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138-515: Political career Prime Minister of the Netherlands First Ministry and term Second Ministry and term Third Ministry and term Fourth Ministry and term Affiliations [REDACTED] Mark Rutte ( Dutch: [ˈmɑr(ə)k ˈrʏtə] ; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as the 14th secretary-general of NATO since October 2024. He previously served as
276-614: A Dutch Reformed family. He is the youngest child of Izaäk Rutte (5 October 1909 – 22 April 1988), a merchant, and his second wife Hermina Cornelia Dilling (13 November 1923 – 13 May 2020), a secretary. Izaäk Rutte worked for a trading company ; first as an importer in the Dutch East Indies ; he later ran a car dealership. His second wife was a sister of his first wife, Petronella Hermanna Dilling (17 March 1910 – 20 July 1945), who died while they were interned together in Tjideng ,
414-463: A political scandal ( Nokiagate ) during his fourth term, when it was found that he had been deleting the majority of the SMS text messages on his archaic Nokia mobile phone for years, personally judging which messages were to be archived and which messages were to be deleted in direct violation of the archival law. He explained that this was necessary due to his phone memory filling up too quickly, which
552-491: A 'special capital region' ( Daerah Khusus Ibukota ), with a status equivalent to that of a province. Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces. Lieutenant General Ali Sadikin served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged
690-694: A Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in his magnum opus as Jacatra or Jacarta during his journey to the East Indies . After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the Batavi , a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient),
828-716: A blow following the victory of right-wing populist newcomer Forum for Democracy (FvD). During the negotiations for the COVID-19 recovery fund in the European Union in 2020, Rutte was considered the unofficial leader of the Frugal Four , demanding loans instead of grants and more conditions on them. In September of that year, Rutte suggested that the EU could be dissolved and re-formed without Poland and Hungary , as he perceived these countries' governments to be dismantling
966-556: A broad spectrum coalition between the VVD, CDA and PvdA failed. Instead, the only possibility appeared to be a centre-right coalition of liberals and Christian Democrats (CDA), with the outside support of the Party for Freedom (PVV), led by Geert Wilders . After securing support for a coalition between the VVD and CDA, Rutte was appointed as formateur on 8 October 2010; Rutte announced his prospective cabinet, including Maxime Verhagen from
1104-646: A ceasefire in the Israel–Hamas war but supported "humanitarian pauses" to provide aid to civilians in the Gaza Strip . Though the Netherlands provided military aid to Israel, in February 2024 a court in the Netherlands ordered the Dutch government to stop exporting parts for F-35 fighter jets to the country. Due to the resignation of the cabinet general elections were held early, on 22 November 2023 , with
1242-717: A ceremonial handover at the NATO Headquarters in Brussels . Despite having previously stated that he wanted to focus on high school teaching after his prime ministership, he announced his candidacy for the position in October of 2023. His bid received public support from the governments of the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and France in February 2024. Rutte managed to overcome opposition from
1380-624: A flat in downtown The Hague. The prime minister has a security detail and which, in 2021, was increased amid fears of kidnapping. Although prime ministers are almost always the political leader of their party and as such chosen as a member of the House of Representatives, they (and other ministers who were chosen as representative) are required to give up their seat for the duration of their tenure, as Dutch ministers are not allowed to be members of parliament. The Dutch electoral system makes it all but impossible for one party to win an outright majority in
1518-603: A good start; he received criticism from within his own party. Rutte was said to be overshadowed by his own party members Rita Verdonk and Gerrit Zalm , as well as being unable to penetrate between Wouter Bos and Jan Peter Balkenende , who were generally seen as the prime candidates to become the next prime minister. On 27 November, it became known that Rita Verdonk, who generally held a more populist view on politics, managed to obtain more votes than Mark Rutte; he obtained 553,200 votes against Verdonk's 620,555. After repeated criticisms by Verdonk on VVD policy, Rutte expelled her from
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#17327839601031656-489: A great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and modernist architecture . Projects included a cloverleaf interchange , a major boulevard ( Jalan MH Thamrin -Sudirman), monuments such as The National Monument , Hotel Indonesia , a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of CONEFO . In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of an abortive coup attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating
1794-537: A groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally. This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue. The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water. Jakarta, faces significant air pollution , particularly during
1932-467: A height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The Golden Triangle of Jakarta is one of the fastest evolving CBD 's in the Asia-Pacific region. According to CTBUH and Emporis , there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in
2070-498: A loss in the 2006 Dutch municipal election, the VVD held an internal election for a new Lead Candidate, in which Rutte competed against Rita Verdonk and Jelleke Veenendaal . On 31 May 2006, it was announced that Mark Rutte would be the next lijsttrekker of the VVD. He was elected by 51.5% of party members. Rutte's candidacy was backed by the VVD leadership, including the party board, and many prominent politicians such as Frank de Grave , former minister of Defence, Ivo Opstelten ,
2208-597: A major Southeast Asian trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English East India Company (EIC) voyage led by Sir James Lancaster arrived in Aceh and sailed on to Banten , where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682. Jayawikarta
