The Prison Commission was a public body of the Government of the United Kingdom established in 1877 and responsible for the operation of what is now the Scottish Prison Service . It was renamed the Prison Department in 1928, and was merged with the Scottish Office to become the Scottish Home Department in 1939.
125-498: Riddrie ( Scottish Gaelic : An Ruadh Ruigh ) is a north-eastern district of Glasgow , Scotland. It lies on the A80 Cumbernauld Road. Riddrie is a predominantly residential area consisting of 1920s or earlier semi-detached houses (especially in the area known as Riddrie Knowes), and some 1920s three-story tenement buildings containing multiple apartments. It is the location of Barlinnie prison . The area lies to
250-652: A "safer and more attractive public realm in Riddrie." The Concept Design Report, Tranche 1 includes Riddrie and suggests street improvements and reduction of vehicle traffic by improving alternative active access. Areas for enhancement are: improving the aspect of the junction of Cumbernauld Road and Smithycroft Road; landscaping and pavement widening at Smithycroft Road South Riddrie Town Centre; garden and landscaping at Smithycroft Road South Riddrie Town Centre; and incorporating for school use certain land adjoining Smithycroft Secondary School. Plans include significant "greening" of
375-442: A 19% fall in bilingual speakers between the 1911 and 1921 Censuses. Michelle MacLeod of Aberdeen University has said that there was no other period with such a high fall in the number of monolingual Gaelic speakers: "Gaelic speakers became increasingly the exception from that point forward with bilingualism replacing monolingualism as the norm for Gaelic speakers." The Linguistic Survey of Scotland (1949–1997) surveyed both
500-557: A Goidelic language, Scottish Gaelic, as well as both Irish and Manx , developed out of Old Irish . It became a distinct spoken language sometime in the 13th century in the Middle Irish period, although a common literary language was shared by the Gaels of both Ireland and Scotland until well into the 17th century. Most of modern Scotland was once Gaelic-speaking, as evidenced especially by Gaelic-language place names. In
625-564: A Pictish substrate. In 1018, after the conquest of Lothian (theretofore part of England and inhabited predominantly by speakers of Northumbrian Old English ) by the Kingdom of Scotland , Gaelic reached its social, cultural, political, and geographic zenith. Colloquial speech in Scotland had been developing independently of that in Ireland since the eighth century. For the first time,
750-524: A central feature of court life there. The semi-independent Lordship of the Isles in the Hebrides and western coastal mainland remained thoroughly Gaelic since the language's recovery there in the 12th century, providing a political foundation for cultural prestige down to the end of the 15th century. By the mid-14th century what eventually came to be called Scots (at that time termed Inglis ) emerged as
875-746: A central staff, by the Prison Inspectorate and by visiting committees of justices, which acted under regulations drawn up by the Home Office. The first appointed Commissioner was John Hill Burton , who had previously been Secretary to the Prison Board of Scotland. In 1885, the post of Secretary for Scotland was created, and along with it the Scottish Office , and responsibility for the Commission passed to him. In 1926
1000-823: A challenge to revitalization efforts which occur outside the home. Positive engagements between language learners and native speakers of Gaelic through mentorship has proven to be productive in socializing new learners into fluency. In the 2022 census, 3,551 people claimed Gaelic as their 'main language.' Of these, 1,761 (49.6%) were in Na h-Eileanan Siar, 682 (19.2%) were in Highland, 369 were in Glasgow City and 120 were in City of Edinburgh; no other council area had as many as 80 such respondents. Gaelic has long suffered from its lack of use in educational and administrative contexts and
1125-489: A full range of language skills: speaking, understanding, reading and writing Gaelic. 40.2% of Scotland's Gaelic speakers said that they used Gaelic at home. To put this in context, the most common language spoken at home in Scotland after English and Scots is Polish, with about 1.1% of the population, or 54,000 people. The 2011 UK Census showed a total of 57,375 Gaelic speakers in Scotland (1.1% of population over three years old), of whom only 32,400 could also read and write
1250-671: A gallery for his works beginning with his picture Cowcaddens Streetscape in the Fifties (1964). The library is open every day from 10 am to 5pm except Sunday when it is closed. The Riddrie Park Cemetery at 1171 Cumbernauld Road contains substantial numbers of graves. It is inside the boundaries of Riddrie but lies adjacent to the Lethamhill Golf Course to its east. To its north east, and almost adjacent, lies Hogganfield Loch. This cemetery has an alternative identification as Provanmill Road Cemetery. Its Canmore identification
1375-424: A hall and a church with a brick-faced exterior and integral design of a simple Gothic high vaulted building with Art Nouveau influence. The complex was built in the years 1927–30 by John Keppie & Henderson, architects. The interior displays an open hammerbeam ceiling and whitewashed aspect. There is a large Celtic cross and an inset stone memorial taken from the previous Saltmarket St Enoch's church. The stone
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#17327931872241500-586: A language ideology at odds with revitalization efforts on behalf of new speakers, state policies (such as the Gaelic Language Act), and family members reclaiming their lost mother tongue. New learners of Gaelic often have a positive affective stance to their language learning, and connect this learning journey towards Gaelic language revitalization. The mismatch of these language ideologies, and differences in affective stance, has led to fewer speaking opportunities for adult language learners and therefore
1625-495: A meeting on 12 December 1922 at 47 Gadie Street at which they chose their name. In February 1922, the new roads were being prepared but show-houses with electricity were available for people to inspect. The full and detailed description of the houses was given wide publicity. In March 1923, 500 children living in newly-constructed Riddrie had to be schooled in Haghill . By February 1924, so many homes in Riddrie were in occupation that
1750-805: A national centre for Gaelic Language and Culture, based in Sleat , on the Isle of Skye . This institution is the only source for higher education which is conducted entirely in Scottish Gaelic. They offer courses for Gaelic learners from beginners into fluency. They also offer regular bachelors and graduate programs delivered entirely in Gaelic. Concerns have been raised around the fluency achieved by learners within these language programs because they are disconnected from vernacular speech communities. In regard to language revitalization planning efforts, many feel that
