuseum , Eindhoven, 1988; Bonnefantenmuseum , Maastricht, 1990; Kunsthaus Zürich , 1990; CAPC Musée d'Art Contemporain , Bordeaux, 1990; Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía , Madrid, 1992; Kunstsammlung Nordrhein-Westfalen , Düsseldorf, 1992; Dia Center for

8710-712: The cavernous interior of the Grand Palais. Overall, the sculpture spanned 656 feet (200 m). The plates were not placed in a line but stood side to side off the Grand Palais's center axis. They tilted either left or right, leaned either toward or away from another, and the viewer as they strolled around them. The sculpture Equal (2015), in the collection of The Museum of Modern Art, New York, consists of eight forged blocks. Each block measures 5 by 5 1 ⁄ 2 by 6 feet (1.5 × 1.7 × 1.8 m) and weighs 40 tons. The blocks are stacked in pairs and positioned on their longer or shorter sides so that each stack measures 11 feet (3.4 m) tall. When walking amongst

8840-643: The change in his art toward line and gesture, works inspired by the free-spirited eighth-century Chinese hermit and poet of that name (en: Cold Mountain - Han Shan, in Chinese). At first, lines in Marden's paintings and drawings were arranged in neat rows, like Chinese writing. But the lines have got looser, and hence more evocative of landscapes and figures. As a Minimalist, Marden was concerned with grids and patterns. Looking to add freedom to his work without abandoning order, he found Chinese calligraphy inspiring, with its system of drawing characters in rows. In 2000, Marden embarked on The Propitious Garden of Plane Image,

8970-420: The corner where it stood on its own. Serra's break into space followed shortly after with the sculpture Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71). Serra wedged an 8 by 24-foot (2.4 × 7.3 m) plate of steel into a corner and divided the room into two equal spaces. The work invited the viewer to walk around the sculpture, shifting the viewer's perception of the room as they walked. Serra first recognized

9100-470: The definition of sculpture beginning with his early experiments with rubber , neon , and lead, to his large-scale steel works. His early works in New York, such as To Lift from 1967 and Thirty-Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up from 1968, reflected his fascination with industrial materials and the physical properties of his chosen mediums. His large-scale works, both in urban and natural landscapes, have reshaped public interactions with art and, at times, were also

9230-661: The depiction of objects. Even earlier than that, with her "spirit" drawings, Georgiana Houghton 's choice to work with abstract shapes correlate with the unnatural nature of her subject, in a time when abstraction was not yet a concept (she organized an exhibit in 1871). Expressionist painters explored the bold use of paint surface, drawing distortions and exaggerations, and intense color. Expressionists produced emotionally charged paintings that were reactions to and perceptions of contemporary experience; and reactions to Impressionism and other more conservative directions of late 19th-century painting. The Expressionists drastically changed

9360-429: The door to abstraction in the early 20th century. During the 1912 Salon de la Section d'Or , where František Kupka exhibited his abstract painting Amorpha, Fugue en deux couleurs ( Fugue in Two Colors ) (1912), the poet Guillaume Apollinaire named the work of several artists including Robert Delaunay , Orphism . He defined it as, "the art of painting new structures out of elements that have not been borrowed from

9490-707: The early 1950s. The expressionistic gesture and the act of painting itself, became of primary importance to Jackson Pollock , Robert Motherwell , and Franz Kline . While during the 1940s Arshile Gorky 's and Willem de Kooning 's figurative work evolved into abstraction by the end of the decade. New York City became the center, and artists worldwide gravitated towards it; from other places in America as well. Digital art , hard-edge painting , geometric abstraction , minimalism , lyrical abstraction , op art, abstract expressionism, color field painting, monochrome painting , assemblage , neo-Dada, shaped canvas painting, are

9620-410: The early formations of the geometric abstract styles of Piet Mondrian and his colleagues in the early 20th century. The spiritualism also inspired the abstract art of Kasimir Malevich and František Kupka . At the beginning of the 20th century Henri Matisse and several other young artists including the pre-cubist Georges Braque , André Derain , Raoul Dufy and Jean Metzinger revolutionized

