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37-623: Rutger Jan, Count Schimmelpenninck (31 October 1761 – 15 February 1825), Lord of Nyenhuis, Peckedam and Gellicum , was a Dutch jurist , ambassador and politician who served as Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic from 1805 to 1806. Historian Niek Sas called him the first Dutch liberal politician. Schimmelpenninck was born into a bastard branch of the noble family Schimmelpenninck van der Oye in Deventer , Overijssel on 31 October 1761. His father, Gerrit Schimmelpenninck,

74-543: A central stance. They also wanted a centralised government like the Unitarians, but had no desire for profound broadening of electoral law. Schimmelpenninck presided the National Assembly from 17 May to 30 May 1796, and again from 15 May to 29 May 1797. In 1797, he was re-elected into the 2nd National Assembly, but immediately resigned when rumours spread that the "ultrademocrats" attempted to seize control with

111-581: A comprehensive road network with a primary route connecting Elmina and Kumasi in Ashanti . The Dutch government granted him considerable autonomy and a substantial budget to execute his plans. Simultaneously, Daendels viewed his governorship as an opportunity to establish a personal monopoly on business in the Dutch Gold Coast . In 1817, the British accused Daendels of supporting and facilitating

148-741: A death sentence resulting from the Patriots' defeat. During this time, he closely observed the French Revolution unfolding. In 1794, Daendels returned to the Netherlands as a general in the French revolutionary army, serving under General Charles Pichegru and commanding the Batavian Legion . He actively supported the elevation of unitarian politician Pieter Vreede to power through a coup d'état on 25 January 1798. This move

185-544: A new constitution for the Batavian Republic by Napoleon. When he finished this constitution a year later, he returned to the Netherlands to assume power from the Uitvoerend Bewind , being appointed Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic on 29 April 1805. It is not clear whether he felt much desire to hold this office, but since Napoleon more or less forced him to, he accepted. Although on paper he

222-564: A new education act introducing subsidised public education. On 4 June 1806, Schimmelpenninck was replaced by Napoleon's brother Louis Bonaparte , who would be crowned king of the newly formed French puppet state, the Kingdom of Holland . Schimmelpenninck was introduced into the French nobility in 1807. He was further elevated to Comte de l'Empire , i.e. "Count", by Napoleon himself on 10 April 1811. After his resignation as Grand Pensionary, he

259-483: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Herman Willem Daendels Herman Willem Daendels was born on 21 October 1762 in Hattem , Netherlands . His father, Burchard Johan Daendels, served as a mayoral secretary; his mother was Josina Christina Tulleken. Daendels pursued a legal education at the university of Harderwijk and obtained his doctorate on 10 April 1783. In 1785, Daendels aligned himself with

296-606: Is limited to the wealthy bourgeoisie. He also spoke positively of the Constitution of the United States with its dominating president in this thesis. The wealthy bourgeoisie, to which Schimmelpenninck belonged, was devoid of any power, particularly in the east of the Netherlands. This frustrated him and others who enjoyed a good education but weren't assigned influential positions in government because of their background and religion, since these were reserved to scions from

333-668: The Battle of Berezina . From February 1813 until December 1813, General Daendels commanded Polish forces defending the Modlin Fortress , located northwest of Warsaw. It was the final French stronghold along the Vistula to surrender. Following the downfall of Napoleon , concerns arose within the Dutch government, including King William I , regarding the potential influence and oppositional leadership of Daendels. To prevent this, he

370-552: The Patriots , a faction gaining control in various Dutch cities. In September 1786, he unsuccessfully defended the town of Hattem against troops loyal to the stadholder . The following year, in September 1787, Daendels played a role in the defense of Amsterdam against the invading Prussian army, which aimed to reinstate William V of Orange . Subsequently, when William V regained power, Daendels fled to French Flanders to evade

407-538: The dike of the Linge . The tower of the Roman Catholic Church dates from the 13th century and has been enlarged in the 15th century. The church dates from the 14th century. The court house has been built in 1630 attached to the church. The Dutch Reformed Church was originally built in 1823, but burnt down and replaced in 1929. In 1840, it was home to 340 people. This Gelderland location article

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444-620: The Badeners in the Russian campaign 1812. Daendels arrived in Vilnius on 8 and 15 September, subsequently reaching Minsk. On 11 October, his division moved to Babinovichi , and on 20 October, they received orders to proceed to Vitebsk . By 27 October, they had occupied the nearby town of Beshankovichy . The following day, temperatures dropped below zero. The supplies in Vitebsk were lost when

