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35-510: The early explorer Louis Hennepin is credited with being the first European to lay eyes upon the Rum. He was taken to see it during the spring of 1680, while under the captivity of a party of Dakota. He referred to it as the St. Francis river in his published journals, although obviously the name didn't stick. The current river bearing the name St. Francis River , located 12 miles west of the Rum, parallels

70-686: A basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan Pope Sixtus IV , who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. Julius II succeeded in doing away with some of

105-875: A body of regulations known as the Rule of St Francis. These are: The Order of Friars Minor, known as the "Observants", most commonly simply called Franciscan friars , official name: "Friars Minor" (OFM). According to the 2013 Annuario Pontificio , the OFM has 2,212 communities; 14,123 members; 9,735 priests The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin or simply Capuchins , official name: "Friars Minor Capuchin" (OFM Cap). it has 1,633 communities; 10,786 members; 7,057 priests The Conventual Franciscans or Minorites , official name: "Friars Minor Conventual" (OFM Conv). It has 667 communities; 4,289 members; 2,921 priests A sermon on Mt 10:9 which Francis heard in 1209 made such an impression on him that he decided to fully devote himself to

140-731: A fictitious story of Fr. Hennepin and his leap from the Hennepin Avenue Bridge over the Mississippi River . Order of Friars Minor The Order of Friars Minor (commonly called the Franciscans , the Franciscan Order , or the Seraphic Order ; postnominal abbreviation O.F.M. ) is a mendicant Catholic religious order , founded in 1209 by Francis of Assisi . The order adheres to

175-513: A life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the Evangelical precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance. The mendicant orders had long been exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop, and enjoyed (as distinguished from the secular clergy) unrestricted freedom to preach and hear confessions in the churches connected with their monasteries. This had led to endless friction and open quarrels between

210-613: A major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions. The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the Observant branch (postnominal abbreviation OFM Obs.), is one of the three Franciscan First Orders within the Catholic Church , the others being the Capuchins (postnominal abbreviation OFM Cap.) and Conventuals (postnominal abbreviation OFM Conv). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form,

245-643: A treaty boundary separating the Dakota from the Ojibwe . In Princeton, Minnesota , the Rum divides between the Main Branch and the West Branch. When Mille Lacs County, Minnesota was created from Benton County, Minnesota , the West Branch of the Rum served as the counties' boundary. Today, Mille Lacs County's western boundary instead follows the public land survey line. The Bogus Brook, which flows into

280-537: Is recorded as Rivière de S. François ou des Nadouessioux (St. Francis or Sioux River). On the 1733 Henry Popple map, the Rum River is shown as R. Nendivaocanton . Upham notes that both Carver in 1766 and Pike in 1805 found the name "Rum River" in use by English-speaking fur traders. However, the 1778 Mitchell Map by John Mitchell records the river as Fiume del Lago (River of the Lake), with Samuel Mitchell reproducing

315-632: Is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller Franciscan orders (e.g. Alcantarines , Recollects , Reformanti , etc.), completed in 1897 by Pope Leo XIII . The Capuchin and Conventual remain distinct religious institutes within the Catholic Church, observing the Rule of Saint Francis with different emphases. Franciscans are sometimes referred to as minorites or greyfriars because of their habit . In Poland and Lithuania they are known as Bernardines , after Bernardino of Siena , although

350-873: The Mdewakanton Dakota (see Dakota ) tribe. Though Watpa waḳaŋ (Spirit(ual)/Mystic River) in the Dakota language , by the late 18th-century Europeans interpreted the Mdewakanton Dakota name for the river not as "Spirit" denoting a mystical force, but instead as "spirit" denoting alcohol and ever since it has been known as the Rum River. 45°11′24″N 93°23′25″W  /  45.1900°N 93.3903°W  / 45.1900; -93.3903 Louis Hennepin Louis Hennepin , OFM (born Antoine Hennepin ; French pronunciation: [lwi ɛnpɛ̃] ; 12 May 1626 – 5 December 1704)