9750-413: The elevation of the adjacent plateaus. The work spans less than a kilometer and all plates are visible from either end. In the landscape, the sculptural elements draw the viewer's attention to the topology of the land as its walked. Serra's site-specific Urban sculptures focus the viewer's attention on the sculpture itself. Their locations often more accessible to the public than the landscape works, invite

9880-469: The emphasis on subject matter in favor of the portrayal of psychological states of being. Although artists like Edvard Munch and James Ensor drew influences principally from the work of the Post-Impressionists they were instrumental to the advent of abstraction in the 20th century. Paul Cézanne had begun as an Impressionist but his aim – to make a logical construction of reality based on

10010-401: The end of the 19th century many artists felt a need to create a new kind of art which would encompass the fundamental changes taking place in technology , science and philosophy . The sources from which individual artists drew their theoretical arguments were diverse, and reflected the social and intellectual preoccupations in all areas of Western culture at that time. Abstraction indicates

10140-488: The exhibition Masters of Japanese Calligraphy, 8th-19th Century, encouraged Marden to use form, a predominant influence in his recent work—which can be seen in his acclaimed Cold Mountain series, both paintings and works on paper, 1989-1991. Combining airy calligraphic scaffoldings of line with whitish or palely tinted backgrounds, these 9-by-12-foot paintings were the biggest Marden had created up to that point. An infatuation with Chinese calligraphy and poetry helped spark

10270-454: The floor like a house of cards . The sculpture One Ton Prop: House of Cards (1969) weighed 1 ton and the four plates were self-supporting. Another pivotal moment for Serra occurred in 1969 when he was commissioned by the artist Jasper Johns to make a Splash Piece in Johns's studio. While Serra heated the lead plates to splash against the wall, he took one of the larger plates and set it in

10400-519: The four stacks the viewer becomes aware of their own sense of weight, balance, and gravity in relation to the sculptures. Four Rounds: Equal Weight, Unequal Measure (2017), consisting of four 82-ton (74 t) forged cylinders of varying dimensions is permanently installed at Glenstone in Potomac, Maryland . The sculpture is installed within a building designed by Thomas Phifer of Thomas Phifer and Partners, in collaboration with Serra to highlight

10530-431: The growing prevalence of the abstract in modern art—an explanation linked to the name of Theodor W. Adorno —is that such abstraction is a response to (and a reflection of) the growing abstraction of social relations in industrial society . Frederic Jameson similarly sees modernist abstraction as a function of the abstract power of money, equating all things equally as exchange-values. The social content of abstract art

10660-457: The island and orient the viewer against the rise and fall of the surrounding landscape. Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000–2) is located on a vast open pasture on Gibbs Farm in Kaipara, New Zealand . The sculpture stands 20 feet (6 m) high and spans 844 feet (257 m) as one continuous contour that follows the rolling hills, expansion, and contraction of the landscape. The sculpture's elevation

10790-644: The late 1970s and early 1980s. Between 1981 and 1987, Marden made a total of 31 paintings on marble, all of them produced in Hydra. In 1983, Marden and family traveled to Thailand , Sri Lanka , and India ; the artist became fascinated by the art, landscape, and culture of parts of Asia. Marden subsequently incorporated numerous elements of certain Asian traditions into his work, making them one key to his process (the Shell Drawings , 1985–87). A visit in 1984 to

10920-428: The likes of Édouard Manet , Paul Gauguin , Goya , James Ensor , and Francisco de Zurbarán . In the fall of 2006, New York's Museum of Modern Art , New York, presented "Brice Marden: A Retrospective of Paintings and Drawings". The MoMA called the exhibition "an unprecedented gathering of [Marden's] work, with more than fifty paintings and an equal number of drawings, organized chronologically, drawn from all phases of

