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49-632: Richardson Independent School District ( RISD or Richardson ISD ) is an independent school district in northern Dallas County, Texas , based in Richardson . The 46-square-mile (120 km) district serves the Dallas County portions of Richardson ; the Lake Highlands , Northwood Hills , and Prestonwood neighborhoods of Dallas ; and small portions of Garland . RISD operates 55 campuses and serves more than 37,000 students. In 2022,

98-487: A quorum . Goebel died four days after receiving the fatal shot, and the election was eventually contested to the U.S. Supreme Court , who ruled the General Assembly's actions legal and made Goebel's lieutenant governor , J. C. W. Beckham , governor of the state. The General Assembly is bicameral , consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives. The House and Senate chambers are on opposite ends of

147-661: A 2015 report by the Legislative Research Commission, the research arm of the Kentucky General Assembly , An ISD is one whose geographic boundaries are defined not by the county lines that define most districts but by historic boundaries within counties. These historic boundaries are associated with districts that did not merge with county districts during the early 20th century, a period when Kentucky’s many small ISDs were consolidating into county districts. The first known action by

196-466: A city divided by a county line. School districts are the most common kind of special district in New York. They provide, arrange, or contract for all public education services, including special education and school transportation, the latter also for non-public schools. School districts are rarely precisely coextensive with the cities, towns, villages, or hamlets that bear the same name, meaning that

245-504: A district must be contiguous. Districts must be reviewed every 10 years and be re-divided if necessary. Under the state constitution, only three counties may be divided to form a Senate district— Jefferson ( Louisville ), Fayette ( Lexington ) and Kenton ( Covington ). The Senate is the upper house of the General Assembly. According to Section 32 of the Kentucky Constitution , a senator must: Under section 30 of

294-600: A final decision on the election, called out the militia and ordered the General Assembly into a special session, not in Frankfort, but in London, Kentucky , a Republican area of the state. The Republican minority naturally heeded the call and headed to London. Democrats predictably resisted the call, many retiring to Louisville instead. Both factions claimed authority, but the Republicans were too few in number to muster

343-644: A group of Confederate sympathizers met in Russellville in November 1861, to establish a Confederate government for the state . The group established a Confederate state capital in Bowling Green , but never successfully displaced the elected General Assembly in Frankfort. The General Assembly played a decisive role in the disputed gubernatorial election of 1899. Initial vote tallies had Republican William S. Taylor leading Democrat William Goebel by

392-420: A high school for white students (at the time, racial segregation was mandated) offering a minimum 2-year program. However, local communities were still allowed to establish their own districts, and the number of such districts increased from about 200 in 1900 to 388 in 1922. Further legislative efforts in the following decades led to consolidation of many ISDs, and the existence of ISDs was codified in 1934, with

441-461: A person living in one hamlet or village might send their children to a school associated with a different hamlet or village. Residents pay school taxes to the same school district in which they live and any children living with them attend school. All tax-paying residents are eligible for the STAR Program tax rebate, which in effect lessens the value of an individual's primary residence to lessen

490-509: A practice that was allowed but not mandated by state law. These districts "operated mostly independent of one another and the state board." The General Assembly attempted to address differences in funding between different parts of the state by passing the County School District law in 1908. This law required that by 1910, each county would form a single school district that levied a tax to support its schools, and also establish

539-870: A rating this high. In 2010 the Texas Business and Education Coalition (TBEC) added 22 RISD schools to the TBEC Honor Roll. RISD and Houston ISD leads the state in schools named to the Honor Roll. Only 252 public schools out of 8,000 in Texas were named to the TBEC Honor Roll, placing those 22 RISD schools in the top 4% of Texas public schools. As of the Richardson Independent School District 2020-21 school year, 95.7% of teachers are licensed, and 82.7% have three or more years of experience. The student-to-teacher ratio

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588-530: A scant 2,383 votes. The General Assembly, however, wielded the final authority in election disputes. With a majority in both houses, the Democrats attempted to invalidate enough votes to give the election to Goebel. During the contentious days that followed, an unidentified assassin shot Goebel as he approached the state capitol. As Goebel hovered on the brink of death, chaos ensued in Frankfort, and further violence threatened. Taylor, serving as governor pending