1875-635: A number of riots and disciplinary problems, possibly caused by the conditions inside it. The prison burial grounds officially contained 10 corpses. In the 1970s during work, a further (unspecified) number of burials were discovered. In the period 1996-98, eight suicides took place in Barlinnie before an investigation of conditions inside. The prison has become known locally (ironically) as "the Riddrie Hilton" or as "Bar-L" or as "the Big Hoos." There
2000-549: A process of Gaelicisation (which may have begun generations earlier) was clearly under way during the reigns of Caustantín and his successors. By a certain point, probably during the 11th century, all the inhabitants of Alba had become fully Gaelicised Scots, and Pictish identity was forgotten. Bilingualism in Pictish and Gaelic, prior to the former's extinction, led to the presence of Pictish loanwords in Gaelic and syntactic influence which could be considered to constitute
2125-610: A proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 65% (the highest value is in Barvas , Lewis , with 64.1%). In addition, no civil parish on mainland Scotland has a proportion of Gaelic speakers greater than 20% (the highest is in Ardnamurchan , Highland , with 19.3%). Out of a total of 871 civil parishes in Scotland, the proportion of Gaelic speakers exceeds 50% in seven parishes, 25% in 14 parishes, and 10% in 35 parishes. Decline in traditional areas has recently been balanced by growth in
2250-550: A rating appeal brought by the Riddrie Ratepayers' Association, the Blackhill estate was described by them as "one of the worst slum clearance schemes" that negatively impacted the amenity of Riddrie. In 1977, a Riddrie councillor launched a campaign to get the pedestrian motorway bridge by Gala Street demolished. In the three years since it was built, levels of brick-throwing and vandalism from the Blackhill youths from
2375-465: A separate hall and Roman Catholic primary school. The church itself has a brick-faced exterior which displays a large, striking triform three-quarters statuary relief mimicking the shape of three linked window spaces. The interior has been modernised by the white of walls and vaulted ceilings, and the removal of the high altar from the East wall to a central position. The site for the church was purchased from
2500-536: A situation where new learners struggle to find opportunities to speak Gaelic with fluent speakers. Affect is the way people feel about something, or the emotional response to a particular situation or experience. For Gaelic speakers, there is a conditioned and socialized negative affect through a long history of negative Scottish media portrayal and public disrespect, state mandated restrictions on Gaelic usage, and highland clearances . This negative affect towards speaking openly with non-native Gaelic speakers has led to
2625-625: A translation of the New Testament. In 1798, four tracts in Gaelic were published by the Society for Propagating the Gospel at Home, with 5,000 copies of each printed. Other publications followed, with a full Gaelic Bible in 1801. The influential and effective Gaelic Schools Society was founded in 1811. Their purpose was to teach Gaels to read the Bible in their own language. In the first quarter of
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#17327931872242750-475: A violent 500-strong gang of Protestant young men in the 1920s and 1930s. Billy Fullerton (1904–1962) is thought to be in an unmarked grave in Riddrie Park Cemetery, as indicated in the opening words: "Grey over Riddrie the clouds piled up, dragged their rain through the cemetery trees. The gates shone cold…". In August 2002, a freak accident occurred during heavy rain when old mine workings under
2875-613: Is 268447, where aerial photographs show the pathway network (as at 2005) and proximity to Hogganfield Loch. Canmore is part of Historic Environment Scotland. The "lost" burial ground of St Mungo's (1832–1870) was closed due to overcrowding and concerns for the health of patients in the adjoining infirmary. In 1903, the bodies from St Mungo's were exhumed and reburied at Riddrie Park Cemetery. The Glasgow Corporation Sanitary Department had reserved ground at two Glasgow cemeteries for pauper or unclaimed body burial, including Riddrie Park Cemetery. The annual total of bodies dealt with in this way by
3000-438: Is a cantilevered canopy over the wide central door, and elegant rounded internal entrance lobby walls. The auditorium has a very big central light fitment and sweeping balcony. The oblong clock is a characteristic decorative feature, alongside the tiled surfaces. The interior decorative elements are banding and cloud-form in design. The main entrance originally had a revolving door. The Singleton cinema group bought and renamed it as
3125-490: Is a significant step forward for the recognition of Gaelic both at home and abroad and I look forward to addressing the council in Gaelic very soon. Seeing Gaelic spoken in such a forum raises the profile of the language as we drive forward our commitment to creating a new generation of Gaelic speakers in Scotland." Bilingual road signs, street names, business and advertisement signage (in both Gaelic and English) are gradually being introduced throughout Gaelic-speaking regions in
3250-564: Is a war memorial in Lee Avenue, Riddrie, in the form of an obelisk incised with memorial tributes to the officers of HMP Barlinnie and their sons who were killed in action in the First World War. On that part of the monument the inscription reads: "This monument of stone taken from the prison quarry is erected by the staff. It should have been of gold." There is a further commemoration of prison officers who died in military service in
3375-502: Is an 1886 Brindley & Foster organ from Dowanhill College, Glasgow. The builders in 1979 at Riddrie were Michael Macdonald. It was surveyed and recorded in 1999 and is registered with the National Pipe Organ Register under D07148. It had previously been at Notre Dame Training College (closed 1968). Described by Historic Scotland as a "rare survival of iconic streamline Art Deco style super-cinema complex,"
3500-411: Is dated as 1780. The site originally included a timber hall dated 1923 by the same architects but was demolished in c. 1992. Hogganfield lies adjacent to Riddrie and the church is designated by reference to it. The church also contains a black marble memorial with a brass plaque commemorating those parishioners killed in service in the First World War. It was moved to its present location in 1925 when
3625-411: Is no evidence that Gaelic was ever widely spoken. Many historians mark the reign of King Malcolm Canmore ( Malcolm III ) between 1058 and 1093 as the beginning of Gaelic's eclipse in Scotland. His wife Margaret of Wessex spoke no Gaelic, gave her children Anglo-Saxon rather than Gaelic names, and brought many English bishops, priests, and monastics to Scotland. When Malcolm and Margaret died in 1093,
3750-616: Is often thought to be a section of it. The need in this area began following the opening in 1880 of the first synagogue in the Gorbals with its small burial plot in Craigton . The requirement for more space was met by the South Portland Street Synagogue opening another cemetery in around 1908 in Riddrie. The plot contains 729 lairs. This served an impoverished section of the population that often could not afford
