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59-411: It is possible to use a Right King formation within a Bishop Exchange opening as well as other openings. The castle formation used in these strategies is also called a Right King castle . When an opponent is building up a Static Rook position, castling the king to the left means that the player will need to defend from attacks from above. However, were the king to be placed in the right, far away from

118-516: A Right Fortress castle, and so on. Certain castles are generally paired with certain openings . For example, if White is playing a Ranging Rook opening like Fourth File Rook , then White often uses a Mino (or related) castle on their right side of the board. A Fourth File Rook opening can be met with Black playing a Static Rook opening, which may often lead to Black building a Static Rook Bear-in-the-hole castle. The Fortress castle ( Japanese : 矢倉囲い , romanized :  yagura gakoi )

177-495: A computer or for special purposes such as logo design), and most Japanese are more comfortable in reading kanji and kana. The earliest Japanese romanization system was based on Portuguese orthography . It was developed c.  1548 by a Japanese Catholic named Anjirō . Jesuit priests used the system in a series of printed Catholic books so that missionaries could preach and teach their converts without learning to read Japanese orthography. The most useful of these books for

236-553: A following naked vowel or semivowel). For example, the name じゅんいちろう is written with the kana characters ju - n - i - chi - ro - u , and romanized as Jun'ichirō in Revised Hepburn. Without the apostrophe, it would not be possible to distinguish this correct reading from the incorrect ju - ni - chi - ro - u ( じゅにちろう ). This system is widely used in Japan and among foreign students and academics. Nihon-shiki romanization

295-577: A frontal assault, though it is weaker from the side. It is typically used against Static Rook openings that involve advancing the rook's pawn. However, one's opponent may just as easily adopt this defense, giving neither side an advantage. Although the Gold Fortress is the most common form of Fortress, there are many variations of Fortress. A Fortress may be developed into a Fortress Bear-in-the-hole castle. The Helmet or Headpiece ( Japanese : カブト , romanized :  kabuto ) castle

354-422: A silver is placed on the 67 square, the sixth file pawn must be pushed forward to 66. Thus, Snowroof positions are characterized by having a closed bishop diagonal just as in traditional Ranging Rook positions and Fortress positions played by Black. In Snowroof, the bishop may be kept in situ ( Japanese : 居角 , romanized :  ikaku ) on the 88 square. In this case, the 86 square is not defended allowing

413-458: A very hard castle, a variant of a Left Mino castle with an extra dragon and gold reinforcement that was created after an aborted attempt at making an Bear-in-the-hole castle. She used this castle in a Static Rook Counter-Ranging Rook position (that is, her rook remained in its starting position in the opening ). Her opponent, Fusako Ajiki (White) was using an Incomplete Mino castle (on the right side of her board) that has been attacked forcing

472-458: Is a Static Rook castle used against Ranging Rook opponents in the Subway Rook opening ( Japanese : 地下鉄飛車 , romanized :  chikatetsubisha ). It is named after the long row of pieces on rank 8, which is like the shape of traditional Japanese paperweights used to hold down parchment paper for brushwork calligraphy. Romanization of Japanese The romanization of Japanese

531-400: Is a castle characterized by the king being one rank above a sitting king position, that is, in the case of Black the king is moved to 58. While the positions of golds and silvers are not particularly fixed, the golds are often moved to 78 and 38, while the silvers are often moved to 68, 48 or 38. Putting more emphasis on a wide defense than on solidness, the goal of the player using this castle

590-496: Is a castle that used to be built by the computer shogi engine Bonanza. It has some similarities with the Incomplete Fortress castle. Snowroof (also Snow Roof Fortress or Zigzag , Japanese : 雁木 , romanized :  gangi ) castle has the left silver positioned on 67 and the two golds positioned on 78 and 58. Typically, the right silver is also moved up to 57 as well making a four general castle. Since

649-486: Is a recent variant that positions the right silver on 47 instead of the usual 57. This allows the possibility of moving the silver to the 56 square in a Reclining Silver position. The silver horns name comes from the similar positioning of the two silvers on rank 7 flanking the central file on the sixth and fourth file that is found in the Central Rook Silver Horns variation. The horns metaphor

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708-400: Is a romanization system based on Japanese phonology, designed using the linguistic principles used by linguists in designing writing systems for languages that do not have any. It is a purely phonemic system, using exactly one symbol for each phoneme, and marking the pitch accent using diacritics . It was created for Eleanor Harz Jorden 's system of Japanese language teaching. Its principle

