22-434: The Rutaceae ( / r uː ˈ t eɪ s i ˌ aɪ , - s iː ˌ iː / ) is a family , commonly known as the rue or citrus family, of flowering plants , usually placed in the order Sapindales . Species of the family generally have flowers that divide into four or five parts, usually with strong scents. They range in form and size from herbs to shrubs and large trees . The most economically important genus in
44-554: A lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community for extended periods. The continual publication of new data and diverse opinions plays a crucial role in facilitating adjustments and ultimately reaching a consensus over time. The naming of families is codified by various international bodies using the following suffixes: The taxonomic term familia was first used by French botanist Pierre Magnol in his Prodromus historiae generalis plantarum, in quo familiae plantarum per tabulas disponuntur (1689) where he called
66-703: A single stigma with 2 to 5 united carpels , sometimes ovaries separate but styles combined. The fruit of the Rutaceae are very variable: berries , drupes , hesperidia , samaras , capsules , and follicles all occur. Seed number also varies widely. The family is closely related to the Sapindaceae , Simaroubaceae , and Meliaceae , and all are usually placed into the same order , although older systems separate that order into Rutales and Sapindales . The families Flindersiaceae and Ptaeroxylaceae are sometimes kept separate, but nowadays generally are placed in
88-408: A smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae s.l. , which contained most of Engler's Rutoideae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al., which sampled many more genera than earlier studies, found that Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was paraphyletic . Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, with their Rutoideae containing only five genera. They considered that a revised classification at
110-623: A spice to flavour dishes. Spices are also made from a number of species in the genus Zanthoxylum , notably Sichuan pepper . Other plants are grown in horticulture : Murraya and Skimmia species, for example. Ruta , Zanthoxylum and Casimiroa species are medicinals . Several plants are also used by the perfume industry, such as the Western Australian Boronia megastigma . The genus Pilocarpus has species ( P. jaborandi , and P. microphyllus from Brazil, and P. pennatifolius from Paraguay) from which
132-486: The Genera Plantarum of George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker this word ordo was used for what now is given the rank of family. Families serve as valuable units for evolutionary, paleontological, and genetic studies due to their relatively greater stability compared to lower taxonomic levels like genera and species. Rutoideae See text . Rutoideae is a flowering plant subfamily in
154-439: The family Rutaceae . Most species are trees or shrubs, a few are herbs (the type genus Ruta , Boenninghausenia and Dictamnus ), frequently aromatic with glands on the leaves , sometimes with thorns . The leaves are usually opposed and compound , and without stipules . Pellucid glands, a type of oil gland, are found in the leaves responsible for the aromatic smell of the family's members; traditionally they have been
176-635: The Rutaceae, as are the former Cneoraceae . In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. One, Rhabdodendroideae, is no longer considered to belong to the Rutaceae, being treated as the segregate family Rhabdodendraceae, containing only the genus Rhabdodendron . Two monogeneric subfamilies, Dictyolomatoideae and Spathelioideae, are now included in the subfamily Cneoroideae , along with genera Engler placed in other families. The remaining four Engler subfamilies were Aurantioideae , Rutoideae , Flindersioideae and Toddalioideae. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on
198-456: The authors considered that a revised classification at the tribal level was not yet feasible at the time their paper was published. Cneoroideae (8 genera) Rutoideae (5 genera) Amyridoideae (3 genera) Haplophylloideae (1 genus, Haplophyllum ) Aurantioideae (about 27 genera) Zanthoxyloideae (about 110 genera) The family is of great economic importance in warm temperate and subtropical climates for its numerous edible fruits of
220-476: The characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied, which showed that Rutoideae cannot be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, a small Cneoroideae , and a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae s.l. with all the remaining genera. A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer split this circumscription of Rutoideae into