637-429: A school census enumeration of two hundred (200) or more children, constitute independent school districts, except those which have merged with a county school district since June 14, 1934. Independent districts are completely separate from any county district. Both types of districts have taxing authority independent of counties, although the taxes they levy are usually physically collected by county governments. Following

686-462: A single school district. Conversely, large cities may include part or all of several school districts, often associated with communities that became part of the city by annexation while retaining their own school districts; for example, the city limits of San Antonio includes portions of the school districts Alamo Heights , East Central , North East , Northside , San Antonio , South San Antonio , Southside , and Southwest . The term "independent"

735-528: Is lower than the state average, at 13:1. The district has 70 full-time counselors on staff. The student body at the schools served by Richardson Independent School District is 30% White, 22.4% Black, 6.9% Asian or Asian/Pacific Islander, 37.3% Hispanic/Latino, 0.3% American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.1% Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander. In addition, 3% of students are two or more races, and 0% have not specified their race or ethnicity. Independent school district The state of Texas has by far

784-507: Is that of an elected or appointed board of education. New York's public education is headed by a chancellor and has a 13-member all-appointed Department of Education Panel for Education Policy. The city school districts for the 57 cities having fewer than 125,000 people are separate from the municipal government and are authorized to levy taxes and incur debt. Each of them is governed by an elected board of education with five, seven, or nine members. Districts for smaller cities often extend beyond

833-525: Is the lower house of the General Assembly. Section 47 of the Kentucky Constitution stipulates that all bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives. According to Section 32 of the Kentucky Constitution , a representative must: Per section 30 of the Kentucky Constitution , representatives are elected every two years in the November following a regular session of

882-692: Is very applicable in modern times, despite its early origins. As an example, the City of Dallas and the Dallas Independent School District are completely separate-run entities; while both experience similar problems caused by similar factors, issues and corruption that arose within the Dallas School Board did not arise from, or link to, any corruption within the city government of Dallas itself. In Kentucky standard school districts are organized at county level, with

931-522: The Governor of Kentucky at any time and for any duration. The first meeting of the General Assembly occurred in 1792, shortly after Kentucky was granted statehood. Legislators convened in Lexington , the state's temporary capital. Among the first orders of business was choosing a permanent state capital. In the end, the small town of Frankfort, with their offer to provide a temporary structure to house

980-574: The Kentucky Constitution , senators are elected to four year staggered terms, with half the Senate elected every two years. Prior to a 1992 constitutional amendment, the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky presided over the Senate; the 1992 amendment created a new office of President of the Senate to be held by one of the 38 senators. Additionally, each party elects a floor leader , whip , and caucus chair . The House of Representatives

1029-623: The Kentucky House of Representatives . The General Assembly meets annually in the state capitol building in Frankfort , convening on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January. In even-numbered years, sessions may not last more than 60 legislative days, and cannot extend beyond April 15. In odd-numbered years, sessions may not last more than 30 legislative days, and cannot extend beyond March 30. Special sessions may be called by

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1078-531: The General Assembly to support public elementary and secondary education was a law passed in 1836 that allowed Paducah to conduct a lottery to raise funds for a public school system, thus establishing the predecessor to today's Paducah Public Schools . Two years later, the state enacted its first common school law, which set up a state educational board and provided some state funding. Since state funds were inadequate to support schools, numerous local districts were formed that levied their own taxes to support schools,

1127-586: The General Assembly. Additionally, each party elects a floor leader, whip, and caucus chair. Senate Standing Committees and Chairs House Standing Committees and Chairs The Kentucky General Assembly is served by a 16-member nonpartisan agency called the Legislative Research Commission (LRC). Created in 1948, the LRC provides the General Assembly with staff and research support including committee staffing, bill drafting, oversight of

1176-436: The boundaries of the school district, its taxable area, which is "independent" of county and municipal lines. The board also has the ultimate say in the hiring and firing of principals and superintendents and other district-wide administrative positions. The employment of teachers in individual schools, however, is usually left to the principal and administrative staff of the respective schools. A district can serve areas outside