2346-561: A manager for Unilever and its food subsidiary Calvé. Until 1997, Rutte was part of the human resource department of Unilever, and played a leading role in several reorganisations. Between 1997 and 2000, Rutte was staff manager of the subsidiary Van den Bergh Nederland. In 2000, Rutte became a member of the Corporate Human Resources Group, and in 2002, he became human resource manager for IgloMora Groep, another subsidiary of Unilever. Between 1993 and 1997, Rutte
2484-511: A name that was given for the urban beauty of downtown Batavia's canals , mansions and ordered city layout. After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. Menteng and the area around Merdeka Square ), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas. During the Japanese occupation , the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakarta Special City) . After
2622-602: A new coalition government. After remaining as outgoing prime minister for the duration of the longest formation process in Dutch history he presented a coalition agreement with D66 , CDA and CU , the same combination as his previous government, on 15 December 2021. In October 2022, Rutte said that alleged war crimes and human rights violations committed during the Armenian-Azerbaijani war in Nagorno-Karabakh should be investigated. Rutte suffered
2760-459: A number of other parties, leaving the VVD as the largest party in parliament for the third successive election. After holding coalition discussions, Rutte negotiated a grand coalition with the CDA , D66 and CU ; he presented his third cabinet on 26 October 2017 and was sworn in as prime minister for a third term. The 225 days between the general election and the installation of the third Rutte cabinet
2898-604: A populated settlement in the early 5th century. The Tugu inscription (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, Koja , North Jakarta , mentions that King Purnawarman of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital. Following the decline of Tarumanagara , its territories, including
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#17327839601033036-531: A primary school together with Zelensky. During this same tour, they signed the Netherlands-Ukraine bilateral security agreement. Later that month, Rutte threatened Israel with sanctions if the Israeli military launched a large-scale invasion of Rafah , saying the attack would be a "game changer" and have "political consequences". He also met with Chinese president Xi Jinping, where Rutte discussed
3174-539: A prisoner-of-war camp in Batavia ( Jakarta ), during World War II . Rutte has seven siblings as a result of his father's two marriages. One of his elder brothers died from AIDS in the 1980s. Rutte later described the deaths of his brother and his father as events that changed the course of his life. Rutte attended the Maerlant Lyceum from 1979 until 1985, specialising in the arts. Although his original ambition
3312-596: A revolt, 5,000 Chinese were massacred by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to Glodok outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, batik and clothing worn by Arab communities. The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from
3450-414: A rotation period of four years. In 1937, a separate Ministry of General Affairs was instituted, which was informally linked to the prime minister. Barend Biesheuvel (1971–1974) was the last prime minister who was not the political leader of the largest party in cabinet (his was actually the third largest), until the appointment of Dick Schoof (2024-present) who is an independent politician chosen to lead
3588-559: A route to obtain spices. The Sunda Kingdom made an alliance treaty with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of Demak Sultanate from central Java. In 1527, Fatahillah , a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta, and became a fiefdom of the Banten Sultanate , which became
3726-535: A sign of panic. Rutte's fourth term as prime minister came to an end with the swearing in of the Schoof cabinet , which had been formed following the general election. This new cabinet is led by Dick Schoof , the former secretary-general of the Ministry of Justice and Security . Following his departure from national politics, Rutte succeeded Jens Stoltenberg as Secretary General of NATO on 1 October 2024 during
3864-405: A violent anti-communist purge which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese. The event marked the beginning of Suharto's New Order . The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was Soediro until he was replaced by Soemarno Sosroatmodjo as governor. In 1966, Jakarta was declared
4002-599: A vote of no confidence, becoming the first cabinet to do so since the First Kok cabinet , which lasted from 1994 to 1998. The VVD went into the 2017 general election with a small lead over the PVV in most opinion polls. Rutte was judged to have managed the 2017 Dutch–Turkish diplomatic incident well according to similar polling. While the VVD lost 8 seats in the general election, the PvdA lost 29, and these seats were split between
4140-585: Is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to Sumatra , and also its connection to Asian continent of India and China . After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be the main harbour for the Sunda Kingdom , due to its desirable location. The name 'Jakarta' is derived from
4278-407: Is also responsible for the royal house and has a weekly meeting with the king on government policy. Informally the prime minister functions as the "face" of the cabinet to the public. After the meetings of the cabinet on Friday, the prime minister hosts a press conference on the decisions of the cabinet and current affairs. The prime minister also has some functions in international affairs, attending
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4416-538: Is an alpha world city and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the Bank of Indonesia , Indonesia Stock Exchange , and corporate headquarters of numerous Indonesian companies and multinational corporations are located in the city. Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and flooding due to subsidence (sea level rise
4554-469: Is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had