242-433: The characteristics of the fruit, as did others used until molecular phylogenetic methods were applied. Molecular methods have shown that only Aurantioideae can be clearly differentiated from other members of the family based on fruit. They have not supported the circumscriptions of Engler's three other main subfamilies. In 2012, Groppo et al. divided Rutaceae into only two subfamilies, retaining Cneoroideae but placing all
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#1732776085999264-542: The family Juglandaceae , but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family— or whether a described family should be acknowledged— is established and decided upon by active taxonomists . There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to
286-423: The family Rutaceae . The subfamily has had varying circumscriptions . In a 2012 classification of the family it was one of only two subfamilies and contained most of the genera, whereas in a 2021 classification it has only five genera. In 1896, Engler published a division of the family Rutaceae into seven subfamilies. Rutoideae was one of the larger subfamilies. Engler's division into subfamilies largely relied on
308-540: The family as a rank intermediate between order and genus was introduced by Pierre André Latreille in his Précis des caractères génériques des insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel (1796). He used families (some of them were not named) in some but not in all his orders of "insects" (which then included all arthropods ). In nineteenth-century works such as the Prodromus of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and
330-469: The family is Citrus , which includes the orange ( C. × sinensis ), lemon ( C. × limon ), grapefruit ( C. × paradisi ), and lime (various). Boronia is a large Australian genus, some members of which are plants with highly fragrant flowers and are used in commercial oil production. Other large genera include Zanthoxylum , several species of which are cultivated for Sichuan pepper , Melicope , and Agathosma . About 160 genera are in
352-407: The genera. The two main clades recognized by Groppo et al. in 2012 were upheld, but Morton and Telmer's Rutoideae was paraphyletic and their Amyridoideae was polyphyletic and did not include the type genus. Applehans et al. divided the family into six subfamilies, shown below in the cladogram produced in their study. The large subfamily Zanthoxyloideae was shown to contain distinct clades, but
374-482: The genus Citrus , such as the orange , lemon , calamansi , lime , kumquat , mandarin and grapefruit . Non-citrus fruits include the white sapote ( Casimiroa edulis ), orangeberry ( Glycosmis pentaphylla ), limeberry ( Triphasia trifolia ), and the bael ( Aegle marmelos ). The curry tree , Murraya koenigii , is of culinary importance in the Indian subcontinent and elsewhere, as its leaves are used as
396-595: The medicine pilocarpine , used to treat glaucoma, is extracted. Family (biology) Family ( Latin : familia , pl. : familiae ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy . It is classified between order and genus . A family may be divided into subfamilies , which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to
418-555: The primary synapomorphic characteristic to identify the Rutaceae. Flowers are bractless , solitary or in cyme , rarely in raceme , and mainly pollinated by insects. They are radially or (rarely) laterally symmetric, and generally hermaphroditic . They have four or five petals and sepals , sometimes three, mostly separate, eight to ten stamen (five in Skimmia , many in Citrus ), usually separate or in several groups. Usually
440-456: The remaining genera in a greatly enlarged subfamily Rutoideae s.l. A 2014 classification by Morton and Telmer also retained Engler's Aurantioideae, but split the remaining Rutoideae s.l. into a smaller Rutoideae and a much larger Amyridoideae s.l. , containing most of Engler's Rutoideae. Until 2021, molecular phylogenetic methods had only sampled between 20% and 40% of the genera of Rutaceae. A 2021 study by Appelhans et al. sampled almost 90% of
462-575: The seventy-six groups of plants he recognised in his tables families ( familiae ). The concept of rank at that time was not yet settled, and in the preface to the Prodromus Magnol spoke of uniting his families into larger genera , which is far from how the term is used today. In his work Philosophia Botanica published in 1751, Carl Linnaeus employed the term familia to categorize significant plant groups such as trees , herbs , ferns , palms , and so on. Notably, he restricted
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#1732776085999484-549: The use of this term solely within the book's morphological section, where he delved into discussions regarding the vegetative and generative aspects of plants. Subsequently, in French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille was used as a French equivalent of the Latin ordo (or ordo naturalis ). In zoology ,
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