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20-579: 12°50′S 61°06′W  /  12.83°S 61.10°W  / -12.83; -61.10 The Rio Omerê Indigenous Territory is an indigenous territory for isolated indigenous peoples in Rondônia , Brazil . The territory consists of 26,000 hectares of forest on the Omerê River and is home to the Kanoê and Akuntsu tribes. Both tribes were the victims of severe massacres by cattle ranchers in

40-556: A Brazilian Indigenous rights group, argue that the disparity between Indigenous population and land ownership is justified because their traditional subsistence patterns (typically shifting cultivation or hunting and gathering ) are more land extensive than modern agriculture, and because many TIs include large areas of agriculturally unproductive land or are environmentally degraded due to recent incursions. Opponents of Indigenous territories also claim that they undermine national sovereignty . The promotion of Indigenous rights by NGOs

60-502: A five-year deadline. However, demarcation is still ongoing. The process is frequently delayed by legal disputes arising from the objections of non-indigenous settlers and commercial interests in the proposed TI. This has been increasingly common since 1996, when a change in the law required an explicit period to be set aside in the demarcation process for the hearing of complaints. In 2008 the Supreme Federal Court issued

80-505: A high-profile decision in favour of the continued territorial integrity of Raposa Serra do Sol in Roraima . Settlers had protested their deportation from the TI, arguing that the reserve undermined Brazil's national integrity and the state's economic development, and proposing that it be broken up. The ruling established a legal precedent that affected more than 100 similar cases that were before

100-587: A judicial authority before it can proceed, and the term has a precise legal meaning in the judicial codes of some countries. The equivalent process of testing and certification for conformance to technical standards is usually known as type approval in English-language jurisdictions. In motorsports a vehicle must be type approved by the sanctioning body to race in a given league, such as World Superbike , International Level Kart Racing , or other sportscar racing / touring car racing series. Where

120-483: A racing class requires that the vehicles raced be production vehicles only slightly adapted for racing, manufacturers typically produce a limited run of such vehicles for public sale so that they can legitimately race them in the class. These vehicles are commonly called "homologation specials". The term is also applicable in the Olympic Games , in venue certifications, prior to the start of competition. An issue

140-646: A set of rules or standards to determine whether such approval should be given. The word may be considered very roughly synonymous with accreditation , and in fact in French and Spanish may be used with regard to academic degrees (see apostille ). Certification is another possible synonym, while to homologate is the infinitive verb form. In today's marketplace, for instance, products must often be homologated by some public agency to assure that they meet standards for such things as safety and environmental impact. A court action may also sometimes be homologated by

160-520: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indigenous territory (Brazil) A multi-stage demarcation process is required for a TI to gain full legal protection, and this has often entailed protracted legal battles. Even after demarcation, TIs are frequently subject to illegal invasions by settlers and mining and logging companies. As of 2020 , there were 724 proposed or approved Indigenous territories in Brazil, covering about 13% of

180-470: Is overly idealist, and a return to a more integrationist policy is favoured. In the Raposa Serra do Sol dispute, settlers and their advocates charged TIs with hindering economic development in sparsely populated states such as Roraima , where a large proportion of the land is reserved for Indigenous peoples despite commercial pressures to develop it for agricultural use. Instituto Socioambiental ,

200-486: Is seen as reflecting an "internationalisation of the Amazon" which is contrary to Brazil's economic interests. Elements in the military have also expressed concern that because many TIs occupy border regions they pose a threat to national security – although both the army and police are allowed full access. The current system of Indigenous territories has also been criticised by proponents of Indigenous rights, who say that

220-523: Is the responsibility of FUNAI , the government body in charge of Indigenous affairs, who commission an ethnographic and geographical survey of the area and publish a proposal. This proposal must then be approved by the Ministry of Justice , who consider FUNAI's proposal and any objections from other interested parties with respect to the Constitution. If approved, FUNAI begins physically demarcating

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240-537: The 1970s and 1980s. As of 2016, the Akuntsu number just four individuals and the Rio Omerê Kanoê five. The two tribes are separate peoples speaking mutually unintelligible languages, but are linked by marriage. Several loggers and cattle ranchers also remain in the territory despite attempts to eject them and continue to pose a threat to its indigenous inhabitants. This Rondônia , Brazil location article

260-513: The Supreme Court at the time. Land ownership is a contentious issue in Brazil. In the 1990s, as much as 45% of the available farmland in the country was controlled by 1% of the population. Some advocates of land reform have therefore criticised the amount of land reserved for Indigenous peoples, who make up just 0.2% of the national population. According to this view the 1988 Constitution's approach towards Indigenous peoples' right to land

280-539: The coast—most of these are concentrated in the country's interior, particularly Amazônia . There are only three federated units without any TIs: the states of Rio Grande do Norte and Piauí , and the Federal District . In the 1950s, Brazilian explorer and defender of Indigenous people, Cândido Rondon , supported the Villas-Bôas brothers ' campaign, which faced strong opposition from the government and

300-443: The country's land area. Critics of the system say that this is out of proportion with the number of Indigenous people in Brazil, about 0.41% of the population; they argue that the amount of land reserved as TIs undermines the country's economic development and national security. As of 2016 , there were 702 Indigenous territories in Brazil, covering 1,172,995 km – 14% of the country's land area. As of 2020, 120 areas were in

320-455: The formal process of being identified, covering a total of 1,084,049 hectares; 43 had been formally identified (2,179,316 ha); 74 had been formally declared (7,305,639 ha) and 487 had already been formally approved (106,858,319 ha). In total, 723 areas were either under evaluation or had been legally consolidated as Indigenous territories, covering a total area of 117,427,323 hectares. For historical reasons— Portuguese colonisation started from

340-648: The new TI and the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform undertakes the resettlement of any non-indigenous occupants. Final approval, or homologation , for the demarcation a TI is issued by the President of the Republic , after which it is officially registered. The Statute of the Indian specified that all Indigenous lands should be demarcated by 1978, and the 1988 Constitution also set

360-402: The process of demarcation is too slow and that FUNAI lacks the resources to properly protect them from encroachment once registered. Homologation Homologation ( Greek homologeo , ὁμολογέω, "to agree") is the granting of approval by an official authority . This may be a court of law, a government department, or an academic or professional body, any of which would normally work from

380-492: The ranchers of Mato Grosso and led to the establishment of the first Brazilian National Park for Indigenous people along the Xingu River in 1961. The process of demarcating Indigenous territories was first established in a 1973 law commonly known as Estatuto do Índio and has been revised several times, most recently in 1996. Under the current legal framework, the initial identification and definition of potential TIs

400-668: Was raised at Cesana Pariol —the bobsleigh , luge , and skeleton track used for the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin —over its safety in luge. This delayed homologation of the track from January 2005 to October 2005 in order to achieve safe runs during luge competitions. In towed water sports, tournaments must adhere to homologation requirements set by the International Waterski & Wakeboard Federation in order to qualify as ranking. In speed climbing , in order for world, continental or national records to be recognised by

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