385-554: The Mississippi River . The party followed the Illinois River to its junction with the Mississippi. Shortly thereafter, Hennepin was captured by a Sioux war party and carried off for a time into what is now the state of Minnesota . In September 1680, thanks to Daniel Greysolon, Sieur Du Lhut , Hennepin and the others were given canoes and allowed to leave, eventually returning to Quebec. Hennepin returned to France and

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420-592: The Rum River, was known to have been a refuge for moonshiners during Prohibition . The Dakota name for the river is Watpa waḳaŋ (Spirit(ual)/Mystic River), after Mille Lacs Lake ( Mde waḳaŋ , Spirit(ual)/Mystic Lake). In 1702, d'Isle's map recorded the name of the river as Riviere des Mendeoüacanton (River of the Mdewakanton ). On the "Carte représentant le Messisipi entre le 49e d. et le 42e d. ou aboutit la rivière Wisconsing lac Supérieure, lac des Illinois et lac Alemepigon " map (c. 1730) , Rum River

455-609: The authority of the Minister General of the Order, a member of the Observant branch, but were allowed their distinct practices. They included: A difference of opinion developed in the community concerning the interpretation of the rule regarding property. The Observants held to a strict interpretation that the friars may not hold any property either individually nor communally. The literal and unconditional observance of this

490-552: The erroneous statements are in fact interpolations by other persons. The weight of the evidence is however adverse to such a theory. Places named after Hennepin are found in the United States and Canada : Illinois : Michigan : Minnesota : Missouri : New York : Niagara Falls, Ontario : The final track on the 2006 album 13 by Brian Setzer is entitled "The Hennepin Avenue Bridge." Its lyrics tell

525-410: The flow of the Rum. The Rum River makes a sharp turn southward at Cambridge, Minnesota . During the spring floods, the Rum River forces itself through a wetland complex west of Cambridge as the sharp bend constricts the river's floodwaters . In the 1825 First Treaty of Prairie du Chien , the outlet of this natural diversion channel located near Isanti, Minnesota , known as "Choking Creek", became

560-571: The groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to the Observants, and the right to elect the Minister General of the Order , together with the seal of the order, was given to the group united under the Observants. This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited

595-524: The lake of its origin ( Misi-zaaga'igani-ziibi , Grand Lake River) and the other reflecting the English ( Ishkodewaaboo-ziibi , Fire-water River). Due to changes in the Dakota language, two slightly varying river's name appears as well: Watpa waḳaŋ representing the historically recorded name, and Wakpa waḳaŋ reflecting the current name. The current English name is a mistranslation of the one given to it by

630-483: The map in 1880, with the river recorded as Lake R. ; Mille Lacs Lake, though, was recorded in the reproduction as Red Lake or Mustiacalsan (" Mustiacalsan " being a mis-recording of " Miſsiſacaigon "). Henry Schoolcraft in his Narratives in 1820 records the Rum River by its Ojibwe name Missisawgaiegon . By 1832, Tanner's map recorded the name of the river as Missisagaigon or Rum River . Today, two different Ojibwe names can be found for this river: one indicating

665-735: The only natural waterfall on the Mississippi River . In 1683, he published a book about Niagara Falls called A New Discovery . The Regionalist painter Thomas Hart Benton created a mural, "Father Hennepin at Niagara Falls" for the New York Power Authority at Lewiston, New York . Hennepin authored: The truth of much of Hennepin's accounts has been called into question—or flatly denied—notably by American historian Francis Parkman (Parkman has also been accused of bias, etc.). Hennepin has been denounced by many historians and historical critics as an arrant falsifier. Certain writers have sought to repel this charge by claiming that

700-421: The pope disallowed ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of Jesus Christ . Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while boarding in church properties. The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained

735-452: The reformed congregations and annexed them to the Observants; it then declared the Observants an independent order, and separated them completely from the Conventuals. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this usus moderatus , were held strictly to their own usus arctus or pauper . All of

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770-552: The smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by Leo X , after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform movement of the Fifth Lateran Council , had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. Leo X summoned on 11 July 1516 a general chapter to meet at Rome on the feast of Pentecost 31 May 1517. This chapter suppressed all