481-479: The Federalists and the Unitarians. The Federalists were conservative; they were satisfied with the departure of the stadtholder but opposed further reforms. They were proponents of provincial autonomy. The Unitarians, however, were radical, and wished to replace the provinces with departments and establish a powerful, democratic and centralised government for the Batavian Republic. Schimmelpenninck's Moderates took

518-619: The Patriot manifesto, known as the Leiden Draft . After receiving his doctorate, on 11 December 1784, Schimmelpenninck left for Amsterdam to become a lawyer. In 1788, he married Catharina Nahuys, a scion of a wealthy family who provided him with a lot of money and the necessary connections in the capital. Together with these connections, he established the Patriotic Vaderlandsche Sociëteit . The society

555-459: The Russian army captured the city, and it began to snow on 29 October. On 11 November, Daendels and the rearguard arrived in Chashniki , approximately 90 km southwest of their previous location. On 14 November, during the battle of Smoliani , the French suffered the loss of 3,000 men against General Peter Wittgenstein , and heavy snowfall of about 1.5 meters occurred that day. Four days later,

592-677: The Van Staphorst brothers, participated in the Holland Land Company , a company investing in northern New York . After the French invasion in the Batavian Revolution on 19 January 1795, Schimmelpenninck ended up in the temporary city government of Amsterdam . On 1 March 1796, he was elected into the 1st National Assembly for the electoral district Amsterdam-XIV. He seated with the Moderates, who opposed

629-481: The aid of France. After the coup d'état of Herman Willem Daendels on 12 June 1798, Schimmelpenninck returned to the foreground. Although Daendels was an irascible Unitarian, he followed the line of "cautious tempering" and was supported by Schimmelpenninck. On 14 June 1798, Schimmelpenninck was appointed Batavian ambassador to Paris. After Napoleon 's coup d'état on 9 November 1799, Schimmelpenninck became captivated with his personality. In 1801 and 1802 he took part in

666-468: The beginning of last month, a large Spanish ship was four days at anchor in Elmina roads, receiving water and bartering dollars for goods suited for the purchase of slaves." None of Daendels' infrastructure plans came to fruition, as he succumbed to malaria on 2 May 1818 while in the castle of St. George d'Elmina , which served as the Dutch seat of government. His body was interred in the central tomb at

703-493: The construction of this thousand-kilometer road in a single year resulted in the deaths of numerous Javanese forced laborers. Daendels adopted a stern stance towards Javanese rulers, causing them to align themselves with the British against the Dutch. He also imposed forced labor ( Rodi ) on the population of Java, which sparked rebellious incidents like the ones in Cadas Pangeran, West Java . Opinions differ regarding

740-568: The extent to which Daendels improved the efficiency of the local bureaucracy and curbed corruption, although he accumulated personal wealth during his time in office. Despite his efforts to bolster defenses, Daendels was unsuccessful in halting the British invasion of the Spice Islands in 1810. During the incorporation of the Kingdom of Holland into France in 1810, Daendels returned to Holland and resided in Paris by November 1811. He

777-458: The negotiations preceding the Treaty of Amiens . He saw himself as an independent negotiator between the French and English plenipotentiaries, Napoleon's brother Joseph Bonaparte and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis respectively. In practice, the Batavian Republic had no independent foreign politics anymore, and had to comply to the wishes of France. On 8 December 1802, Schimmelpenninck

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814-622: The nobility and patricians, and limited to followers of the Reformed Church in the eastern provinces. He was one of the first Patriots as a student in Leiden. As the leader of an exercitiegenootschap , he suppressed an insurrection of Orangist students in June 1784. In October 1785 he was appointed by a congress of representatives of Holland exercitiegenootschappen in a commission, together with Wybo Fijnje and Pieter Vreede , to write

851-539: The public eye. He died in Amsterdam on 15 February 1825. Gellicum Gellicum is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland . It is a part of the municipality of West Betuwe , and lies about 13 km east of Gorinchem . It was first mentioned in the 10th to 11th century Gallinghe(m), and means "settlement of the people of Gallo (person)". Gellicum developed as a stretched out esdorp perpendicular to

888-442: The short period of time in which Schimmelpenninck was Grand Pensionary he, assisted by Gogel, implemented several major reforms. Gogel managed to implement a new tax system. Excise on salt, soap, peat, alcoholic beverages, grain, flour and meat was introduced, as well as land tax, a cadastre, personal tax on clerks, horses, furniture, etc. Schimmelpenninck's secretary of Education, Hendrik van Stralen  [ nl ] , implemented

925-673: The slave trade, despite its prohibition by both the British and Dutch authorities, from his position at the Elmina fort, which was then under Dutch control. On 5 March 1817, the British governor of Cape Coast, John Smith, wrote to the African Committee in Parliament in London, stating, "We deem it our duty to inform you of the conduct of General Daendels, who is acting independent of his Government. Portuguese vessels were furnished with canoes, and Spaniards were supplied with water. At