11050-542: The linear components and four (the elements - earth, air, fire, water) for the monochrome panels. While the windows were never physically fabricated, Marden’s paintings for the Basel Cathedral endure as masterworks of his oeuvre because of their conceptual aims. In 1977, Marden traveled to Rome and Pompeii , where he strengthened his interest in Roman and Greek art and architecture, which would influence his work of

11180-493: The longest two of which measure 24 feet. Writing in The New Yorker in 2006, the critic Peter Schjeldahl described Marden as "the most profound abstract painter of the past four decades". Marden participated in hundreds of group exhibitions, and his work has also been the subject of numerous one-person shows and retrospectives. His first solo show in New York was held at the Bykert Gallery in 1966. In 1972, his work

11310-486: The master of the monochrome panel. In 1971, Brice and his wife, Helen Harrington , visited the Greek island of Hydra , to which they returned every year thereafter. The couple bought their first home there in 1973. The light and landscape greatly influenced Marden's work (see, for instance, the five Grove Group paintings, 1972–1980; Souvenir de Grèce works on paper, 1974–1996). Executed in oil on marble fragments, he made

11440-635: The medium. He often pushes the conventions of drawing towards a tactile, phenomenological experience of movement, time, and space. The artist said that his drawing practice is involved with "repetition, knowing there's no possibility of repeating, knowing that it's going to yield something different each time." Following his break into space with sculptures like Strike: To Roberta and Rudy (1969–71), Serra became interested in redefining architectural space with drawing as well. In 1974 Serra started to make his Installation Drawings—large-scale site-specific sheets of canvas completely covered in paintstick and stapled to

11570-485: The models Serra worked with an engineer to fabricate the sculptures. In total there are seven Torqued Ellipses and four Double Torqued Ellipses (an ellipse inside of an ellipse) dated between 1996 and 2004. Each sculpture has a different degree or torque and measures up to 13 feet (3.9 m) high. The sculptures all have an opening so that they can be walked through and around. Three Torqued Ellipses are on permanent view at Dia Beacon , New York. In 2005 "The Matter of Time",

11700-883: The more international Abstract and Concrete exhibition was organized by Nicolete Gray including work by Piet Mondrian , Joan Miró , Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson . Hepworth, Nicholson and Gabo moved to the St. Ives in Cornwall to continue their constructivist work. During the Nazi rise to power in the 1930s many artists fled Europe to the United States. By the early 1940s the main movements in modern art, expressionism, cubism, abstraction, surrealism , and dada were represented in New York: Marcel Duchamp , Fernand Léger , Piet Mondrian , Jacques Lipchitz , André Masson , Max Ernst , and André Breton , were just

11830-504: The number of panels, arranging them into post-and-lintel configurations. In 1977 Brice Marden was commissioned (after an invited art competition with artists Samuel Buri, Joseph Beuys, Alfred Jensen, Jasper Johns, Roy Lichtenstein, Penck, Robert Ryman, Antoni Tàpies , and Jim Turrell) to design the windows lining the apse of the Basel Cathedral , a project that he labored on continuously from 1978 to 1985. Influenced in part by

11960-411: The ovals of the dome and the floor to be offset from one another. He thought to make a sculpture in this torqued form. Serra constructed models of this perceived form in his studio by cutting two ellipse -shaped pieces of wood and nailing a dowel between them. He then turned the ellipses so they were at a right angle to one another and wrapped a sheet of lead around the form. After making a template from

12090-503: The plates was determined by the fall of the landscape. Each plate was impaled into the ground far enough until its rise was 5 feet (1.5 m). Serra's intention was for the plates to act as cuts in the landscape that function as surrogate horizons as viewers walked amongst them. Shift (1970–72), Serra's second endeavor in the landscape, was built in a field owned by the collector Roger Davidson in King City, Ontario . The sculpture

12220-419: The possibility of marks and associative color resounding in the soul. The idea had been put forward by Charles Baudelaire , that all our senses respond to various stimuli but the senses are connected at a deeper aesthetic level. Closely related to this, is the idea that art has The spiritual dimension and can transcend 'every-day' experience, reaching a spiritual plane. The Theosophical Society popularized

