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47-598: The name Riesa is derived from Slavic Riezowe . This name, romanised as "Rezoa", appears first in October 1119 in a document from Pope Callixtus II . The world's first 110 kV power line was installed between Riesa and Lauchhammer in 1912. Between 1952 and 1994, Riesa was the seat of a district. During the 1980s, Riesa was the headquarters of the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany 's 9th Tank Division . The town grew from

94-637: A French scholar (probably Aymeric Picaud ) began composing a combination of miracle tales, liturgical texts and travelers guide relating to the increasingly popular pilgrimage route from southern France through northern Spain now called the Camino de Santiago . The work (published before 1173) was called the Liber Sant Jacobi ( Book of St. James ) or the Codex Calixtinus , since a letter introduction attributed to this pope preceded each of

141-655: A succession crisis. On 15 February, a diet of feudal lords and knights in Pavia acclaimed Arduin king of Italy. According to the chronicler Arnulf of Milan , Arduin was "elected by the Lombards in Pavia and was called 'caesar' [emperor] by all". He then made the rounds of the kingdom with the archbishop of Milan publicly at his side. Arduin was crowned in Pavia, in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore . However, while Arduin had

188-752: Is blue and white, as are the club colours. They play now in the Landesliga Sachsen (6th tier). Riesa is known locally for the SACHSENarena , a large hall which hosted the European Sumo Wrestling Championship in October 2003 and the World Sumo Wrestling Championship in October 2004. Riesa is twinned with: Riesa railway station is located north of the town's centre, it offers both regional and long-distance services. Riesa

235-564: Is located on Bundesstraße 169 , which ensures access to federal motorways A 14 (close to Döbeln , approx. 25 km) and A 13 (close to Ruhland , approx. 50 km). Pope Callixtus II Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II ( c.  1065 – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy , was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from February 1119 to his death in 1124. His pontificate

282-468: Is simply a holdover from Otto III's coinage or represents Arduin's anticipation of a future imperial coronation. The second type reads AR∂O IN GRACIA DI REX (Arduin in the grace of God king) and PAPIA CIVITAS +GLORIO (Pavia glorious city). Arduin may have been able to mint coins in Pavia after Henry returned to Germany in 1004. There are no known coins of Henry II from the period before 1014, although coins of Otto III may have continued to be struck in

329-709: The Investiture controversy . As archbishop, he was appointed papal legate to France by Pope Paschal II during the time that Paschal was induced under pressure from Holy Roman Emperor Henry V to issue the Privilegium of 1111, by which he yielded much of the papal prerogatives that had been so forcefully claimed by Pope Gregory VII in the Gregorian Reforms . These concessions were received with violent opposition and nowhere more so than in France, where

376-575: The March of Ivrea . Conrad was Berengar II's son and was married to a daughter of Arduin Glaber. It is unclear if Arduin was appointed to Ivrea by the king–emperor Otto III or if he succeeded as Conrad's heir. The March of Ivrea, since its restructuring under Berengar II in 950, consisted of the counties of Burgaria , Ivrea, Lomello , Ossola , Pombia , Stazzona , and Vercelli , and the dioceses of Ivrea , Novara , Vercelli , and Vigevano , plus part of

423-667: The Orco Valley , and Henry chose not to pursue him with the main body of his army. Some imperial forces besieged the valley until the winter 1004–1005 but then withdrew; afterwards, Arduin rapidly regained control of all of his previous possessions. Arduin's rule lasted until 1014, when Henry descended into Italy again, this time to be crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Benedict VIII . There were several skirmishes between Henry's army and Arduin's followers, both in Rome and as Henry began to withdraw back into Germany. But at that point

470-455: The Privilegium from Paschal II by means of violence. The council called Pope Paschal a simpleton ( quod rex extorsit a vestra simplicitate ). These decrees were sent to Paschal II with a request for a confirmation, which they received on 20 October 1112. Paschal does not seem to have been quite pleased with Guy's zeal in his attacks upon Henry V. During the violent confrontations between Henry V and Paschal II's successor, Pope Gelasius II ,

517-550: The Emperor a proclamation that the city of Ivrea, along with the land for three miles outside the walls, was free from Arduin's rule. In the year 1000 Arduin was in Rome to explain his position to the newly appointed Pope Sylvester II . Otto III was also present in the city, and Warmund and Leone (successor of Pietro as Bishop of Vercelli) probably were as well. The Pope confirmed Arduin's excommunication and demanded that he abdicate his title in favor of his son. Arduin did not accept