1225-472: The cities they serve, with dramatic examples including (but not limited to) Berea , Bowling Green , Elizabethtown , Frankfort, and Paducah. However, ten ISDs are considerably larger than the cities they primarily serve. Further legislation first enacted in 1946 and amended several times since allows for the expansion of ISDs, usually on the petition of property owners to be transferred into an ISD. However, very few ISDs have successfully expanded their borders in

1274-429: The city borders and are referred to as "enlarged city school districts", seven of which have reorganized as "central city school districts". Owing to the extremely large number (730) of school districts, many of which are quite small, most of them are organized into 37 supervisory districts. Each of these has a Board of Cooperative Educational Services (BOCES). Each BOCES provides services that are considered difficult for

1323-557: The city is divided by the department into 11 "school regions" (10 geographic regions and a "District 75" for students with disabilities) There are five types of school districts in the state, each with slightly different laws. Common school districts, established in 1812, were the first type of school district in the state. In July 2004, there were only 11 such districts remaining. They are not authorized to provide secondary education. They must, therefore, contract with neighboring school districts to provide high school education for pupils in

1372-422: The city limits of the city it is named for. For example, Lewisville Independent School District completely encompasses the city limits of Lewisville , The Colony , Flower Mound , and Highland Village (while Lewisville is arguably the largest of the cities it serves, this is not always the case). In fact, it is very common for multiple small suburbs or communities, with distinct city governments, to be served by

1421-552: The component school districts to provide on their own, often including special classes for students with disabilities, trades, medical professions such as physical therapy or other specialized classes. Kentucky General Assembly The Kentucky General Assembly , also called the Kentucky Legislature , is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Kentucky . It comprises the Kentucky Senate and

1470-548: The district borders being identical with county boundaries unless the county contains one or more independent districts. The precise definition of "independent school district" is found in Kentucky Revised Statutes § 160.020 : All school districts embracing designated cities together with the territory within their limits, including any territory added for school purposes outside of the city limits, and all independent graded common school districts having

1519-619: The district was given a "B" accountability rating by the Texas Education Agency . The district was founded in 1854. At the time it provided education for children of local farmers, small business owners and settlers around the railroad just outside Dallas, TX . In recent times RISD has been rated as "Recognized" by the Texas Education Agency for many years in a row. RISD is the largest, most racially and socioeconomically diverse district in Texas to receive

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1568-672: The district. Typically one trustee or a three-person board of trustees will govern the district. In 1853, the legislature established union free school districts, which are districts resulting from a "union" of two or more common school districts, "free" from the restrictions that previously barred them from operating high schools. In July 2004, there were 163 school districts of this type. Despite being able to operate high schools, thirty-one of these districts provided only elementary education. Those districts that are not components of central school districts provide secondary education either by contracting with other districts or being located in one of

1617-531: The early 1900s, school districts were generally divisions of county or municipal governments as in most of the country. The onset of the Texas Oil Boom dramatically changed many aspects of the state and many communities within it. Sudden discoveries of large petroleum reserves created numerous boomtowns whose populations often multiplied tremendously in short periods. The growth was often a mixed blessing for these communities. The rapid demographic change in

1666-588: The first female legislator elected south of the Mason–Dixon line . Operation Boptrot led to the conviction of more than a dozen legislators between 1992 and 1995. The investigation also led to reform legislation being passed in 1993. Due to the strong Union sympathies of a majority of the Commonwealth's citizens and elected officials, Kentucky remained officially neutral during the Civil War . Even so,

1715-420: The following decades. All but five school districts are separate from municipal governments. The exceptions are the five cities whose populations exceed 125,000 (Buffalo, New York, Rochester, Syracuse and Yonkers), in which education is part of the municipal budget. In the state of Texas, each district is run by a school board . The elected council of the school board helps determine educational policy within

1764-461: The largest number of independent school districts, with almost all of its districts falling into this category ( Stafford Municipal School District being the notable exception). The term independent may be used to describe other types of school districts, though this is less common. The use of the term independent can vary in actual application in those states that even use the term. In Kentucky, for example, all school districts are independent of

1813-558: The legislature and a cache of materials for constructing a permanent edifice, was chosen, and the state's capital has remained there ever since. After women gained suffrage in Kentucky, Mary Elliott Flanery was elected to the Kentucky House of Representative from the 89th District, representing Boyd County, Kentucky . When Flanery took her seat in January 1922, she was the first female state legislator elected in Kentucky and