12350-648: The potential of working in large scale with his Skullcracker Series made during the exhibition, "Art and Technology," at LACMA (the Los Angeles County Museum of Art) in 1969. He spent ten weeks building a number of ephemeral stacked steel pieces at the Kaiser Steelyard. Using a crane to explore the principles of counterbalance and gravity , the stacks were as tall as 30 to 40 feet (9 to 12 m) high and weighed between 60 and 70 tons (54.4 and 63.5 t). They were knocked down by

12480-464: The prints Circuit; Balance; Eight by Eight; or 183rd & Webster Avenue, each titled after a sculpture created around the same time. In 1981 Serra produced his first lithograph series comprising seven editions, titled: Sketch #1 through Sketch #7. That same year Serra begin to make larger-scale prints such as Malcolm X; Goslar, or The Moral Majority Sucks. After pushing lithography to its limit, Serra began to work with silkscreen to produce

12610-682: The proceeding decades: a preoccupation with rectangular formats, and the repeated use of a muted palette. In his early work of the 1960s and 1970s, he used simplified means, typically monochrome canvases either alone or in series of panels, diptychs or triptychs . These include the works The Dylan Painting, 1966; "1986" (now in the collection of San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ); 1969's Fave (the Jack S. Blanton Museum of Art, University of Texas at Austin ); and Lethykos (for Tonto) , 1976 ( The Museum of Modern Art , New York). Marden relocated to New York City in 1963, where he came into contact with

12740-457: The rectangle and abstract art in general. Some artists of the period defied categorization, such as Georgia O'Keeffe who, while a modernist abstractionist, was a pure maverick in that she painted highly abstract forms while not joining any specific group of the period. Eventually American artists who were working in a great diversity of styles began to coalesce into cohesive stylistic groups. The best-known group of American artists became known as

12870-536: The relationship between the viewer, the work, and the site. Serra pursued English literature at the University of California, Berkeley , before shifting to visual art. He graduated with a B.A. in English Literature from the University of California, Santa Barbara , in 1961, where he met influential muralists Rico Lebrun and Howard Warshaw. Supporting himself by working in steel mills , Serra's early exposure to industrial materials influenced his artistic trajectory. He continued his education at Yale University , earning

13000-453: The school was moved to Dessau and, as the Nazi party gained control in 1932, The Bauhaus was closed. In 1937 an exhibition of degenerate art , 'Entartete Kunst' contained all types of avant-garde art disapproved of by the Nazi party. Then the exodus began: not just from the Bauhaus but from Europe in general; to Paris, London and America. Paul Klee went to Switzerland but many of the artists at

13130-465: The sculpture's mass within the confines of the building's interior. Drawing was integral to Serra's practice. Serra made drawings on large sheets of canvas or handmade paper. They include horizontal or vertical compositions; constructions of overlapping sheets; or line drawings. His drawings were primarily done in paintstick, lithographic crayon, or charcoal and are always black. Serra experiments with different techniques and tools to manipulate and apply

13260-625: The search continued: The Rayist (Luchizm) drawings of Natalia Goncharova and Mikhail Larionov , used lines like rays of light to make a construction. Kasimir Malevich completed his first entirely abstract work, the Suprematist , Black Square , in 1915. Another of the Suprematist group' Liubov Popova , created the Architectonic Constructions and Spatial Force Constructions between 1916 and 1921. Piet Mondrian

13390-541: The serial abstraction in Jackson Pollock 's Mural (1963.) Around that time Serra wrote Verb List (1967) a list of transitive verbs (i.e. cast, roll, tear, prop, etc.) which he used as directives for his sculptures. To Lift (1967), and Thirty-Five Feet of Lead Rolled Up (1968), Splash Piece (1968), and Casting (1969), were some of the action-based works with origins in the verb list. Serra used lead in many of his constructs because of its adaptability. Lead