3875-464: Is shown in the tax roll for 1797–98 as owning one horse. The Farm horse tax rolls show Captain Christie of Riddrie in 1797–98 as owning two farm horses. His neighbours are also shown: William Turnbull of Smithy Croft (two farm horses) and David Bennerman at Lathamhill (four farm horses). Other records include a land tax listing in 1803 for George Provand, recorded as the owner of Riddrie Park. By 1852,
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4000-518: The 2011 census of Scotland , 57,375 people (1.1% of the Scottish population aged over three years old) reported being able to speak Gaelic, 1,275 fewer than in 2001. The highest percentages of Gaelic speakers were in the Outer Hebrides . Nevertheless, there is a language revival , and the number of speakers of the language under age 20 did not decrease between the 2001 and 2011 censuses. In
4125-538: The 2021 census , 2,170 Canadian residents claimed knowledge of Scottish Gaelic, a decline from 3,980 speakers in the 2016 census . There exists a particular concentration of speakers in Nova Scotia , with historic communities in other parts of Canada having largely disappeared. Scottish Gaelic is classed as an indigenous language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , which
4250-468: The 2022 census of Scotland , it was found that 2.5% of the Scottish population had some skills in Gaelic, or 130,161 persons. Of these, 69,701 people reported speaking the language, with a further 46,404 people reporting that they understood the language, but did not speak, read, or write in it. Outside of Scotland, a dialect known as Canadian Gaelic has been spoken in Canada since the 18th century. In
4375-550: The First World War . Further, the nearby Clydeside shipping yards were a target of intensive bombing during the Second World War , in particular on the night of 13/14 March 1941 (known as the " Clydebank Blitz "). Many civilian and military deaths arose then. A Commonwealth War Graves monument in the form of a large standing white Cross of Sacrifice was erected as a memorial to the soldiers and sailors who died in
4500-492: The Outer Hebrides , accommodation ethics exist amongst native or local Gaelic speakers when engaging with new learners or non-locals. Accommodation ethics, or ethics of accommodation, is a social practice where local or native speakers of Gaelic shift to speaking English when in the presence of non-Gaelic speakers out of a sense of courtesy or politeness. This accommodation ethic persists even in situations where new learners attempt to speak Gaelic with native speakers. This creates
4625-685: The Prison Commission . The commission was a body corporate of not more than three members, of which one was to be the Sheriff of the County of Perth and another the Crown Agent for Scotland, and was empowered to hold property for the purposes of the Act. Its duties included the maintenance of all prisons, the appointment of subordinate prison staff, the inspection of prison buildings and
4750-688: The Scottish Lowlands . Between the 2001 and 2011 censuses, the number of Gaelic speakers rose in nineteen of the country's 32 council areas. The largest absolute gains were in Aberdeenshire (+526), North Lanarkshire (+305), the Aberdeen City council area (+216), and East Ayrshire (+208). The largest relative gains were in Aberdeenshire (+0.19%), East Ayrshire (+0.18%), Moray (+0.16%), and Orkney (+0.13%). In 2018,
4875-706: The UK Government has ratified, and the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005 established a language-development body, Bòrd na Gàidhlig . The Scottish Parliament is considering a Scottish Languages Bill which proposes to give the Gaelic and Scots languages official status in Scotland. Aside from "Scottish Gaelic", the language may also be referred to simply as "Gaelic", pronounced / ˈ ɡ æ l ɪ k / GAL -ik in English . However, "Gaelic" / ˈ ɡ eɪ l ɪ k / GAY -lik also refers to
5000-786: The significant increase in pupils in Gaelic-medium education since that time is unknown. Gaelic Medium Education is one of the primary ways that the Scottish Government is addressing Gaelic language shift. Along with the Bòrd na Gàidhlig policies, preschool and daycare environments are also being used to create more opportunities for intergenerational language transmission in the Outer Hebrides. However, revitalization efforts are not unified within Scotland or Nova Scotia, Canada. One can attend Sabhal Mòr Ostaig ,
5125-485: The 19th century saw this use intensify with the opening of ironworks in Coatbridge . Both shallow and deep coalmining took place close to and under Riddrie. The Monkland Canal traffic was close by. In the late 18th century, there was a drawbridge at Riddrie where coal was sold at competitive rates. The last deep workings in the area closed in 1931. Mine workings under Riddrie have become unstable in heavy rain, leading to
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5250-601: The 19th century, the SSPCK (despite their anti-Gaelic attitude in prior years) and the British and Foreign Bible Society distributed 60,000 Gaelic Bibles and 80,000 New Testaments. It is estimated that this overall schooling and publishing effort gave about 300,000 people in the Highlands some basic literacy. Very few European languages have made the transition to a modern literary language without an early modern translation of
5375-404: The 2011 Census. The 2011 total population figure comes from table KS101SC. The numbers of Gaelic speakers relate to the numbers aged 3 and over, and the percentages are calculated using those and the number of the total population aged 3 and over. Across the whole of Scotland, the 2011 census showed that 25,000 people (0.49% of the population) used Gaelic at home. Of these, 63.3% said that they had
5500-407: The 4th–5th centuries CE, by settlers from Ireland who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast in present-day Argyll . An alternative view has been voiced by archaeologist Ewan Campbell , who has argued that the putative migration or takeover is not reflected in archaeological or placename data (as pointed out earlier by Leslie Alcock ). Campbell has also questioned
5625-569: The Bible; the lack of a well known translation may have contributed to the decline of Scottish Gaelic. Counterintuitively, access to schooling in Gaelic increased knowledge of English. In 1829, the Gaelic Schools Society reported that parents were unconcerned about their children learning Gaelic, but were anxious to have them taught English. The SSPCK also found Highlanders to have significant prejudice against Gaelic. T. M. Devine attributes this to an association between English and
5750-594: The EU's institutions. The Scottish government had to pay for the translation from Gaelic to other European languages . The deal was received positively in Scotland; Secretary of State for Scotland Jim Murphy said the move was a strong sign of the UK government's support for Gaelic. He said; "Allowing Gaelic speakers to communicate with European institutions in their mother tongue is a progressive step forward and one which should be welcomed". Culture Minister Mike Russell said; "this