4692-541: Is known to be a big fan of the writing of Robert Caro , especially his 1974 book about Robert Moses , The Power Broker . He drives a Saab 9-3 estate . Before moving to Brussels in 2024 following his appointment as Secretary General of NATO, he lived in an apartment in Benoordenhout , a neighbourhood of The Hague, for several decades. Prime Minister of the Netherlands The prime minister of
4830-777: Is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia. The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the Soeharto New Order era; older people may be fluent in Hokkien dialect and Mandarin , meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into
4968-454: Is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President Joko Widodo announced plans to move the capital from Jakarta to
5106-647: Is situated on the northwest coast of Java , at the mouth of the Ciliwung River on Jakarta Bay , an inlet of the Java Sea . It is strategically located near the Sunda Strait . The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level, and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with East Timor 's Dili ). Officially,
5244-487: Is strategic and thriving, mentioning pepper from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles. The harbour area became known as Sunda Kelapa ( Sundanese : ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from Malacca , arrived in 1513 while looking for
5382-483: Is the de jure capital and largest city of Indonesia . Lying on the northwest coast of Java , the world's most populous island , Jakarta is the largest metropole in Southeast Asia and serves as the diplomatic capital of ASEAN . The Special Capital Region has a status equivalent to that of a province and is bordered by two other provinces: West Java to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it
5520-407: Is the largest subset in Jakarta. Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists. Minang merchants are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen. Indonesian is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak Dutch or Chinese , depending on their upbringing. English
5658-420: Is the list of names used during its existence: The Buni people is a prehistoric clay pottery culture that flourished in coastal northern West Java , Jakarta, and Banten around 400 BC to 100 AD and survived until 500 AD. Sundapura are the earliest Sundanese records in the western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal West Java , which corresponds to today modern Jakarta ,
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5796-504: Is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615. When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of Jan Pieterszoon Coen . The Dutch burned
5934-492: Is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025. In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from Ciliwung River to Cisadane River to ease flooding in
6072-806: Is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta. Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as Betawi , Javanese , and Sundanese . The Betawi language is distinct from those of the Sundanese or Javanese , forming itself as a language island in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East Malay dialect and enriched by loan words from Dutch , Portuguese , Sundanese , Javanese , Chinese , and Arabic . Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan slang and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It
6210-448: The 1997 Asian financial crisis , putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President Suharto began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were shot dead at Trisakti University by security forces. Four days of riots and violence in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign. Much of
6348-538: The 2006 VVD leadership election and led the party to victory in the 2010 general election . After lengthy coalition negotiations , he became prime minister of the Netherlands. He was the first self-described liberal to be appointed prime minister in 92 years. An impasse on budget negotiations led to his government's early collapse in April 2012, but the VVD's victory in the subsequent election allowed Rutte to return as prime minister to lead his second cabinet between
6486-519: The British prime minister or the German chancellor . This is mainly because, historically, all Dutch ministers used to be responsible to the monarch (also true of prime ministers in other countries); ministers took turns to fill the position of prime minister, and in the role had little if any control over the other ministers. The prime minister's role gained importance when ministers became responsible to
6624-597: The Dutch Golden Age (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the Jakarta Old Town and Central Jakarta . Architects such as J.C. Schultze and Eduard Cuypers designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include Jakarta Art Building ,
6762-683: The Dutch Intelligence and Security Services Act referendum was held, which resulted in a rejection. In July of that same year, Rutte became a topic in international news by interrupting and explicitly contradicting the American president Donald Trump during a meeting with the press at the Oval Office in the White House , which was considered to be "typical Dutch bluntness". At the 2019 provincial elections , Rutte's VVD suffered
6900-470: The Dutch childcare benefits scandal , the VVD would go on to win the 2021 general election . Rutte began his fourth term in 2022 after another record-length formation period. On 7 July 2023, he announced his government's resignation after the cabinet failed to agree on how to handle migration . Rutte IV would continue on as an outgoing cabinet, fulfilling a caretaker function and keeping the nation running until
7038-507: The Dutch higher education system more competitive internationally, by trying to make it more market oriented (improving the position of students as consumers in the market for education). Rutte resigned from his position in government in June 2006 to return to the House of Representatives , and he soon became the parliamentary leader of the VVD. After the resignation of Jozias van Aartsen and
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#17327839601037176-707: The European Council every six months and maintaining bilateral contacts. The prime minister's office has since the 1980s been an octagonal tower, named "The Little Tower" ( Torentje ), in the Binnenhof in The Hague . The official residence (which is only used for official functions) is the Catshuis ; the last prime minister to live in the Catshuis was Dries van Agt . During his tenure, Mark Rutte lived in