767-426: Is a slightly modified version of Nihon-shiki which eliminates differences between the kana syllabary and modern pronunciation. For example, the characters づ and ず are pronounced identically in modern Japanese, and thus Kunrei-shiki and Hepburn ignore the difference in kana and represent the sound in the same way ( zu ). Nihon-shiki, on the other hand, will romanize づ as du , but ず as zu . Similarly for

826-590: Is a structure often used to protect the king while playing a Reclining Silver strategy usually in combination with a Bishop Exchange opening. The Helmet castle is structurally related to the Fortress castle and is also known as the Helmet Fortress ( カブト矢倉 or Japanese : 兜矢倉 , romanized :  kabuto yagura ). If bishops have already been exchanged, then the silver that originated at 79 will have moved up to 77 via 88. And, for Reclining Silver,

885-536: Is considered by many to be the strongest defensive position in shogi in Double Static Rook games. A common Fortress structure is the Gold Fortress ( Japanese : 金矢倉 , romanized :  kin yagura ). It has a strongly protected king; a well-fortified line of pawns; and the bishop, rook, and a pawn all support a later attack by the rook's silver or knight. It is difficult to break down with

944-408: Is describing the way the two silvers extend out from the corners of the gold positioned on the 58 square. Right King (右玉 migi gyoku ) Yoshiharu Habu (White) used a Right King castle in a 2016 Ōi tournament game on September 12 against opponent Kazuki Kimura (Black). The opening was Bishop Exchange Double Reclining Silver . Although Habu had initially moved his king leftwards to

1003-495: Is input. In addition, the following three "non-Hepburn rōmaji " ( 非ヘボン式ローマ字 , hi-Hebon-shiki rōmaji ) methods of representing long vowels are authorized by the Japanese Foreign Ministry for use in passports. This chart shows in full the three main systems for the romanization of Japanese: Hepburn , Nihon-shiki and Kunrei-shiki : This chart shows the significant differences among them. Despite

1062-495: Is less flexible compared to a Central House castle, thanks to its having a gold in the 1st. rank it is strong against both rook drops and knight attacks. Moreover, because it is easy to build up Nakahara thought it would be safe to presume that its use would become widespread. In recent years attention has been paid to its use for sente (black) in Side-Pawn Capture openings, and some research has been conducted about

1121-623: Is moved one square to the left behind the middle silver. The crab name comes from the way the king at 69 can only move from side to side (79, 59). The Crab castle is used in Static Rook positions and also appears in handicap game positions played by Black (such as the 2-Piece handicap ). Furthermore, it may be possible to utilize the Crab castle in a Ranging Rook position in Double Ranging Rook games. When playing

1180-493: Is nowadays used almost exclusively by gote (white), particularly as this castle is played often along with the R-85 variation of Side Pawn Capture . The typical configuration involves S-22, G-32, K-41, G-51, and S-62. Although feeble in appearance, the main characteristic of this castle is that as the formation is low the king has plenty of routes to escape from attacks coming from right or left. While according to Nakahara this castle

1239-498: Is romanized as one word kekkonsuru by some authors but two words kekkon suru by others. There is no universally accepted style of romanization for the smaller versions of the vowels and y -row kana when used outside the normal combinations ( きゃ , きょ , ファ etc.), nor for the sokuon or small tsu kana っ/ッ when it is not directly followed by a consonant. Although these are usually regarded as merely phonetic marks or diacritics, they do sometimes appear on their own, such as at

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1298-576: Is that such a system enables students to internalize the phonology of Japanese better. Since it does not have any of the other systems' advantages for non-native speakers, and the Japanese already have a writing system for their language, JSL is not widely used outside the educational environment. In addition to the standardized systems above, there are many variations in romanization, used either for simplification, in error or confusion between different systems, or for deliberate stylistic reasons. Notably,

1357-681: Is the N-33 variation of the Side Pawn Capture opening. Nakahara castle ( Japanese : 中原囲い , romanized :  Nakahara gakoi ) The castle is named after Makoto Nakahara , for which he won the Kōzō Masuda Award in 1996. The Nakahara castle was originally part of the Nakahara Double Wing Attack , and consisted simply of the silver moving up from its initial position. Since the obtained position with

1416-709: Is the use of Latin script to write the Japanese language . This method of writing is sometimes referred to in Japanese as rōmaji ( ローマ字 , lit.   ' Roman letters ' , [ɾoːma(d)ʑi] or [ɾoːmaꜜ(d)ʑi] ) . Japanese is normally written in a combination of logographic characters borrowed from Chinese ( kanji ) and syllabic scripts ( kana ) that also ultimately derive from Chinese characters. There are several different romanization systems. The three main ones are Hepburn romanization , Kunrei-shiki romanization (ISO 3602) and Nihon-shiki romanization (ISO 3602 Strict). Variants of