5875-665: The First World War and were buried in the cemetery. A new war memorial was created in December 2013 for those who died in military service in the First and Second World Wars. The monument is by the pathway next to the Cross of Sacrifice and was erected because parts of the cemetery are not accessible to the public. Although strictly outside the bounds of the Riddrie Park Cemetery, the Riddrie Jewish Cemetery adjoins it and
6000-538: The Forth–Clyde line and along the northeastern coastal plain as far north as Moray. Norman French completely displaced Gaelic at court. The establishment of royal burghs throughout the same area, particularly under David I , attracted large numbers of foreigners speaking Old English. This was the beginning of Gaelic's status as a predominantly rural language in Scotland. Clan chiefs in the northern and western parts of Scotland continued to support Gaelic bards who remained
6125-684: The Gaelic Act falls so far short of the status accorded to Welsh that one would be foolish or naïve to believe that any substantial change will occur in the fortunes of the language as a result of Bòrd na Gàidhlig 's efforts. On 10 December 2008, to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , the Scottish Human Rights Commission had the UDHR translated into Gaelic for
6250-762: The Gaelic aristocracy rejected their anglicised sons and instead backed Malcolm's brother Domnall Bán ( Donald III ). Donald had spent 17 years in Gaelic Ireland and his power base was in the thoroughly Gaelic west of Scotland. He was the last Scottish monarch to be buried on Iona , the traditional burial place of the Gaelic Kings of Dàl Riada and the Kingdom of Alba. However, during the reigns of Malcolm Canmore's sons, Edgar, Alexander I and David I (their successive reigns lasting 1097–1153), Anglo-Norman names and practices spread throughout Scotland south of
6375-593: The Garroway Estate, which included an existing old mansion house and other buildings. The church was created to accommodate 1,000 people and was officially dedicated and opened on 21 December 1924 by the Archbishop of Glasgow , Msgr Mackintosh . The Rev Dr McEwan was the first parish priest. The school was to be opened in the early part of 1925 under the Sisters of Notre Dame . The organ at St Thomas Church
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#17327931872246500-531: The Glasgow City Council Chief Architect Archibald George Jury. In 1966, Glasgow City Council decided that Riddrie was to be reorganised so as to have comprehensive education. There was to be a new comprehensive secondary school to open for the school year 1967–68. In 1968, in order to accommodate this ambition, the school building was significantly expanded at the cost of £163,000. The built design took
6625-619: The Highland and Island region. In 1616, the Privy Council proclaimed that schools teaching in English should be established. Gaelic was seen, at this time, as one of the causes of the instability of the region. It was also associated with Catholicism. The Society in Scotland for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge (SSPCK) was founded in 1709. They met in 1716, immediately after the failed Jacobite rising of 1715 , to consider
6750-416: The Highlands and Islands, including Argyll. In many cases, this has simply meant re-adopting the traditional spelling of a name (such as Ràtagan or Loch Ailleart rather than the anglicised forms Ratagan or Lochailort respectively). Some monolingual Gaelic road signs, particularly direction signs, are used on the Outer Hebrides , where a majority of the population can have a working knowledge of
6875-726: The Inner Hebridean dialects of Tiree and Islay, and even a few native speakers from Western Highland areas including Wester Ross , northwest Sutherland , Lochaber and Argyll . Dialects on both sides of the Straits of Moyle (the North Channel ) linking Scottish Gaelic with Irish are now extinct, though native speakers were still to be found on the Mull of Kintyre , on Rathlin and in North East Ireland as late as
7000-410: The Irish language ( Gaeilge ) and the Manx language ( Gaelg ). Scottish Gaelic is distinct from Scots , the Middle English -derived language which had come to be spoken in most of the Lowlands of Scotland by the early modern era . Prior to the 15th century, this language was known as Inglis ("English") by its own speakers, with Gaelic being called Scottis ("Scottish"). Beginning in
7125-399: The National Lottery a grant to set up a wildlife breathing space, a pond, flower meadows and fruit trees. Glasgow City Council assisted in this provision to take place over four allotments, and also assisted in the training of around 30 volunteers. In the following year, the National Lottery made a further grant to supply additional equipment, horticultural elements and some security fencing for
7250-402: The Riddrie scheme was the first to be built, whereas the integrated envisaged church, library, school and cinema were subsequently created. Riddrie was likely inhabited by the incoming council occupiers during 1922, not 1923 as stated in the Third Statistical Account of Scotland (published 1958), on the basis that it is correct that the Minute Book of the Riddrie Ratepayers' Association records
7375-502: The Second World War. This is a lawn bowling club for members, together with a large hall that can be hired for functions. The address is 90 Smithycroft Road. A former President of the Riddrie Bowling Club was Dr James Scott Kinross, the first resident doctor for the housing development of the 1920s. He served in Riddrie until 1941 when he died there. He had been Chairman of a medical board in Glasgow as well. In 2008, Riddrie Community Gardens, an unincorporated charitable body, received from
7500-428: The UK Government as Welsh . With the advent of devolution , however, Scottish matters have begun to receive greater attention, and it achieved a degree of official recognition when the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act was enacted by the Scottish Parliament on 21 April 2005. The key provisions of the Act are: After its creation, Bòrd na Gàidhlig required a Gaelic Language Plan from the Scottish Government. This plan
7625-871: The Vogue cinema in 1950. The name of the cinema on opening was "The Riddrie". It features as a film location in David Hayman 's Silent Scream (1990). The cinema was capable of seating 1,700 people. In 2008, the building including sweetshop and powerhouse was listed as Category B by Historic Scotland. North American film and tv actor Andrew Airlie was born in Riddrie. Award-winning stage actor Stephen Ashfield attended Smithycroft Secondary School in Riddrie. Jimmy Boyle , convicted murderer, reformed gangster, artist and novelist spent his 14 year sentence in Barlinnie prison, Riddrie. Internationally acclaimed, double Grammy award-winning conductor and choirmaster (subsequently disgraced and imprisoned) Joseph Cullen lived in Riddrie. International artist, portrait photographer and Chancellor of Edinburgh Napier University David Eustace