7314-693: The Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 was shot down in Ukraine with 193 Dutch nationals aboard. In April 2016, Rutte was appointed by United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon and President of the World Bank Group Jim Yong Kim to the High-Level Panel on Water. Co-chaired by Mauritius President Ameenah Gurib and Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto , the joint UN-WBG panel was set up to accelerate
7452-558: The Russian invasion of Ukraine and tried to persuade China , which provided Russia with diplomatic cover and economic support through trade , to exert its influence on Russia. Rutte said that "this is a direct security threat for us, because if Russia will be successful in Ukraine, it will be a threat to the whole of Europe. It will not end with Ukraine." On 14 April 2024, Rutte condemned the Iranian strikes against Israel and reiterated
7590-405: The Schoof cabinet was sworn in on 2 July 2024. Due to his ability to come out of political scandals with an untarnished reputation, Rutte has been referred to as Teflon Mark . He has been described as ideologically flexible and pragmatic, willing to accommodate a broad range of political factions in order to address issues. Rutte was born in The Hague , in the province of South Holland , to
7728-488: The prime minister of the Netherlands from 2010 to 2024, and as the leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 2006 to 2023. Serving a total of almost 14 years, Rutte is the longest-serving prime minister in Dutch history. After originally embarking on a business management career working for Unilever , Rutte entered national politics in 2002 as a member of Jan Peter Balkenende 's cabinets. Rutte won
7866-401: The rule of law . On 15 January 2021, the third Rutte cabinet collectively resigned after the publication of research centered around the childcare subsidies scandal in the Netherlands . Rutte offered his resignation to King Willem-Alexander , accepting responsibility for the scandal. Following the 2021 Dutch general election , Rutte's VVD party held 34 of 150 seats and was expected to form
8004-515: The top 10 of world rankings . It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or Southern Hemisphere cities. Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the Sukarno era, then completed in the Suharto era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who
8142-429: The 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate. These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by P.A.J. Moojen . After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing
8280-424: The CDA as deputy prime minister. On 14 October, Queen Beatrix formally invited Rutte to form a government, and later that day, Rutte presented his first cabinet to Parliament. The government was confirmed in office by a majority of one, and Rutte was sworn in as Prime Minister of the Netherlands, becoming the first Liberal to serve in the role since Pieter Cort van der Linden in 1918. At 43 years old, he also became
8418-493: The Chinese community in Jakarta, such as Hakka , Teochew and Cantonese . Hokkien , which is mainly from Sumatra ( Medan , Bagansiapiapi , Batam ) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in Pantai Indah Kapuk , Pluit , and Kelapa Gading , meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in Pontianak and Singkawang , are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in Tambora and Grogol Petamburan . The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while
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#17327839601038556-474: The Constitution because this distinction is "discrimination based on race". Rutte rejected the criticism, stating that a change in the law would then be necessary to be able to combat targeted fraud. Rutte later served as State Secretary for Higher Education and Science within the Education, Culture and Science Ministry in the Second Balkenende Cabinet from 17 June 2004 to 27 June 2006, replacing Annette Nijs . In office, Rutte showed particular interest in making
8694-462: The Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , and therefore also deals with matters affecting the other countries Aruba , Curaçao , and Sint Maarten in the kingdom. The independent cabinets of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten also have their own prime ministers: Evelyn Wever-Croes ( Prime Minister of Aruba ), Gilmar Pisas ( Prime Minister of Curaçao ), and Luc Mercelina ( Prime Minister of Sint Maarten ). The Council of Ministers of
8832-416: The EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following
8970-460: The House of Representatives, thus largely eliminated royal influence on the process. It usually takes several months of negotiations before a formateur is ready to accept a formal royal invitation to form a government. The monarch then appoints the ministers and state secretaries (junior ministers), who then resign their seats in the House or other job if appointed without being a representative. The second largest coalition parties usually provides
9108-479: The House of Representatives; no party has done so since 1900. Hence, Dutch governments are always coalitions between two or more parties. Following the most recent elections, the House appointed a "scout" to seek advice on how to interpret the election results (a role coordinated by the monarch prior to 2012). On the basis of this advice, the House appoints an informateur to check on prospective coalitions and lead negotiations between potential partners. If successful,
9246-452: The House then appoints a formateur , who concludes the talks between the members of the prospective coalition. The formateur is almost always the leader of the largest party in the prospective coalition, and thus de facto prime minister-designate. Prior to 2012, the monarch had a considerable role in this process in particular during the initial phases and the appointment of informateurs and formateurs. Reforms in 2012 pulled these tasks to
9384-406: The Indonesia Supreme Court Building and Ministry of Finance Building, while Cuypers designed Bank Indonesia Museum and Mandiri Museum . In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in Neo-Renaissance style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of rationalism and modernism , particularly art deco architecture. The elite suburb Menteng , developed during