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564-571: The Italian nobles elected him king of Italy in the Basilica of San Michele Maggiore in Pavia , making him the first non-German on the Italian throne in 41 years. Arduin was considered the choice of the nobility and opposed by the episcopate, but he was initially supported by the archbishop of Milan . In Germany, however, Henry II was elected to succeed Otto, and he contested Arduin's election in Italy. In 1004, Henry invaded Italy, defeated Arduin and

611-647: The ambitions of the Kingdom of Germany . Italy was conquered in 961 by the German king Otto the Great , and the Italian King Berengar II was deposed. Arduin, Berengar's grand-nephew, was only a boy when this happened. Although Otto unified the crowns of Italy and Germany and was crowned emperor , this did not erase the influence of Berengar's Anscarid dynasty in northern Italy, as the March of Ivrea

658-487: The bull Sicut Judaeis which forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries. In March 1123, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council which passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among

705-539: The clergy, and violators of the Truce of God . Born the fourth son of Count William I of Burgundy , one of the wealthiest rulers in Europe, Guy was a member of the highest aristocracy in Europe. His family was part of a network of noble alliances. He was a cousin of Arduin of Ivrea , the king of Italy . One sister, Gisela, was married to Count Humbert II of Savoy and then to Renier I of Montferrat ; another sister, Maud,

752-486: The clergy. Decrees were also passed against violators of the Truce of God , church-robbers, and forgers of ecclesiastical documents. The indulgences already granted to the crusaders were renewed, and the jurisdiction of the bishops over the clergy, both secular and regular, was more clearly defined. Calixtus II devoted his last few years to re-establishing papal control over the Roman Campagna and establishing

799-506: The decision of the metropolitan and the suffragan bishops, confirm the rightfully elected candidate, and lastly, that the imperial investiture of the temporal properties connected to the sees should take place in Germany before the consecration. In Burgundy and in Italy the imperial investiture would take place after the consecration ceremony, while in the Papal States the pope alone had the right of investiture, without any interference on

846-654: The dioceses of Pavia and Milan . Arduin became Count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran in Rome in 991. During his rule in Ivrea, Arduin backed the claims of the monastic orders and of the minor nobles, a policy that inevitably led to clashes with the imperially appointed bishops. The hostility turned into open conflict in the year 997, when the Emperor Otto III granted to Pietro, Bishop of Vercelli ,

893-611: The expansionism of the bishops. Arduin was born around 955 in Pombia and named after his maternal grandfather, Arduin Glaber . His father, Dado, Count of Pombia , was a nephew of King Berengar II. Arduin married Bertha , who is often said to be the daughter of Otbert II, Margrave of Milan . They had three sons: Arduin (sometimes called Ardicino), Otto, and Guibert. From them descended the later counts of Ivrea and in turn those of Agliè , Brosso , Castellamonte , Front , and Rivarolo . In 990, Arduin succeeded his kinsman Conrad in

940-510: The face of a disapproving crowd. Then he burned the city that had given shelter to Arduin to the ground. This had its effect: "All of Italy was horrified by this and likewise extremely fearful. As confidence in Arduin waned from this time on, Henry's power prevailed everywhere." At this point, Henry was satisfied by his formal recognition as ruler of Italy and returned to Germany in the early summer of 1004. Arduin had withdrawn to his stronghold in

987-444: The fief of Caresana. Arduin did not recognise the donation. There were riots in the city of Vercelli between the knights and the bishop's followers, during which the bishop was killed. Arduin intervened in the city, formally to restore order; during the clashes, the cathedral, where the bishop had been interred, was burned. The bishop-count Warmund of Ivrea condemned Arduin for the killing of Pietro, excommunicated him, and obtained from

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1034-406: The five chapters. Several of his authentic letters have also been preserved. Arduin of Ivrea Arduin ( Italian : Arduino ; c.  955 – 14 December 1015) was an Italian nobleman who was king of Italy from 1002 until 1014. In 990 Arduin became margrave of Ivrea and in 991 count of the Sacred Palace of the Lateran in Rome. In 1002, after the death of Emperor Otto III ,

1081-450: The loyalty of the minor nobles, that of the bigger landlords, more tied to the imperial power, was much more questionable, and opposition to his rule was instigated by the bishops, led by Frederick, Archbishop of Ravenna . In Germany, Henry II was acclaimed king on 7 June 1002, and he did not recognize Arduin's coronation. Henry granted the March of Verona to Duke Otto I of Carinthia , and then sent Otto to Italy to depose Arduin; but in