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#17327931872247750-581: The Western Isles (−1,745), Argyll & Bute (−694), and Highland (−634). The drop in Stornoway , the largest parish in the Western Isles by population, was especially acute, from 57.5% of the population in 1991 to 43.4% in 2011. The only parish outside the Western Isles over 40% Gaelic-speaking is Kilmuir in Northern Skye at 46%. The islands in the Inner Hebrides with significant percentages of Gaelic speakers are Tiree (38.3%), Raasay (30.4%), Skye (29.4%), Lismore (26.9%), Colonsay (20.2%), and Islay (19.0%). Today, no civil parish in Scotland has
7875-589: The Western Isles. The Scottish Qualifications Authority offer two streams of Gaelic examination across all levels of the syllabus: Gaelic for learners (equivalent to the modern foreign languages syllabus) and Gaelic for native speakers (equivalent to the English syllabus). An Comunn Gàidhealach performs assessment of spoken Gaelic, resulting in the issue of a Bronze Card, Silver Card or Gold Card. Syllabus details are available on An Comunn's website. These are not widely recognised as qualifications, but are required for those taking part in certain competitions at
8000-466: The age and reliability of the medieval historical sources speaking of a conquest. Instead, he has inferred that Argyll formed part of a common Q-Celtic -speaking area with Ireland, connected rather than divided by the sea, since the Iron Age. These arguments have been opposed by some scholars defending the early dating of the traditional accounts and arguing for other interpretations of the archaeological evidence. Regardless of how it came to be spoken in
8125-496: The ambitious Seven Lochs Wetland Park project was awarded approximately £4.5 million to create and enhance a linked wildlife/nature scheme with pathways and access routes. The seven lochs in question are: Bishop Loch, Frankfield Loch, Garnqueen Loch, Hogganfield Loch, Johnston Loch, Lochend Loch and Woodend Loch. The lochs, parks, nature reserves and woods are all in the 16-square-kilometre (6.2 sq mi) area that begins in Riddrie and extends to Coatbridge in Lanarkshire. At
8250-408: The annual mods . In October 2009, a new agreement allowed Scottish Gaelic to be formally used between Scottish Government ministers and European Union officials. The deal was signed by Britain's representative to the EU, Sir Kim Darroch , and the Scottish government . This did not give Scottish Gaelic official status in the EU but gave it the right to be a means of formal communications in
8375-415: The beginning of the First World War was approximately 450. The Commonwealth War Graves Commission records the cemetery as containing overall (scattered) burials for 100 First World War casualties and 248 Second World War casualties. These numbers are recorded as reflective of the status of Glasgow as headquarters of the Highland Light Infantry and as the location of several large military hospitals during
8500-413: The bill be strengthened, a revised bill was published; the main alteration was that the guidance of the Bòrd is now statutory (rather than advisory). In the committee stages in the Scottish Parliament, there was much debate over whether Gaelic should be given 'equal validity' with English. Due to executive concerns about resourcing implications if this wording was used, the Education Committee settled on
8625-439: The cabin. The total awarded was £18,993. The Riddrie Library was purpose-built in 1938. It has one floor, and cost the Glasgow City Council £10,000. It has a handsome Art Deco exterior and is currently run by Glasgow Life on behalf of the City Council. The Riddrie Public Library is described by Alasdair Gray (born 1934) during his childhood as being the repository of a multitude of exciting books. In 2017, he selected it to become
8750-514: The canal had been built. Under Riddrie Knowes there is a sill of volcanic rock, and Glasgow and its environs are much affected by patterns of Ice Age melt. The former Monkland Canal to the immediate north of modern Riddrie was begun by James Watt in June 1770 as the first stage of a plan to allow transport of coal to the centre of Glasgow. One of its water sources was Hogganfield Loch. The canal's commercial development had by 1792 allowed coal exploitation close to its route to grow. The first half of
8875-404: The cemetery opened, causing a teenage boy to drown. The Riddrie Park Cemetery is one of only three Glasgow sites where the Common Blue butterfly was to be found (2007–8). Smithycroft Secondary School is a large comprehensive school dating from the 1960s. It takes its pupils from both sides of the M8 motorway. The original school was constructed over the period 1964-66, having been designed by
9000-625: The census of pupils in Scotland showed 520 students in publicly funded schools had Gaelic as the main language at home, an increase of 5% from 497 in 2014. During the same period, Gaelic medium education in Scotland has grown, with 4,343 pupils (6.3 per 1000) being educated in a Gaelic-immersion environment in 2018, up from 3,583 pupils (5.3 per 1000) in 2014. Data collected in 2007–2008 indicated that even among pupils enrolled in Gaelic medium schools, 81% of primary students and 74% of secondary students report using English more often than Gaelic when speaking with their mothers at home. The effect on this of
9125-568: The cities and professors of Celtic from universities who sought to preserve the language. The Education (Scotland) Act 1872 provided universal education in Scotland, but completely ignored Gaelic in its plans. The mechanism for supporting Gaelic through the Education Codes issued by the Scottish Education Department were steadily used to overcome this omission, with many concessions in place by 1918. However,
9250-506: The collapse of ground in Riddrie Park Cemetery. By the 1920s, the abandoned canal waterway had become a public danger, resulting in Riddrie children drowning, and has been described as a source of "continuous outcry" from residents. The canal was eventually filled in the 1960s and is now the M8 motorway with the exit for Riddrie at Junction 12. Riddrie was a significant point in the M8 project. In 1978,
9375-470: The commissioners, of the Prison Inspectorate and of the senior officers of each prison, the approval of appointments of staff made by the commissioners and the regulation of visiting committees of justices. The commissioners were appointed by royal warrant on the recommendation of the Home Secretary and were salaried. A similar body for England and Wales was also created in the same year, also called
9500-521: The concept of 'equal respect'. It is not clear what the legal force of this wording is. The Act was passed by the Scottish Parliament unanimously, with support from all sectors of the Scottish political spectrum, on 21 April 2005. Under the provisions of the Act, it will ultimately fall to BnG to secure the status of the Gaelic language as an official language of Scotland. Some commentators, such as Éamonn Ó Gribín (2006) argue that
9625-405: The condition of prisoners, and the exercise of powers formerly vested in visiting justices and inspectors of prisons. It also submitted annual reports on every prison to the Home Office for presentation to Parliament , together with other returns. The reports included details of manufacturing processes carried on by prisoners within the prisons. The commissioners were assisted in their work by