13520-633: The site because of its proximity to a high-traffic area. Exchange (1996), sited in a vehicular round-about on top of a highway tunnel, made of seven trapezoidal plates. The sculpture stands 60 feet (18 m) high and can be seen by drivers as they enter and leave the City of Luxembourg. In 1980 Serra installed two sculptures, with the support of the Public Art Fund , in New York City. T.W.U. (1980) and St. John's Rotary Arc (1980) were each placed in areas where traffic and people converged. T.W.U,

13650-501: The site for Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990). The sculpture consists of nine pairs of basalt columns (a material indigenous to Iceland ) and is placed along the periphery of Vesturey in the western part of the country. All nine locations share the same elevations in that the stones of each pair are situated at an elevation of 9 and 10 meters, respectively. Each set of stones

13780-470: The site-specific sculpture was installed on the rotary at the entrance and exit to the Holland Tunnel . The following year in 1981, a second site-specific curved sculpture Tilted Arc (1981) was installed in New York City's Federal Plaza . Commissioned by the U.S. General Services Administration's Art-in-Architecture Program following a rigorous selection process, the sculpture's arc spanned 120 feet (36 m) and 12 feet (3.6 m) high. The sculpture

13910-568: The steelworkers at the end of each day. The scale of the stacks allowed Serra to begin to think of his work outside the confines of gallery and museum spaces. In 1970 Serra received a Guggenheim Fellowship and traveled to Japan. His first outdoor sculptures, To Encircle Base Plate (Hexagram ) (1970) and Sugi Tree (1970), were both installed in Ueno Park as part of the " Tokyo Biennale ." While in Japan, Serra spent most of his time studying

14040-507: The tension surrounding the nature of public art and its intended audience. Serra's work has enjoyed numerous exhibitions in gallery and museum settings. His site-specific gallery installations are sometimes used to test ideas. Serra's first U.S. solo exhibition was at the Leo Castelli Warehouse, New York City in 1969. There he exhibited ten lead Prop Pieces, a Scatter Piece: Cutting Device: Base Plate Measure (1969), and

14170-974: The topography of the land and how the sculpture relates to this topography by way of movement, meditation, and perception of the viewer. Among the most notable of the landscape works are Porten i Slugten (1983–86) at the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art , Denmark; Afangar (Stations, Stops on the Road, To Stop and Look: Forward and Back, To Take It All In) (1990) on Videy Island, Iceland; Schunnemunk Fork (1991) in Storm King Art Center , New York; Snake Eyes and Box Cars (1993) in Sonoma County, California; Te Tuhirangi Contour (2000–2) in Kaipara, New Zealand; and East-West/West-East (2014) in Qatar. The sculpture Porten i Slugten (1983–86)

14300-543: The various conceptual and aesthetic groupings. An exhibition by forty-six members of the Cercle et Carré group organized by Joaquín Torres-García assisted by Michel Seuphor contained work by the Neo-Plasticists as well as abstractionists as varied as Kandinsky, Anton Pevsner and Kurt Schwitters . Criticized by Theo van Doesburg to be too indefinite a collection he published the journal Art Concret setting out

14430-524: The viewer moves through the space creates a sensation of varying scale and proportion, and an awareness to the passing of time. In 2008 Serra participated in Monumenta , an annual exhibition held in Paris's Grand Palais featuring a single artist. For Monumenta Serra installed a single sculpture, Promenade (2008), consisting of five plates, each 55 feet (16.8 m) tall and 13 feet (4 m) wide, placed 100 feet (30 m) apart from one another across

14560-706: The viewer to walk inside, pass through and move around them. Because of the confines of Urban architecture, sculptures such as Sight Point (1972–75) at the Stedelijk Museum , The Netherlands; Termina l (1977) in Bochum, Germany; T.W.U . (1980) at the Deichtorhallen , Hamburg, Germany ; Fulcrum (1986–87), installed in Broadgate , London; Exchange (1996) outside the City of Luxembourg ; or 7 (2011) on

14690-463: The visual sphere, but had been created entirely by the artist...it is a pure art." Since the turn of the century, cultural connections between artists of the major European cities had become extremely active as they strove to create an art form equal to the high aspirations of modernism . Ideas were able to cross-fertilize by means of artist's books, exhibitions and manifestos so that many sources were open to experimentation and discussion, and formed