1128-433: The many forged diplomas in his name. These caused older scholarship to overrate his importance after Henry's first expedition in 1004, but it is now clear that Arduin's sphere of influence was restricted to a small part of Italy after that. He did, however, have continuing support in Pavia. Arduin was born around 955 in Pombia during a period in which the Kingdom of Italy was struggling to maintain its independence from

1175-578: The old king, probably sick and tired, chose to abdicate the Italian throne. He secured the possession of the main part of the March of Ivrea for his son Arduin II (the March was dissolved, but the younger Arduin was appointed Count of Ivrea), renounced all of his titles, and retired to the Benedictine Abbey of Fruttuaria , which he had founded in 1003. He died there on 14 December 1015. Arduin's coinage

1222-466: The opposition was led by Archbishop Guy, who had attended the Lateran Synod of 1112. On his return to France, he immediately convened an assembly of French and Burgundian bishops at Vienne, where the imperial claim to a traditional lay investiture of the clergy was denounced as heretical and a sentence of excommunication was now pronounced against Henry V on the grounds that he had extorted

1269-591: The papal embassy at Strasbourg , and withdrew his support from the antipope he had proclaimed at Rome. It was agreed that pope and emperor should meet at the Château de Mousson, near Rheims , and in October the new Pope opened the council at Rheims attended by Louis VI of France with most of the barons of France and more than four hundred bishops and abbots. Henry V arrived for his personal conference at Mousson — not alone, as had been anticipated, but with an army of over thirty thousand men. Calixtus II, fearing that force

1316-631: The part of the emperor. As a result of this Concordat, the emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany, though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy. To secure the confirmation of this Concordat of Worms, Calixtus II convened the First Lateran Council on 18 March 1123. It solemnly confirmed the Concordat and passed several disciplinary decrees, such as those against simony and concubinage among

1363-423: The pope resolved to re-open negotiations with Henry V on the question of investiture. Henry V was anxious to put an end to a controversy which had reduced imperial authority in Germany — terminally so, as it appeared in the long run. An embassy of three cardinals was sent by Calixtus II to Germany, and negotiations for a permanent settlement of the investiture struggle were begun in October 1121 at Würzburg , where it

1410-491: The pope was forced to flee from Rome, first to Gaeta , where he was crowned, then to the Cluny Abbey , where he died on 29 January 1119. Guy was elected at Cluny on 2 February 1119. Nine cardinals took part in the election. Most of the other cardinals were in Rome. He was crowned at Vienne on 9 February 1119 as Calixtus II. At the outset, it appeared that the new pope was willing to negotiate with Henry V, who received

1457-564: The primacy of his former prince-archbishopric, the See of Vienne over the long-time rival See of Arles . He also affirmed the authority of the bishop of Lyons over the church at Sens in France, transferred the historic bishopric of Mérida in Spain to Santiago de Compostela , and rebuilt the church of Santa Maria in Cosmedin in Rome. Calixtus died on 13 December 1124. A decade or two later,

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1504-462: The sentence. He returned in his lands, and, instead of abdicating, expelled Warmund from Ivrea and rapidly conquered the cities of Vercelli and Novara , while his followers took control of Como and several cities of the Piedmont . At that point a clash with the Emperor seemed inevitable, but Otto III suddenly died near Rome on 23 January 1002 without leaving a direct heir, throwing the empire into

1551-603: The spring of 1003, Arduin defeated Otto in a pitched battle at Fabrica near the Brenta River. This was only the beginning. Henry personally invaded Italy with a large force that left Germany in March 1004 and arrived at Trento on 9 April 1004. He met Arduin outside Verona , where Arduin was disappointed by a poor showing from his erstwhile supporters. Henry entered Pavia, the traditional Lombard capital, and had himself crowned king of Italy on 14 May in San Michele in

1598-606: The start of the 20th century due to industrialisation. The population declined after German Reunification in 1989. The local steel works shut and the population fell from 52,000 to 31,000. Riesa has a 25 m tall, 234 tonne, cast-iron (GGG 40) sculpture of an oak trunk, named Elbquelle , which means source of the Elbe , by Jörg Immendorff , erected in 1999. Local folk call the sculpture by many other names, most notably "Rostige Eiche", which means "Rusty Oak". In Riesa there are two notable churches. The minster St. Marien

1645-507: Was agreed that a general truce should be proclaimed in Germany, that the Church should have free use of its possessions, and that the lands of those in rebellion should be restored. These decrees were communicated to Calixtus II, who despatched the legate Lambert to assist at the synod that had been convoked at Worms, where, on 23 September 1122, the agreement known as the Concordat of Worms