9750-519: The construction of Barlinnie prison in the 1880s, in the effort to relieve Glasgow's prison overcrowding . The 32-acre (13 ha) site was bought by the Scottish Prison Department for the purpose from Mr Wilson of Campbellfield. The farmstead was known as Barlinnie, and the surrounding land as Blairlenny. The name Barlinnie can be traced back as far as 1562. It combines Scottish Gaelic, 'blàr' (field) and 'làanach' (swampy). Once
9875-762: The costs involved. In 1908 the Glasgow Hebrew Burial Society started a saving scheme for members. They in turn bought a small burial ground in Sandymount, in the Shettleston area. The last Riddrie burial in the Jewish Cemetery was in 2003. The cemetery contains the burial plot and marker stone of Lt Henry May VC (1885–1941), who was awarded the Victoria Cross in the First World War for outstanding gallantry. The soldier
10000-559: The deteriorated quality of the housing stock in Riddrie, as with other areas in Glasgow, saw a policy focus on regeneration. For Riddrie the Glasgow Eastern Area Renewal (GEAR) Project, ending in 1987, saw significant refurbishment at public expense of the existing 1920s development. The improvements were a part of a city-wide plan of investment. Many of these dwellings have over time become privately owned following
10125-499: The dialect of the Scottish Gaelic language, and also mixed use of English and Gaelic across the Highlands and Islands. Dialects of Lowland Gaelic have been defunct since the 18th century. Gaelic in the Eastern and Southern Scottish Highlands, although alive until the mid-20th century, is now largely defunct. Although modern Scottish Gaelic is dominated by the dialects of the Outer Hebrides and Isle of Skye, there remain some speakers of
10250-582: The entire region of modern-day Scotland was called Scotia in Latin, and Gaelic was the lingua Scotica . In southern Scotland , Gaelic was strong in Galloway , adjoining areas to the north and west, West Lothian , and parts of western Midlothian . It was spoken to a lesser degree in north Ayrshire , Renfrewshire , the Clyde Valley and eastern Dumfriesshire . In south-eastern Scotland, there
10375-560: The first time. However, given there are no longer any monolingual Gaelic speakers, following an appeal in the court case of Taylor v Haughney (1982), involving the status of Gaelic in judicial proceedings, the High Court ruled against a general right to use Gaelic in court proceedings. While the goal of the Gaelic Language Act was to aid in revitalization efforts through government mandated official language status,
10500-544: The form of a reinforced concrete mass shaped in a circle, with a smaller circle inside it. The larger circle housed wedge-shaped classrooms, and in the middle of the structure was a thirteen sided hall. These were the subject of a photographic survey in 2001 prior to demolition. The portfolio of photographs was archived by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland . The original building
10625-596: The former cinema building at 726 Cumbernauld Road, Riddrie, converted for bingo use in 1968. The cinema opened in March 1938, having been designed by cinema specialist architect James McKissack for George Smith and James Welsh . Welsh was Housing Convenor working for the Glasgow City Council, and was a wartime Lord Provost 1943–45. The Art Deco interior of the cinema was lavish and expensive. It has been exceptionally well-preserved despite its re-purposing. There
10750-639: The grounds of HMP Barlinnie, which was used to create the War Memorial in Lee Avenue, according to its inscription. Limestone, a biochemical sedimentary rock , is in Riddrie of the Clackmannan Group Type. It dates from the Carboniferous Period and specifically to 318 to 328 million years ago. Coal seams in the immediate area to the east were considered commercially exploitable from the late eighteenth century onwards once
10875-479: The initiatives must come from within Gaelic speaking communities, be led by Gaelic speakers, and be designed to serve and increase fluency within the vernacular communities as the first and most viable resistance to total language shift from Gaelic to English. Currently, language policies are focused on creating new language speakers through education, instead of focused on how to strengthen intergenerational transmission within existing Gaelic speaking communities. In
11000-481: The introduction in 1980 by Mrs Margaret Thatcher of a right to buy council housing. In 1983, it was proposed to replace the rotten wooden window frames in the council houses, which the Council insisted should be preceded by the tenants signing an agreement not to buy the dwelling for 10 years. Though most signed, a vocal minority resisted on the basis that they were entitled to new windows anyway. The Council regarded
11125-502: The language. Compared with the 2001 Census, there has been a diminution of about 1300 people. This is the smallest drop between censuses since the Gaelic-language question was first asked in 1881. The Scottish government's language minister and Bòrd na Gàidhlig took this as evidence that Gaelic's long decline has slowed. The main stronghold of the language continues to be the Outer Hebrides ( Na h-Eileanan Siar ), where
11250-493: The language. These omit the English translation entirely. Bilingual railway station signs are now more frequent than they used to be. Practically all the stations in the Highland area use both English and Gaelic, and the use of bilingual station signs has become more frequent in the Lowlands of Scotland, including areas where Gaelic has not been spoken for a long time. Prison Commission (Scotland) The Prison Commission
11375-532: The late 15th century, it became increasingly common for such speakers to refer to Scottish Gaelic as Erse ("Irish") and the Lowland vernacular as Scottis . Today, Scottish Gaelic is recognised as a separate language from Irish, so the word Erse in reference to Scottish Gaelic is no longer used. Based on medieval traditional accounts and the apparent evidence from linguistic geography, Gaelic has been commonly believed to have been brought to Scotland, in
11500-791: The limited buildings in the area are seen in detail on the Map of the country for ten miles round Glasgow at the National Library of Scotland . Riddrie and Riddrie Park together account for only three dwellings. From 1861, the House of Refuge in Duke Street , a boys' reformatory , had added to its operation an experimental branch at Riddrie Farm. Prior to this the harsh regime at the Duke Street reformatory had been conducted entirely indoors. Riddrie Farm extended to 55 acres (22 ha) and
11625-459: The members of Highland school boards tended to have anti-Gaelic attitudes and served as an obstacle to Gaelic education in the late 19th and early 20th century. Loss of life due to World War I and the 1919 sinking of the HMY Iolaire , combined with emigration, resulted in the 1910s seeing unprecedented damage to the use of Scottish Gaelic, with a 46% fall in monolingual speakers and