1475-584: Is to prevent the opponent from dropping pieces into their camp. Usually the player is also aiming for the same goal of dropping into the opponent's promotion zone. Therefore, the castle is often used Double Wing Attack openings and in the Aerial Battle variation of the Side Pawn Capture opening. In some rare cases, it is also used with Fortress openings and Double Ranging Rook as well as other uncommon openings (such as Takishita's Spread Golds opening). It's considered to be weak against attacks from above

1534-510: Is typically regarded negatively. However, there are a few strategies (often involving early attacks) that allow a sitting king (such as the Ureshino opening ). There are many types of castles and variations on those types which can be used, but it is important to understand which ones are useful in the current situation and how to compensate for their weak points. As an example from a professional game, Shino Kumakura (Black, on bottom) used

1593-517: The /ɸ/ consonant (now pronounced /h/ , except before u ) as f ; and so Nihon no kotoba ("The language of Japan") was spelled Nifon no cotoba . The Jesuits also printed some secular books in romanized Japanese, including the first printed edition of the Japanese classic The Tale of the Heike , romanized as Feiqe no monogatari , and a collection of Aesop's Fables (romanized as Esopo no fabulas ). The latter continued to be printed and read after

1652-519: The ASCII character set. While there may be arguments in favour of some of these variant romanizations in specific contexts, their use, especially if mixed, leads to confusion when romanized Japanese words are indexed. This confusion never occurs when inputting Japanese characters with a word processor, because input Latin letters are transliterated into Japanese kana as soon as the IME processes what character

1711-489: The Fortress opening , a Crab castle is usually constructed as a strong intermediate castle in the development of a Fortress castle. In these positions, the three pawns above the castle generals are advanced with the bishop in its start positions and the right silver is developed to the 48 square adjacent to the other generals so that the pieces are lined up as 角金銀金銀 bishop-gold-silver-gold-silver. The Bonanza castle (ボナンザ)

1770-532: The International Phonetic Alphabet , the /j/ sound in や , ゆ , and よ are never romanized with the letter J . Japanese is written without spaces between words, and in some cases, such as compounds, it may not be completely clear where word boundaries should lie, resulting in varying romanization styles. For example, 結婚する , meaning "to marry", and composed of the noun 結婚 ( kekkon , "marriage") combined with する ( suru , "to do"),

1829-628: The 42 square earlier in the game, he later moved his king rightwards (K-52, K-61, K-72) to form a Right King position. Additionally, his left silver that was earlier on the 33 square has moved after a pawn trade on the fourth file to the 53 square (via S-44) further strengthening the Right King castle. Kimura is using a Gold Fortress castle with his king on the 79 square. Black's Silver Horns Snowroof Right King Black's Silver Horns Snowroof Right King 48-Gold variant Central House (shogi) ( Japanese : 中住まい , romanized :  nakazumai )

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1888-514: The Hepburn system are the most widely used. Romanized Japanese may be used in any context where Japanese text is targeted at non-Japanese speakers who cannot read kanji or kana, such as for names on street signs and passports and in dictionaries and textbooks for foreign learners of the language. It is also used to transliterate Japanese terms in text written in English (or other languages that use

1947-452: The Latin script) on topics related to Japan, such as linguistics, literature, history, and culture. All Japanese who have attended elementary school since World War II have been taught to read and write romanized Japanese. Therefore, almost all Japanese can read and write Japanese by using rōmaji . However, it is extremely rare in Japan to use it to write Japanese (except as an input tool on

2006-522: The Snowroof player's bishop may be traded off if the opponent pulls their bishop back to attack along the 31–97 diagonal. Thus, the Snowroof player must weigh the pros and cons of a rook pawn trade vs a bishop trade. Yet another common possibility has the bishop moving B-77, B-59 aiming for a position on the 37 or 25 squares so that it may be utilized on these diagonals. Silver Horns Snowroof ( Japanese : ツノ銀雁木 , romanized :  tsuno gin gangi )

2065-654: The United States as American National Standard System for the Romanization of Japanese (Modified Hepburn) , but that status was abolished on October 6, 1994. Hepburn is the most common romanization system in use today, especially in the English-speaking world. The Revised Hepburn system of romanization uses a macron to indicate some long vowels and an apostrophe to note the separation of easily confused phonemes (usually, syllabic n ん from