962-520: The supplies in Minsk were also lost when Pavel Chichagov captured the city. On 24 November, Daendels skirmished with some Russians but reunited with the rest of the French army near Bobr. Subsequently, all the French soldiers proceeded to Borisov , where the Russian army destroyed a crucial bridge crossing the Berezina River. Daendels' division, consisting of 4,000 men, played a decisive role in

999-560: Was a wine trader who had no rights in the Dutch Republic because of his commitment to the Mennonite Church . Schimmelpenninck attended Athenaeum Illustre of Deventer , and started studying Roman and Contemporary Law at Leiden University in 1781. He received his doctorate in 1784 with his essay De imperio populari rite temporato , in which he defended Rousseau's doctrine of popular sovereignty , although in which this

1036-482: Was appointed as a divisional general ( major general ) and assumed command of the 26th Division of the Grande Armée . This division consisted of troops from Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, and Berg. In mid-March 1812, Daendels was appointed as the commander of the 26th Division, serving under Marshal Victor as part of IX Corps , which acted as a reserve. In August, Victor received orders to march eastward, joining

1073-613: Was appointed as the Governor-general of the Dutch Gold Coast (now part of Ghana ) and effectively prohibited from returning to the Netherlands. After the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade , Daendels aimed to revitalize the neglected Dutch territories into an African plantation colony focused on legitimate business. Leveraging his experience from the East Indies, he devised ambitious infrastructure projects, such as

1110-602: Was built in Surabaya . Additionally, he relocated the central government from Old Batavia to Weltevreden and commissioned the construction of a palace in Paradeplaats . His most renowned achievement was the Great Post Road ( Indonesian : Jalan Raya Pos ) that spanned northern Java from Anyer to Panarukan . Today, this road serves as the main thoroughfare on the island, known as Jalur Pantura . Notably,

1147-682: Was compelled to resign after failing to avert the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799. He later pursued farming in Heerde , Gelderland . Louis Bonaparte appointed Daendels as colonel-general in 1806 and Governor-general of the Dutch East Indies in 1807. Daendels arrived in Batavia (now Jakarta ) on 5 January 1808 after a lengthy voyage, assuming the role previously held by Albertus Henricus Wiese . His primary objective

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1184-405: Was motivated by dissatisfaction with the conservative-moderate majority in parliament, which hindered the development of a more democratic and centralized constitution. However, Vreede's rule did not yield the anticipated outcomes, leading to another coup d'état against him on 14 June 1798, in which Daendels played a role. In the Batavian Republic , Daendels held various political positions but

1221-654: Was short-lived; it was disbanded in 1787 due to Prussian intervention. The Prussians restored the power of the stadtholder, William V , and his Prussian consort Wilhelmina . The Patriots were thwarted since, and a portion fled to France. Schimmelpenninck and his friends decided to establish a "scientific" society, the Kunst- en letterlievend Genootschap Doctrina et Amicitia , which included several other prominent Patriots, including Cornelis Rudolphus Theodorus Krayenhoff , Alexander Gogel , Samuel Iperusz. Wiselius and Nicolaas van Staphorst . In 1792, Schimmelpenninck, together with

1258-405: Was the republic's chief executive, in practice he had become a puppet to Napoleon. As Grand Pensionary, he was assisted by a legislative body of nineteen men which would assemble every six months to express its opinion on the policy. A kind of cabinet of secretaries of state was introduced. One of the most important secretaries of state was Alexander Gogel , who managed the department of Finance. In

1295-536: Was to expel the British from Java . During his tenure, Daendels undertook various infrastructure projects. He established new hospitals and military barracks, constructed arms factories in Surabaya and Semarang , and founded a military college in Batavia. The Castle in Batavia was dismantled and replaced by a new fort in Meester Cornelis ( Jatinegara ). At the same time, Fort Lodewijk (Fort Ludwig)

1332-408: Was transferred to London, but he returned half a year later, on 14 June 1803, at the request of France. The battle between Great Britain and France and its allies, including the Batavian Republic which had endured another coup d'était in 1801, continued. He returned to his office as ambassador to France on 15 September 1803, where he was noticed by Napoleon. In 1804, Schimmelpenninck was asked to write

1369-692: Was unemployed for five years, until he became senator in the Imperial Senate of France on 30 December 1811. The Netherlands had since been annexed by France. When Napoleon was defeated and the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was established in 1815, Schimmelpenninck took up a seat in the First Chamber of the States General on 21 September 1815. Due to an eye disease, he was forced to give up his seat in 1820, and retreat from

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