1692-614: Was built in 1261 as an addition to the Benedictine Abbey. The Trinitatis Church was completed in 1897. Riesa is well known locally for its pasta, which is produced at Teigwaren Riesa GmbH . Another symbol of Riesa are the Riesaer Zündhölzer , the matches which were traditionally manufactured there. The steel production in Riesa is also well known. Riesa has a football club, BSG Stahl Riesa . The club's crest

1739-404: Was concluded. On his side the Emperor abandoned his claim to investiture with ring and crosier, and granted freedom of election to episcopal sees. On the papal side, it was conceded that the bishops should receive investiture with the sceptre, that the episcopal elections should be held in the presence of the emperor or his representatives, that in case of disputed elections the emperor should, after

1786-622: Was crowned king in Pavia. He soon withdrew back to Germany, and Arduin was able to reassert his authority at least in the northwest of Italy for the next decade. Henry II invaded Italy again in 1014 and was proclaimed emperor in Rome , at which point Arduin was finally forced to relinquish his crown. He died soon after at the Abbey of Fruttuaria , ending the independence of the Kingdom of Italy from Germany. The study of Arduin's reign has been bedeviled by

1833-405: Was designed to resemble that of Otto III as closely as possible. Unusually, the character ∂ , a rounded minuscule D, was used in his name to make it resemble Otto's monogram. Two types of denarius , both minted at Pavia, are known for Arduin. The first bears the inscription AR∂O +HINVS REGEM (Arduin king) on the obverse and +IHPERATOR (emperor) on the reverse. It is not clear if the latter

1880-401: Was determined on 30 October 1119 that the Emperor and his antipope should be solemnly excommunicated. Returning to Italy, where antipope Gregory VIII was supported in Rome by imperial forces and Italian allies of the emperor, Calixtus II managed to gain the upper hand amid clear demonstrations of popular support. The Imperial candidate was obliged to flee to the fortress of Sutri , where he

1927-508: Was inherited by Berengar's third son Conrad . In the subsequent years, the political situation in Northern Italy was marked by the struggle between the bishops (who at the time were high-ranking nobles appointed by the emperor himself to rule the largest fiefs, and who thus owed their fortune to their personal relationship with him) and the minor nobles, whose only source of livelihood were small, rural fiefs, and who were threatened by

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1974-407: Was likely to be used to extract prejudicial concessions, remained at Rheims. There, Calixtus II busied himself ineffectively with attempting a reconciliation between the brothers Henry I of England and Robert II of Normandy , and the council dealt with disciplinary regulations and decrees against lay investiture, simony , and clerical concubines. Since there was no compromise coming from Henry V, it

2021-537: Was prompted by the First Crusade , during which over five thousand Jews were slaughtered in Europe. The bull was intended to protect Jews and echoed the position of Pope Gregory I that Jews were entitled to "enjoy their lawful liberty". The bull forbade Christians, on pain of excommunication, from forcing Jews to convert, from harming them, from taking their property, from disturbing the celebration of their festivals, and from interfering with their cemeteries. It

2068-515: Was reaffirmed by popes Alexander III , Celestine III (1191–1198), Innocent III (1199), Honorius III (1216), Gregory IX (1235), Innocent IV (1246), Alexander IV (1255), Urban IV (1262), Gregory X (1272 & 1274), Nicholas III , Martin IV (1281), Honorius IV (1285–1287), Nicholas IV (1288–92), Clement VI (1348), Urban V (1365), Boniface IX (1389), Martin V (1422), and Nicholas V (1447). Having established his power in Italy,

2115-510: Was shaped by the Investiture Controversy , which he was able to settle through the Concordat of Worms in 1122. As son of Count William I of Burgundy , Guy was a member of and connected to the highest nobility in Europe. He became archbishop of Vienne and served as papal legate to France. He attended the Lateran Synod of 1112. He was elected pope at Cluny in 1119. The following year, prompted by attacks on Jews, he issued

2162-459: Was taken prisoner through the intervention of Norman support from the Kingdom of Sicily . He was transferred from prison to prison first near Salerno , and afterwards at the fortress of Fumo. The imperial allies in Rome soon disbanded. In 1120 Calixtus II issued the papal bull Sicut Judaeis (Latin: "As the Jews") setting out the official position of the papacy regarding the treatment of Jews. It

2209-407: Was the wife of Duke Odo I of Burgundy . Another sister, Clementia, married Count Robert II of Flanders . His brother Raymond was married to Urraca , the queen of León , and fathered the future King Alfonso VII of León . His brother Hugh was archbishop of Besançon . Guy first appears in contemporary records when he became the archbishop of Vienne in 1088. He held strong pro-papal views about

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