9522-431: The Indonesian provinces in the human development index . Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher standard of living compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian archipelago , making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia . Established in
9660-402: The Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu Kingdom of Sunda . From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the Srivijaya maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, Chu-fan-chi , written circa 1225, Chou Ju-kua reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java ( Sunda ). The source says the port of Sunda
9798-525: The Japanese captured Batavia from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City ( ジャカルタ特別市 , Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi ) , under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. After World War II ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945, and
9936-463: The Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'. The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric Buni culture that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD. The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century Sundanese kingdom of Tarumanagara , one of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Indonesia. The area of North Jakarta around Tugu became
10074-498: The Java Sea. The Ciliwung River divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to flooding . Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring dyke known as Giant Sea Wall Jakarta
10212-625: The Kingdom of the Netherlands includes ministers plenipotentiary from the other countries of the kingdom. These are not included in the government of the kingdom. Jakarta Jakarta ( / dʒ ə ˈ k ɑːr t ə / ; Indonesian pronunciation: [dʒaˈkarta] , Betawi : Jakartè ), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( Indonesian : Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta , abbreviated to DKI Jakarta ) and formerly known as Batavia until 1949,
10350-589: The Netherlands ( Dutch : Minister-president van Nederland ) is the head of the executive branch of the Government of the Netherlands . Although the monarch is the de jure head of government , the prime minister de facto occupies this role as the officeholder chairs the Council of Ministers and coordinates its policy with the rest of the cabinet . In his role as the de facto head of government,
10488-480: The Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces ( Ruang Terbuka Hijau ), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces. There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019. As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported
10626-480: The U.S., Japan, and the Netherlands reached an agreement to limit certain advanced chip exports to China . Accordingly, the Dutch government placed restrictions on chip exports in March 2023 in order to protect national security. This measure affected the Dutch multinational ASML , one of the most important companies in the global microchip supply chain. In January 2024, the Dutch government placed further restrictions on
10764-619: The VVD and from national politics in general, after the installation of the next government. While serving as outgoing prime minister, Rutte he condemned the Hamas attack on Israel on 7 October 2023 and expressed his support to Israel and its right to self-defense. He would go on to visit Israel later that same month to express solidarity with the country, meeting Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu in Jerusalem. He rejected calls for
10902-510: The VVD and the Labour Party (PvdA), which became the first cabinet to complete a full four-year term since 1998. Though the VVD lost seats in the 2017 general election , it remained the largest party. After a record-length formation period, Rutte was appointed to lead his third cabinet between the VVD, Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), Democrats 66 (D66) and Christian Union (CU). Though Rutte and his cabinet resigned in response to
11040-698: The VVD now under the leadership of Dilan Yeşilgöz . In February 2024, Rutte visited Saudi Arabia and spoke with the Saudi crown prince Mohammed bin Salman about "broad cooperation". He would travel to Paris on the 26th of February, where Emmanuel Macron was hosting an emergency summit concerning the situation in Ukraine , which had suffered the loss of Avdiivka due to a lack of available ammunition. Czech PM Petr Fiala proposed to purchase 500,000 rounds of artillery ammunition for Volodymyr Zelensky 's forces. This
11178-506: The architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood ( Artocarpus integrifolia ) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional Javanese joglo . Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased. Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods:
11316-630: The area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km (2,694 sq mi) of sea area. The Thousand Islands , which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. Jakarta lies in a low and flat alluvial plain , ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) above sea level with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of
11454-471: The arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family, — and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty. Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta. The boom ended with
11592-432: The basis of his external characteristics, after which he refused the investigators access to his home. The Municipal Executive ( College van burgemeester en wethouders ) of Haarlem decided to withdraw his right to social benefits. He disagreed with this and his appeal was upheld by the administrative judge. The court ruled that "an investigation aimed exclusively at persons of Somali descent is discriminatory" and contrary to
11730-413: The cabinet meeting when the prime minister is not present. In the current Schoof cabinet , Fleur Agema chairs those meetings as first deputy prime minister of the Netherlands , with the other deputies being Sophie Hermans , Eddy van Hijum , and Mona Keijzer . The oldest member of the cabinet chairs the meeting when the prime minister and all deputies are absent. The prime minister is also chairman of