1862-457: The legislature in 1917 and repealed in 1944, creation was reauthorized exclusively for Suffolk County in 1981. Such districts already established were not affected by the repeal. In those cities with populations exceeding 125,000, the city school districts are coterminous with the city limits, and education is part of the municipal budget. These districts cannot incur debts or levy taxes. The governmental structure in all of these except for New York

1911-602: The most recent closures of independent districts in 2019 and 2020, the state has 51 independent school districts along with 120 county districts. The largest concentrations of independent districts are found in Northern Kentucky and the eastern coal region . Independent districts can be associated with: Kentucky independent districts can cross county lines. The two cities served by the Caverna district are in different counties. Another such district serves Corbin ,

1960-456: The once small towns often initially caused severe strain on the local school systems unprepared for the rapid influx of students. Even as money was rapidly flowing in the communities, obtaining tax revenue efficiently where it was needed was often complex. Communities dealt with these problems by establishing independent school districts which could establish their own taxing authority and more quickly adjust to changing financial demands. By 1921-2,

2009-530: The state budget and educational reform, production of educational materials, maintenance of a reference library and Internet site, and the preparation and printing of research reports, informational bulletins and a legislative newspaper. It is led by the elected leadership of the Democratic and Republican parties in both the Kentucky House of Representatives and the Kentucky Senate, while the agency

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2058-493: The state had 858 independent school districts and 7,369 common school districts. Through the middle of the 20th century, many smaller common school districts combined to become independent school districts. This type of school district is still the standard in Texas today. Litigation against school districts is usually handled by law firms specializing in school law and is paid for by professional legal liability coverage designed specifically for educational entities. According to

2107-468: The state, county, and municipal governments. However, state law defines an "independent school district" as one whose jurisdiction does not cover an entire county, instead covering a city or cluster of cities. Historically, as school districts were formed in the United States, they have generally been tied to municipal or county governments who have funded and administered them. In Texas during

2156-649: The stipulation that ISDs have at least 200 students, a limitation that exists to this day. This law also effectively forces any ISD whose enrollment falls below this limit to merge into a neighboring district. ISDs have continued to merge with county districts, with five having done so in the 21st century— Harrodsburg with Mercer County in 2006, Providence with Webster County in 2007, Monticello with Wayne County in 2014, Silver Grove with Campbell County in 2019, and West Point with Hardin County in 2020. The boundaries of today's ISDs are largely based on those existing at

2205-492: The tax burden on the residence. All but five school districts are separate from municipal governments. The exceptions are the nine cities whose populations exceed 125,000 (Amherst, Buffalo, Brookhaven, Hempstead, Islip, New York, Rochester, Syracuse, Yonkers), in which education is part of the municipal budget. Schools in the city of New York are controlled by the New York City Department of Education, and

2254-399: The third floor of the capitol building, and legislators have offices in the nearby Capitol Annex building. Section 33 of the Kentucky Constitution requires that the General Assembly divide the state into 38 Senate and 100 House districts. Districts are required to be as nearly equal in population as possible. Districts can be formed by joining more than one county, but the counties forming

2303-650: The three central high school districts. Each union free school district is governed by a three- to nine-member board of education. Central school districts are the most prevalent type of school district in New York. In July 2004, there were 460 such districts. They began as a result of legislation in 1914. Central school districts may form from any number (including one) of common, union free, and/or central school districts. Central school districts are permitted to provide secondary education. Its board of education must consist of five, seven, or nine members and length of service must be three, four, or five years, each decided upon by

2352-405: The time of the 1934 act. In 1920, Kentucky's statutes on municipal annexation had stated that any new area added to a city that supported a school district would automatically become part of the school district. This changed with the 1934 act, which did not provide for the expansion of ISD boundaries, essentially "landlocking" all existing ISDs. Because of this, many ISDs are much smaller in area than

2401-578: The voters in the district.[62] Not to be confused with central school districts, there are only three central high school districts in New York state, all in Nassau County:[63] Bellmore–Merrick Central High School District,[64] Sewanhaka Central High School District,[65] and Valley Stream Central High School District.[66] Central high school districts provide secondary education to students in two or more common or union free districts. With creation authorized by

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