11750-734: The mid-20th century. Records of their speech show that Irish and Scottish Gaelic existed in a dialect chain with no clear language boundary. Some features of moribund dialects have been preserved in Nova Scotia, including the pronunciation of the broad or velarised l ( l̪ˠ ) as [w] , as in the Lochaber dialect. The Endangered Languages Project lists Gaelic's status as "threatened", with "20,000 to 30,000 active users". UNESCO classifies Gaelic as " definitely endangered ". The 1755–2001 figures are census data quoted by MacAulay. The 2011 Gaelic speakers figures come from table KS206SC of
11875-532: The modern era. Some of this was driven by policy decisions by government or other organisations, while some originated from social changes. In the last quarter of the 20th century, efforts began to encourage use of the language. The Statutes of Iona , enacted by James VI in 1609, was one piece of legislation that addressed, among other things, the Gaelic language. It required the heirs of clan chiefs to be educated in lowland, Protestant, English-speaking schools. James VI took several such measures to impose his rule on
12000-490: The need for a school there was openly described as one of urgent necessity. Blackhill (adjacent to the 1920s development of Riddrie) was designated in the 1930s for new housing. The Blackhill area was developed to rehouse people from slum clearance elsewhere. The process of rehousing was abrupt and relocations were without consultation. This resulted in tensions within Riddrie as successive clearances took place. These tensions did not apparently abate over time. In 1962, at
12125-407: The north east of the centre of Glasgow . There is a Vogue bingo hall, library, bowling green and local shops. Bus services link Riddrie with Glasgow City Centre and Cumbernauld . Nearby is Hogganfield Loch, around which is a public park. Riddrie sits on limestone with a clay layer over it. This can be seen in the outcrops in the area where the limestone breaks through. There is a stone quarry in
12250-532: The office of Secretary for Scotland was upgraded to become Secretary of State for Scotland . In 1928, the Commission, along with the Scottish Board of Health and the Board of Agriculture for Scotland , was abolished and transferred to become a department of the new Secretary of State. The existing Commissioners were transferred to the Scottish Office and no further Commissioners were appointed. In 1938,
12375-695: The official language of government and law. Scotland's emergent nationalism in the era following the conclusion of the Wars of Scottish Independence was organized using Scots as well. For example, the nation's great patriotic literature including John Barbour's The Brus (1375) and Blind Harry's The Wallace (before 1488) was written in Scots, not Gaelic. By the end of the 15th century, English/Scots speakers referred to Gaelic instead as 'Yrisch' or 'Erse', i.e. Irish and their own language as 'Scottis'. A steady shift away from Scottish Gaelic continued into and through
12500-724: The other side were said to make life unbearable for Riddrie residents. Living from around 1927 in Almond Street, Riddrie, Rikki Fulton describes the area in his childhood as a "quiet and pleasant place to live" and well-laid out. Alasdair Gray (born 1934) describes his childhood, recalling the Riddrie Housing Scheme development where he grew up as "good, pleasant and normal" with well-kept gardens and tree-lined streets. Glasgow Corporation tramways operated connections to Riddrie. Lightweight trams and later trolley buses linked Riddrie to Glasgow's centre. Initially
12625-459: The outcome of the act is distanced from the actual minority language communities. It helps to create visibility of the minority language in civil structures, but does not impact or address the lived experiences of the Gaelic speaker communities wherein the revitalization efforts may have a higher return of new Gaelic speakers. Efforts are being made to concentrate resources, language planning, and revitalization efforts towards vernacular communities in
12750-560: The overall proportion of speakers is 52.2%. Important pockets of the language also exist in the Highlands (5.4%) and in Argyll and Bute (4.0%) and Inverness (4.9%). The locality with the largest absolute number is Glasgow with 5,878 such persons, who make up over 10% of all of Scotland's Gaelic speakers. Gaelic continues to decline in its traditional heartland. Between 2001 and 2011, the absolute number of Gaelic speakers fell sharply in
12875-484: The period 1866–68, 158 boys were discharged from the Duke Street/ Riddrie Farm reformatory. Forty seven are not accounted for, whereas 34 are convicted of further crimes, and 64 are recorded as "doing well." In a Glasgow map of 1888, Riddrie can be seen and it is shown as containing only one very large building, the rest being open land. The Riddrie area settlement was first intensively developed by
13000-436: The previous St Enoch's church was demolished. The organ at St Enoch's was built in 1930 by H Hilsdon. The 1901 Forster & Andrews organ was moved here from the previous St Enoch's. The details of the organ were recorded in 1999 under D07116 at the National Pipe Organ Register. The church (completed 1957) is at the triangular base of Smithycroft Road/826 Cumbernauld Road and the site is shown on Ordnance survey as including
13125-539: The prison was built, it was surrounded by "farmland, mansion houses out to the Monkland Canal, except for an embryonic village at Riddrie Knowes". The Riddrie housing development of the 1920s of around 1,000 dwellings took place over a greenfield site (as shown in the Ordnance Survey for 1857–93). The development was a response to the urgent need for additional housing following the First World War, and it
13250-466: The prosperity of employment: the Highland economy relied greatly on seasonal migrant workers travelling outside the Gàidhealtachd . In 1863, an observer sympathetic to Gaelic stated that "knowledge of English is indispensable to any poor islander who wishes to learn a trade or to earn his bread beyond the limits of his native Isle". Generally, rather than Gaelic speakers, it was Celtic societies in
13375-460: The reform and civilisation of the Highlands, which they sought to achieve by teaching English and the Protestant religion. Initially, their teaching was entirely in English, but soon the impracticality of educating Gaelic-speaking children in this way gave rise to a modest concession: in 1723, teachers were allowed to translate English words in the Bible into Gaelic to aid comprehension, but there
13500-587: The region, Gaelic in Scotland was mostly confined to Dál Riata until the eighth century, when it began expanding into Pictish areas north of the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde. During the reign of Caustantín mac Áeda (Constantine II, 900–943), outsiders began to refer to the region as the kingdom of Alba rather than as the kingdom of the Picts. However, though the Pictish language did not disappear suddenly,