2124-559: The center, while the rook uses the left side to attack on Ranging Rook's king's head. This shogi-related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Castle (shogi)#Right King In shogi , castles ( Japanese : 囲い , romanized :  kakoi ) are strong defensive configurations of pieces that protect the king ( Japanese : 玉 ). In contrast to the special castling move in western chess , shogi castles are structures that require making multiple individual moves with more than one piece. Usually

2183-559: The early 20th century, some scholars devised syllabary systems with characters derived from Latin (rather like the Cherokee syllabary ) that were even less popular since they were not based on any historical use of the Latin script. Today, the use of Nihon-shiki for writing Japanese is advocated by the Oomoto sect and some independent organizations. During the Allied occupation of Japan ,

2242-475: The end of sentences, in exclamations, or in some names. The detached sokuon, representing a final glottal stop in exclamations, is sometimes represented as an apostrophe or as t ; for example, あっ! might be written as a'! or at! . The list below shows the Japanese readings of letters in Katakana, for spelling out words, or in acronyms. For example, NHK is read enu-eichi-kē ( エヌ・エイチ・ケー ) . These are

2301-459: The gold at 59 and the king at 69 resembled old-style Double Attack, Nakahara asked Yasujirō Kon, the teacher of his own teacher (Toshio Takayanagi), to teach him the basics of it. With this knowledge, Nakahara went on to apply it to modern strategy. A similar castle has been since discovered in an early game during the Edo period. While Nakahara developed it originally as a castle for sente (black), it

2360-539: The government of the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) made it official policy to romanize Japanese. However, that policy failed and a more moderate attempt at Japanese script reform followed. Hepburn romanization generally follows English phonology with Romance vowels. It is an intuitive method of showing Anglophones the pronunciation of a word in Japanese. It was standardized in

2419-480: The king's position. It used to be a popular castle among non-professional players playing "bench" shogi in the streets. This castle is also called Spread Golds ( Japanese : 金開き , romanized :  kinbiraki ), which is also another name for the Duck castle. A Kōji Tanigawa vs Kenji Waki game in an All Nihon Pro tournament from August 1993 shows Tanigawa (Black) using a Central House castle. The opening

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2478-555: The king, the rook ( Japanese : 飛 ), a silver, and two golds for a total of six moves. Others such as the Static Rook Bear-in-the-hole castle are more complex, which requires moving the king, a pawn, the bishop ( Japanese : 角 ), a lance ( Japanese : 香 ), a silver, and two golds for a total of twelve moves. The lack of a castle and with the king in its start position is known by the term sitting king ( Japanese : 居玉 , romanized :  igyoku ), which

2537-410: The maxim of "Don't place the king and the rook close to each other," insofar as there are no gaps where the opponent can drop pieces and it's possible to attack, it can be said that Right King has good balance. For example, if an opponent has attacked from the left flank, by way of P-4e, P-2d, the player can launch a counterattack aimed at the king's head with rook, bishop and knight. In some circumstances

2596-398: The name of the system would be rendered Kunreisiki . It is possible to elaborate these romanizations to enable non-native speakers to pronounce Japanese words more correctly. Typical additions include tone marks to note the Japanese pitch accent and diacritic marks to distinguish phonological changes, such as the assimilation of the moraic nasal /ɴ/ (see Japanese phonology ). JSL

2655-512: The older kw- pronunciation; in modern Hepburn romanization, this would be written Kaidan ( lit.   ' ghost tales ' ). In the Meiji era (1868–1912), some Japanese scholars advocated abolishing the Japanese writing system entirely and using rōmaji instead. The Nihon-shiki romanization was an outgrowth of that movement. Several Japanese texts were published entirely in rōmaji during this period, but it failed to catch on. Later, in

2714-536: The opponent to trade off rook pawns at any time in contrast to the Fortress castle and the Helmet castle (used in Bishop Exchange openings). If the eighth file pawn trade happens, the side pawn on 76 cannot be captured as it is defended by the 67-silver. Alternately, the bishop may be moved up to 77 so that it defends 86 preventing the eighth file pawn trade. However, once the bishop is on the 95–59 diagonal, then

2773-430: The opponent's attack, the efficacy of such an attack could be diminished. As for variations in right king, in the case where a castle has been built on the left flank, the opponent will expect that the king will transfer to the left as well, and hence will start many attacks toward there. Hence, playing right king can be said to be an effective move to counter this assumption. While it may appear at first glance to contradict