11868-566: The capital city. The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the National Monument ( Monumen Nasional or Monas ) in the centre of Merdeka Square . On its southwest corner stands a Mahabharata -themed Arjuna Wijaya chariot statue and fountain. Further south through Jalan M.H. Thamrin , one of the main avenues, the Selamat Datang monument stands on
12006-455: The city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area. Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are Ciliwung River , Kalibaru, Pesanggrahan , Cipinang , Angke , Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, Sunter River and Grogol River . They flow from the Puncak highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards
12144-532: The city's legislative body. During the Jokowi presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to Nusantara after 17 August 2024, but this has not occurred due to delays. Between 2016 and 2017 , a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of Islamic State . Jakarta covers 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi),
12282-606: The city. Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows. In 2023, the New York Times reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually. Environmental advocates point out that subsidence
12420-469: The driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in). Every year faces recurring issues, such as floods and thunderstorms . A cyclonic vortex leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting
12558-407: The dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality. Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences. External influences inform
12696-844: The fountain in the centre of the Hotel Indonesia roundabout . Other landmarks include the Istiqlal Mosque , Jakarta Cathedral , and the Immanuel Church . The former Batavia Stadhuis , Sunda Kelapa port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The Autograph Tower in Central Jakarta , at 382.9 metres is the tallest building in Indonesia . The most recent landmark built is the Jakarta International Stadium . Some of
12834-530: The fourth century as Sunda Kelapa , the city became an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom . At one time, it was the de facto capital of the Dutch East Indies , when it was known as Batavia . Jakarta was officially a city within West Java until 1960 when its official status was changed to a province with special capital region distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one administrative regency . Jakarta
12972-603: The fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta. It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families. A significant Chinese community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as Pinangsia , PIK , Pluit and Glodok (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in
13110-666: The government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the Indonesian National Revolution , Indonesian Republicans withdrew from Allied -occupied Jakarta and established their capital in Yogyakarta . After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950. With Jakarta selected to host the 1962 Asian Games , Sukarno , envisaging Jakarta as
13248-415: The government on 21 April, stating that the proposed budget would hurt economic growth. This led to the early collapse of the government and Rutte submitting his resignation to Queen Beatrix on the afternoon of 23 April. His government had lasted for 558 days, making it one of the shortest Dutch cabinets since World War II. Ahead of the 2012 general election , Rutte was named the VVD's lead candidate for
13386-551: The greater Jakarta area. Jakarta experiences a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen : Am ) as classified by the system. The city's wet season spans most of the year, from October to May. The dry season lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while
13524-557: The heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December. Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while
13662-415: The highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F). Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta. Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs. The Ministry of Home Affairs ( Kemendagri ) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in
13800-522: The implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) . That month also saw the 2016 Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum , which resulted in a rejection. In November of 2016 the House of Representatives approved a ban on the Islamic burqa in some public spaces including schools and hospitals by 132 votes against 18, which the VVD supported. Rutte's second cabinet completed its full four-year term without collapsing or losing
13938-530: The initiative. A change of the rules of procedure of the cabinet in July 2008 allowed the prime minister to manage costs of the Royal House across departments, to make one department in control of cost of the Royal House which are covered by several ministries. Although the prime minister is the leading Dutch political figure and holder of the de facto highest office, they are not as powerful as, for example,
14076-418: The last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021. Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%. The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates. The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while
14214-616: The last holdouts of Turkey, Hungary, Slovakia, and Romania in the months thereafter, with his only opponent, Romanian president Klaus Iohannis , dropping out a week before his official appointment on 26 June 2024. Rutte is single. He is a member of the Dutch Protestant Church . While he was prime minister, Rutte taught social studies on Thursday mornings at the Johan de Witt College, a secondary school in The Hague. Rutte
14352-545: The mayor of Rotterdam and Ed Nijpels , the Queen's Commissioner of Friesland . The Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy , the VVD's youth wing of which Rutte had previously been chair, also backed him. During the elections he promised "to make the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy a party for everyone and not just of the elite". For the 2006 general election , the VVD campaign with Rutte as leader did not get off to