14820-1006: The wall. The Installation Drawings cover the wall, or walls, of a given space. Shafrazi and Zadikians were two of Serra's first Installation Drawings. Both were exhibited at Leo Castelli Gallery , New York City in 1974 and measured approximately 10 1 ⁄ 2 feet (3.2 m) high and 18 feet (5.5 m) wide overall. Serra continued to make Installation Drawing throughout his career. Other notable drawing series include: Diptychs (1989) Dead Weight (1991–92); Weight and Measure (1993–94) ; Videy Afangar (1989–91); Rounds (1996–97); out-of-rounds (1999–2000); Line Drawings (2000–02 ); Solids (2008) Greenpoint Rounds (2009); Elevational Weights (2010); Rifts (2011–18); Transparencies (2011–13); Horizontal Reversals (2014) Rambles (2015–16); Composites (2016) ; Horizontals and Verticals (2016–17); and Orchard Street (2018). National and international survey exhibitions of Serra's drawings have included Richard Serra: Tekeningen/Drawings 1971–1977 at

14950-417: The winter of 1964. It was also in Paris that he admired the work of Alberto Giacometti and Jean Fautrier , although masters such as Francisco de Zurbarán , Diego Velázquez , and Édouard Manet also informed Marden's artistic practice. In 1966, at Dorothea Rockburne 's suggestion, Marden was hired by Robert Rauschenberg to work as his assistant. That same year, he had his first solo show in New York at

15080-521: The work of Jasper Johns while employed as a guard at the Jewish Museum during the museum's 1964 retrospective of Johns' oeuvre. The following summer, Marden traveled to Paris , where he began to make compressed charcoal and graphite grid-patterned drawings. Marden's graphic works are a corollary to his paintings, and he would transfer ideas into even his most recent paintings and drawings. Marden made his first monochromatic single-panel painting in

15210-1090: The world. Selected museum collections which own his work include The Museum of Modern Art , New York; The Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto; Art Institute of Chicago ; Bonnefantenmuseum , Maastricht, The Netherlands; Centre Cultural Fundació La Caixa , Barcelona; Centre Georges Pompidou , Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris; Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth , Texas; Dia Art Foundation , New York; Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and New York; Pérez Art Museum Miami , Florida; Hamburger Kunsthalle , Hamburg, Germany; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden , Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC; Moderna Museet , Stockholm; and Glenstone Museum , Potomac, Maryland. Selected public collections which hold his work include City of Bochum, Germany; City of Chicago, Public Art Collection; City of Goslar, Germany; City of Hamburg, Germany; City of St. Louis, Missouri; City of Tokyo, Japan; City of Berlin, Germany; City of Paris, France; Collection City of Reykjavík, Iceland. Richard Serra moved to New York City in 1966. He bought

15340-460: Was a curve that tilted and leaned away from its base. It was anchored into the plaza at both ends so that the center of the sculpture was raised. Serra's intention for the sculpture was to draw pedestrians' attention to the sculpture as they crossed the plaza. Tilted Arc was met with resistance by workers in the Federal building . An eight-year campaign to remove the sculpture ensued and Tilted Arc

15470-644: Was advanced during the 19th century. An objective interest in what is seen can be discerned from the paintings of John Constable , J. M. W. Turner , Camille Corot and from them to the Impressionists who continued the plein air painting of the Barbizon school . Early intimations of a new art had been made by James McNeill Whistler who, in his painting Nocturne in Black and Gold: The Falling Rocket , (1872), placed greater emphasis on visual sensation than

15600-507: Was also immersed in the Cambridge, Massachusetts -based American folk music revival scene. His first wife, Pauline Baez, whom he married in 1960, was Joan Baez 's sister. He met Bob Dylan and Pete Seeger and lived for a while at Joan Baez's house in Carmel, California . It was at Yale that Marden developed the formal strategies that would characterize his drawings and paintings in