2832-704: The pair じ and ぢ , they are both zi in Kunrei-shiki and ji in Hepburn, but are zi and di respectively in Nihon-shiki. See the table below for full details. Kunrei-shiki has been standardized by the Japanese Government and the International Organization for Standardization as ISO 3602 . Kunrei-shiki is taught to Japanese elementary school students in their fourth year of education. Written in Kunrei-shiki,

2891-431: The pieces involved in constructing castles are golds ( Japanese : 金 ), silvers ( Japanese : 銀 ), and pawns ( Japanese : 歩 ). Typically, they also require moving the king from its starting position – often to the left or right side of the board. The simplest castle involves two pieces and requires three moves, but it is more common to move at least three different pieces. For example, a simple Mino castle requires moving

2950-404: The right silver that originated at 39 will have reached the central file at 56 (through 38 and 47) with pawn on the fourth file moving up to 46 to make way for the silver. The Crab castle ( Japanese : カニ囲い , romanized :  kanigakoi ) three generals 金銀金 gold-silver-gold lined up next to each other on rank 8 (or rank 2 for White) starting from the sixth to the central file. The king

3009-495: The rook can range in preparation for attacks from the left flank. Yoshiharu Habu adopted this strategy in his seventh game in the title match of the Ōi tournament , playing white ( gote ), in September 12 and 13, 2016 . Although Habu had initially moved his king leftwards to the 42 square earlier in the game, he later moved his king rightwards (K-52, K-61, K-72) to form a Right King position. Additionally, his left silver that

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3068-427: The silver previously on 72 to move to 61. Ajiki's castle was used (as is typical) with Fourth File Rook , a type of Ranging Rook position. There are piece development relations between castles. For instance, a basic Mino castle can be developed into a Silver Crown castle, a Gold Fortress castle can be developed into a Complete Fortress castle, a Boat castle into a Bear-in-the-hole castle, a Gold Excelsior castle into

3127-509: The solidness of the king, and following this research the Right Nakahara variation, where the position of the pieces on left and right of the king are reversed, has become rarely used. Duck or Duck Legs (アヒル ahiru ) or Spread Golds ( Japanese : 金開き , romanized :  kinbiraki ) is a Static Rook castle used in the surprise Duck opening . Paperweight castle ( Japanese : 文鎮囲い , romanized :  bunchingakoi )

3186-554: The standard names, based on the British English letter names (so Z is from zed , not zee ), but in specialized circumstances, names from other languages may also be used. For example, musical keys are often referred to by the German names, so that B ♭ is called bē ( べー ) from German B ( German: [beː] ). Sources: Kōjien (7th edition), Daijisen (online version). Note: Daijisen does not mention

3245-452: The study of early modern Japanese pronunciation and early attempts at romanization was the Nippo jisho , a Japanese–Portuguese dictionary written in 1603. In general, the early Portuguese system was similar to Nihon-shiki in its treatment of vowels . Some consonants were transliterated differently: for instance, the /k/ consonant was rendered, depending on context, as either c or q , and

3304-480: The suppression of Christianity in Japan (Chibbett, 1977). From the mid-19th century onward, several systems were developed, culminating in the Hepburn system , named after James Curtis Hepburn who used it in the third edition of his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1887. The Hepburn system included representation of some sounds that have since changed. For example, Lafcadio Hearn 's book Kwaidan shows

3363-399: The various mappings that Japanese input methods use to convert keystrokes on a Roman keyboard to kana often combine features of all of the systems; when used as plain text rather than being converted, these are usually known as wāpuro rōmaji . ( Wāpuro is a blend of wā do puro sessā word processor .) Unlike the standard systems, wāpuro rōmaji requires no characters from outside

3422-543: Was earlier on the 33 square has moved after a pawn trade on the fourth file to the 53 square (via S-44) further strengthening the Right King castle. On the other hand, there are countermeasures for Right King, among the most notorious of which are Feint Ranging Rook and Subway Rook , or Chikara Akutsu's switching from a Floating Chrysanthemum Fortress to a Silver Crown . It was developed by Tetsurō Itodani . It can be used against Ranging Rook openings (especially against Cheerful Central Rook ). The king itself defends

3481-467: Was originally invented as a method for Japanese to write their own language in Latin characters, rather than to transcribe it for Westerners as Hepburn was. It follows the Japanese syllabary very strictly, with no adjustments for changes in pronunciation. It has also been standardized as ISO 3602 Strict . Also known as Nippon-shiki , rendered in the Nihon-shiki style of romanization the name is either Nihon-siki or Nippon-siki . Kunrei-shiki romanization

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