14490-490: The memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The National Monument in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as Senayan Sports Stadium . The parliament building features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts. Built-in 1996, Wisma 46 soars to
14628-514: The necessity for sanctions against Iran . Rutte stated that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) should be added to the EU's terrorism blacklist . Rutte's government authorized Ukraine to use Dutch-supplied F-16 fighters to strike targets inside Russia in May. Rutte attended the June 2024 Ukraine peace summit , interpreting Putin's proposal for peace talks near the end of this summit as
14766-456: The old Chinatowns of Senen and Jatinegara . As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported; this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 Batak ; 300,960 Minangkabau and 101,370 Malays lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. Toba Batak
14904-411: The old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs. They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent. Most Betawis lived in
15042-428: The parliament, and the position became mostly reserved for the leader of the biggest political party in the House of Representatives . Still, because the position holds limited powers compared to its equivalent in other neighboring parliamentary democracies, the prime minister's role is described as primus inter pares ("first among equals"). Following the constitutional review of 1983, the position of prime minister
15180-458: The parties failed to reach an agreement and unanimously decided that they could not continue working together within the coalition. Following this, Rutte immediately offered the resignation of his government. The king asked that the prime minister and his goverment "continue to carry out the duties they consider necessary to the interests of the Kingdom in a caretaker capacity". Three days later, Rutte announced his departure both as political leader of
15318-447: The party's parliamentary faction on 13 September 2007. In the 2010 general election , Rutte was once again the lead candidate for the VVD. It won 31 seats and, for the first time ever, became the largest party in the House of Representatives. The lengthy 2010 cabinet formation followed, with several personalities succeeding each other, being appointed by Queen Beatrix in order to find out what coalition could be formed. Efforts to form
15456-456: The planned city of Nusantara , in the province of East Kalimantan on the island of Borneo . The MPR approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$ 40 billion, which is more than the cost to build Nusantara , to save the city in the next decade. Jakarta has been home to multiple settlements . Below
15594-404: The population of Greater Jakarta rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million, with a population density of 15,174 people/km . In 2014, the population of Greater Jakarta was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population. It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become
15732-399: The port. The Koningsplein , now Merdeka Square was completed in 1818, the housing park of Menteng was started in 1913, and Kebayoran Baru was the last Dutch-built residential area. By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants, including 37,067 Europeans. The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern Jatinegara . On 5 March 1942,
15870-622: The prime minister (article 48). The Council of Ministers is no longer attended by the king. The prime minister chairs the weekly meetings of the Council of Ministers and has the power to set the agenda of these meetings. The prime minister is also Minister of General Affairs ( Minister van Algemene Zaken ), which takes an important role in coordinating policy and is responsible for the Government Information Service (Dutch: Rijksvoorlichtingsdienst ). The prime minister
16008-408: The prime minister also represents the Netherlands in the European Council . Fourty-three men has served in the position. The current prime minister, Dick Schoof , has been in the position since 2 July 2024, with his cabinet being sworn in on the same day. Gradually the prime minister became an official function of government leader, taken by the political leader of the largest party. Since 1845,
16146-404: The right wing coalition. In 1983 the function of prime minister was laid down in the constitution. The position of the prime minister has been reinforced by the creation of the European Council . In November 2006, the rules of procedure of the council of ministers was changed to allow the prime minister to put any item on the agenda of the council and no longer have to wait for a minister to take
16284-482: The rioting targeted Chinese Indonesians . In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiyah -connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005, with another in 2009 . In August 2007, Jakarta held its first-ever election to choose a governor as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by
16422-554: The role of the first minister is relevant. In that year the Constitution of the Netherlands was amended to make ministers responsible to the States General and no longer responsible to the king, who acted as the leader of cabinet. Until 1901, the position chair of the Council of Ministers officially rotated between ministers. Between 1901 and 1945, the position formally still rotated, but prominent politicians could claim
16560-433: The rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta. Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle
16698-562: The second-youngest prime minister in Dutch history, after Ruud Lubbers . After a victory in the 2011 provincial elections , the VVD secured its status as the lead party within the government. In March 2012, seeking to comply with requirements from the European Union to reduce the nation's deficit, Rutte began talks with his coalition partners on a budget which would cut 16 billion euros of government spending. However, PVV leader Geert Wilders withdrew his party's informal support from
16836-421: The senior Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands . If there are more parties in the coalition, generally they also each appoint one of their ministers to deputy prime ministers. The king appoints deputy prime ministers . Conventionally, all of the junior partners in the coalition get one deputy prime minister ; they are ranked according to the size of their respective parties. The senior deputy present chairs