13625-400: The route went along Cumbernauld Road but by early 1929 there was complaint about a diversion (perhaps a temporary one) along the narrower Gala Street. The Bellahouston to Millerston line ran from 1938. From 1958, a trolleybus service ran from Shieldhall and Linthouse to Riddrie. Shipyard specials connected Riddrie to the docks. The tram system closed in 1962. During the 1970s and 1980s,
13750-480: The section from Riddrie to Ballieston roundabout was designed and constructed to a dual three lane motorway standard, in the immediate expectation of 45,000 vehicles per 16-hour day. In 2020, annual average daily flow traffic records show that the Riddrie/Blackhill Junction 12 section carried 70,676 vehicles (almost 10% being heavy goods vehicles). Few early records survive because settlement
13875-431: The space by the provision of gardens, trees, hedges, shrubs, wild flower planting and benches. HMP Barlinnie dominates the skyline of Riddrie where it is located. It was designed initially for 1,000 men, and they were required to break rocks there. The prison also had a library and facilities for teaching skills. In the early years, the prison guards had their own tenements (now demolished) at Barlinnie. The prison has had
14000-452: The spending of the window money as depleting their housing reserves if the council house was purchased. In November 1993, in an unsolved crime , Paul Hamilton was murdered by gunfire whilst driving his car in Riddrie. It has been suspected this was because he had given an alibi for a man tried for the murder of Arthur Thompson (Jnr) two years previously. This was the son of a well-known professional criminal, Arthur Thompson. In 2006, Riddrie
14125-501: The time this was Scotland's largest urban nature park. On 31 January 2023, Councillor Angus Millar, Glasgow City Convener for Climate and Transport announced the outcome of the recent consultations in Riddrie that took place as part of the Glasgow Liveable Neighbourhoods project. The consultations were destined to produce a successful concept design for Riddrie, described by Councillor Millar as creating
14250-399: Was accepted in 2008, and some of its main commitments were: identity (signs, corporate identity); communications (reception, telephone, mailings, public meetings, complaint procedures); publications (PR and media, websites); staffing (language learning, training, recruitment). Following a consultation period, in which the government received many submissions, the majority of which asked that
14375-592: Was brought up in Riddrie. Comedian and actor Rikki Fulton lived in Riddrie as a child. Scottish Gaelic language Scottish Gaelic ( / ˈ ɡ æ l ɪ k / , GAL -ik ; endonym : Gàidhlig [ˈkaːlɪkʲ] ), also known as Scots Gaelic or simply Gaelic , is a Goidelic language (in the Celtic branch of the Indo-European language family ) native to the Gaels of Scotland . As
14500-644: Was established under the Prisons (Scotland) Act 1877 as a statutory board to administer and inspect prisons in Scotland in accordance with the general or special directions of the Secretary of State (the Home Secretary ). It took over the executive powers and the property rights of the Home Secretary, but considerable powers remained with the Home Office, including the appointment of a chairman from among
14625-554: Was long suppressed. The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of Gaelic. Gaelic, along with Irish and Welsh, is designated under Part III of the Charter, which requires the UK Government to take a range of concrete measures in the fields of education, justice, public administration, broadcasting and culture. It has not received the same degree of official recognition from
14750-510: Was no further permitted use. Other less prominent schools worked in the Highlands at the same time, also teaching in English. This process of anglicisation paused when evangelical preachers arrived in the Highlands, convinced that people should be able to read religious texts in their own language. The first well known translation of the Bible into Scottish Gaelic was made in 1767, when James Stuart of Killin and Dugald Buchanan of Rannoch produced
14875-514: Was reported as one of 14 areas for detailed study in the GoWell project. The project investigated quality of life in low income areas, specifically concentrating on households, housing, neighbourhoods, communities, empowerment and health. The Report is dated February 2012. Riddrie, alongside nearby Carntyne , Townhead and Govan are housing investment areas where gradual upgrades are taking place to dwellings, both internally and externally. In 2016,
15000-617: Was serving in the First Battalion, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) when at La Boutillerie on 22 October 1914 he voluntarily acted despite great personal risk so as to rescue others whilst under heavy enemy fire. In 1963, Edwin Morgan (later the first Makar or Poet Laureate for Scotland) wrote an acclaimed poem called King Billy about Billy Fullerton, the deceased leader of the Bridgeton Billy Boys . They were
15125-401: Was so sparse before the mid-19th century. There are some 18th century tax records that indicate the presence of a few wealthier individuals. Income tax was not used in the UK until 1798, and instead a variety of lands, goods and services were taxed. In the late 18th century, horse tax was levied separately on carriage or saddle horses, but not on working farm animals. Captain Christie of Riddrie
15250-541: Was supervised and inspected by the Prison Commissioners , being classified as a Reformatory and Industrial School. Riddrie Farm was inspected in June and September 1869 at a point where there were 128 boys resident. There had been discussion as to whether the whole reformatory ought to be relocated to Riddrie, so the character of Riddrie was known to the prison authorities long before the building of Barlinnie. In
15375-643: Was the first scheme to be completed on behalf of the City Council under the Addison Act. It was originally council housing (to a high specification for the time) and the properties were built with cavity insulation and electric provision. They were made available to respectable wage-earners who were known to be "people of good character". The development took place under the control of Glasgow City Council Director of Housing Peter Fyfe (active 1919-23). Approximately 3,000 people moved in. The housing element of
15500-431: Was then demolished in its entirety and the current building(s) replaced it. The Concept Design for Glasgow (2022) suggested that the school should be permitted to take over an area of land facing it to the east (towards the blocked-up underpass) so as to provide additional areas of amenity. This is a listed (Category C) Church of Scotland building within Riddrie, close to the Barlinnie site, at 860 Cumbernauld Road. It has
15625-456: Was used for giving the boys a basic training in farm labour as well as some fresh air. In 1866, 25 boys had this opportunity and were educated in "spade-husbandry, to drain the land, to cultivate cabbages and turnips, to tend cows and horses etc." The Riddrie Farm establishment was fully certified to operate as from 16 January 1867. Riddrie Farm was closed as from 1871 due to excessive costs to run two sites. During its time in operation, Riddrie Farm
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