15730-596: Was an American artist generally described as minimalist , although his work has roots in abstract expressionism , color field painting . and lyrical abstraction . He lived and worked in New York City ; Tivoli, New York ; Hydra, Greece ; and Eagles Mere, Pennsylvania . Nicholas Brice Marden Jr. was born in Bronxville, New York , and grew up in nearby Briarcliff Manor . He attended Florida Southern College from 1957 to 1958 before receiving his B.F.A. from

15860-616: Was commissioned for the Louisiana Museum of Modern Art in Humlebaek , Denmark. After walking the museum grounds, Serra chose a ravine that runs towards the Kattegat Sea as the site for his sculpture. The ravine was the only area on the grounds that had not been landscaped. Two plates were set at an angle to each other at the end of a sloping stretch of path which fronts the ravine . The plates function in their location like

15990-681: Was essentially a spiritual activity; to create the individual's place in the world, not to organize life in a practical, materialistic sense. During that time, representatives of the Russian avant-garde collaborated with other Eastern European Constructivist artists, including Władysław Strzemiński , Katarzyna Kobro , and Henryk Stażewski . Many of those who were hostile to the materialist production idea of art left Russia. Anton Pevsner went to France, Gabo went first to Berlin, then to England and finally to America. Kandinsky studied in Moscow then left for

16120-428: Was evolving his abstract language, of horizontal and vertical lines with rectangles of color, between 1915 and 1919, Neo-Plasticism was the aesthetic which Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg and other in the group De Stijl intended to reshape the environment of the future. Many of the abstract artists in Russia became Constructivists believing that art was no longer something remote, but life itself. The artist must become

16250-569: Was founded in 1919 by Walter Gropius . The philosophy underlying the teaching program was unity of all the visual and plastic arts from architecture and painting to weaving and stained glass. This philosophy had grown from the ideas of the Arts and Crafts movement in England and the Deutscher Werkbund . Among the teachers were Paul Klee , Wassily Kandinsky , Johannes Itten , Josef Albers , Anni Albers , and László Moholy-Nagy . In 1925

16380-638: Was held at The Museum of Modern Art, New York in 2007. The first survey exhibition of his drawings was held at the Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam in 1977 and traveled to the Kunsthalle Tübingen in 1978. A second retrospective of drawings was presented at The Metropolitan Museum of Art , New York City; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art ; and The Menil Collection , Houston from 2011 to 2012. An overview of

16510-578: Was in Germany". From 1909 to 1913 many experimental works in the search for this 'pure art' had been created by a number of artists: Francis Picabia painted Caoutchouc , c. 1909, The Spring , 1912, Dances at the Spring and The Procession, Seville , 1912; Wassily Kandinsky painted Untitled (First Abstract Watercolor) , 1913, Improvisation 21A , the Impression series, and Picture with

16640-561: Was interested in the topology of landscape and how one relates to it through movement, space, and time. His first landscape work was made in late 1970 when Serra was commissioned by the art patrons Joseph and Emily Rauh Pulitzer to build a sculpture on their property outside St. Louis, Missouri . Pulitzer Piece: Stepped Elevation (1970–71) was Serra's first large-scale landscape work. Three plates measuring 5 feet (1.5 m) high by 40 to 50 feet (12 to 15 m) long were placed across approximately 3 acres (12 140 m). The placement of

16770-572: Was showcased at Documenta 5 in Kassel , Germany. His first museum show was the 1975 retrospective at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum , in New York City. In 1991, Marden was a participant in the Connections series of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston , for which the artist juxtaposed about three dozen of his abstract canvases and works on paper and marble with works from the permanent collection by

16900-439: Was ultimately removed on March 15, 1989. In Serra's defense to preserve the sculpture he stated "To remove Tilted Arc , therefore, is to destroy it", advocating an art-for art's sake mantra of site-specific artworks. Following the hearing and GSA's decision, Serra responded that he would deny his authorship of Tilted Arc if it were relocated. and would consider it a "derivative work". The case of Tilted Arc continues to highlight

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