16974-441: The shipment of some advanced chip-making equipment to China, though on 27 March 2024, Chinese president Xi Jinping told Rutte that "no force can stop the pace of China’s scientific and technological progress". Different stances on immigration policy within his four-party coalition had existed since the coalition government was formed. VVD and CDA supported restrictions on immigration, while D66 and CU opposed them. On 7 July 2023,
17112-423: The smallest among any Indonesian provinces . However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of West Java and Banten . The Greater Jakarta area includes three bordering regencies ( Bekasi Regency , Tangerang Regency and Bogor Regency ) and five adjacent cities ( Bogor , Depok , Bekasi , Tangerang and South Tangerang ). Jakarta
17250-423: The smallest area of any Indonesian province , its metropolitan area covers 7,076.31 km (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of Bogor , Depok , Tangerang , South Tangerang , and Bekasi , and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022 , making it the largest urban area in Indonesia and the second-largest in the world (after Tokyo ). Jakarta ranks first among
17388-796: The statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the West Irian Liberation Monument , the Tugu Tani , the Youth statue , and the Dirgantara Monument . Some statues commemorate Indonesian national heroes , such as the Diponegoro and Kartini statues in Merdeka Square. The Sudirman and Thamrin statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of Sukarno and Hatta at
17526-601: The third time. At the election in September, the VVD won an additional 10 seats, remaining the largest party in the House of Representatives; the CDA and PVV saw their number of seats fall significantly. The VVD quickly negotiated a coalition agreement with the Labour Party and Rutte returned as prime minister of the Second Rutte cabinet on 5 November 2012. In 2014, The Hague hosted a Group of Seven special meeting after
17664-537: The word Jayakarta ( Devanagari : जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the Sanskrit जय jaya (victorious), and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired), thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of Fatahillah which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'. Tomé Pires ,
17802-540: The world's biggest megacity . The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010, and 101.3 in 2014. Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were Javanese , 28.29% Betawi (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% Sundanese , 6.62% Chinese , 3.42% Batak , 2.85% Minangkabau , 0.96% Malays , Indo and others 7.06%. The ' Betawi ' ( Orang Betawi , or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of
17940-516: Was a member of the national board of the VVD. Rutte served as State Secretary (i.e. Deputy Minister) at the Social Affairs and Employment Ministry from 22 July 2002 to 17 June 2004 in the First and Second Balkenende cabinets and was responsible for fields including bijstand ( municipal welfare ) and arbeidsomstandigheden ( Occupational safety and health ). After the 2003 elections Rutte
18078-553: Was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the National Monument , Istiqlal mosque , the Legislature Building , and the Gelora Bung Karno stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in
18216-508: Was briefly also a member of the House of Representatives , from 30 January to 27 May 2003. During his time as State Secretary in 2003, Rutte advised municipalities to check Somali residents for social assistance fraud, after a number of Somalis who were working in England were found to be receiving social assistance benefits in the Netherlands as well. A Somali man entitled to benefits was stopped by social investigators and checked for fraud on
18354-496: Was formalised in the Dutch Constitution for the first time. According to the Constitution of the Netherlands , the Government is constituted by the king and the ministers. The Constitution stipulates that the prime minister chairs the Council of Ministers (article 45) and is appointed by royal decree (article 43). The royal decree of their own appointment and those of the other ministers are to be countersigned by
18492-432: Was not considered a plausible excuse by other ministers. The scandal also damaged his campaign promises and the coalition accords, which stated that the cabinet wished to restore peoples faith in politics, create a new governance culture and "improve the information provided to the House". The latter of these concerned measures including a modernisation of the archival law and faster information availability. In January 2023,
18630-478: Was separated from West Java) Banten to the west. Its coastline faces the Java Sea to the north, and it shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. Jakarta's metropolitan area is ASEAN's second largest economy after Singapore . In 2023, the city's GDP PPP was estimated at US$ 724.010 billion. Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km (255.30 sq mi) and thus has
18768-427: Was the longest such period in Dutch history. The coalition agreement contained a plan to abolish the 15% dividend tax (providing the state €1.4 billion per year), which proved highly unpopular as it had not been mentioned in any of the coalition party's programs, and it later appeared that major Dutch companies like Shell and Unilever had secretly been lobbying for the inclusion of this measure. On 21 March 2018,
18906-488: Was the second time in one month the Czech government had aired the matter. The French had previously vetoed the idea to purchase the ammunition from foreign sources. On behalf of his government, Rutte announced that they would provide €100 million for this purpose. On 1 March Rutte increased the commitment to €250 million for Fiala's venture, as he went to Kharkiv to tour an underground metro station that had been repurposed into
19044-502: Was to attend a conservatory and become a concert pianist, he instead went to study history at Leiden University , where he obtained an MA degree in 1992. Rutte combined his studies with a position on the board of the Youth Organisation Freedom and Democracy , the youth organisation of the VVD, and served as chair of the organisation from 1988 to 1991. After his studies Rutte entered the business world, working as
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