805-580: The social ladder to the maiorum (nobles, first class citizens). After a life of conversion, the name of his brotherhood (Order of Second-Class Brothers) indicates his coming to an appreciation of his social condition on behalf of those who have no class or citizenship in society. The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises several separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own Minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to

840-534: The strict observance of the rule. Pope Martin V , in the Brief Ad statum of 23 August 1430, allowed the Conventuals to hold property like all other orders. Projects for a union between the two main branches of the order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of Pope Martin V , John of Capistrano drew up statutes which were to serve as

875-532: The teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as Clare of Assisi , Anthony of Padua , and Elizabeth of Hungary , among many others. The Order of Friars Minor is the largest of the contemporary First Orders within the Franciscan movement. Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to Rome to seek approval of his order from Pope Innocent III in 1209. The original Rule of Saint Francis approved by

910-526: The term elsewhere refers rather to Cistercians . The "Order of Friars Minor" are commonly called simply the " Franciscans ". This Order is a mendicant religious order of men that traces its origin to Francis of Assisi. Their official Latin name is the Ordo Fratrum Minorum Which is the name Francis gave his brotherhood. Having been born among the minorum (serfs, second class citizens), before his conversion, he aspired to move up

945-815: The title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative. In 1875, the Kulturkampf expelled the majority of the German Franciscans, most of whom settled in North America. The habit has been gradually changed in colour and certain other details. Its colour, which

980-513: The two divisions of the clergy. This question was definitively settled by the Council of Trent . Amid numerous dissensions in the 14th century, a number of separate observances sprang up, almost like sects (to say nothing of the heretical parties of the Beghards and Fraticelli ), some of which developed within the order on both hermit and cenobitic principles. They all operated generally under

1015-524: The western part of New France. Hennepin departed in 1679 with La Salle from Quebec City to construct the 45-ton barque Le Griffon , sail through the Great Lakes , and explore the unknown West. Hennepin was with La Salle at the construction of Fort Crevecoeur (near present-day Peoria, Illinois ) in January 1680. In February, La Salle sent Hennepin and two others as an advance party to search for

1050-644: Was a Belgian Catholic priest and missionary best known for his activities in North America . A member of the Recollects , a minor branch of the Franciscans , he travelled to New France and proselytised to several Native American tribes . Antoine Hennepin was born in Ath in the Spanish Netherlands (present-day Hainaut, Belgium ). In 1659, while he was living in the town of Béthune , it

1085-630: Was also briefly an army chaplain. At the request of Louis XIV, the Récollets sent four missionaries to New France in May 1675, including Hennepin, accompanied by René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle . In 1676 Hennepin went to the Indian mission at Fort Frontenac , and from there to the Mohawks. In 1678, Hennepin was ordered by his provincial superior to accompany La Salle on an expedition to explore

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1120-592: Was at first grey or a medium brown, is now a dark brown. The dress, which consists of a loose-sleeved gown, is confined by a white cord, from which is hung, since the fifteenth century, the Seraphic Rosary with its seven decades. Sandals are substituted for shoes. Around the neck and over the shoulders hangs the cowl. The habit of referring to the Francisans as Cordeliers in France is said to date back to

1155-640: Was captured by the army of Louis XIV of France . Henri Joulet, who accompanied Hennepin and wrote his own journal of their travels, called Hennepin a Fleming (a native of Flanders ), although Ath was and still is a Romance-speaking area found in present-day Wallonia. Hennepin joined the Franciscans, and preached in Halles (Belgium) and in Artois . He was then put in charge of a hospital in Maestricht . He

1190-548: Was never allowed by his order to return to North America . Local historians credit the Franciscan Récollet friar as the first European to step ashore at the site of present-day Hannibal, Missouri . Two great waterfalls were brought to Europe's attention by Hennepin: Niagara Falls , with the most voluminous flow of any in North America, and the Saint Anthony Falls in what is now Minneapolis ,

1225-528: Was rendered impracticable by the great expansion of the order, its pursuit of learning, and the accumulated property of the large cloisters in the towns. Regulations were drafted by which all alms donated were held by custodians appointed by the Holy See, who would make distributions upon request. It was John XXII who had introduced Conventualism in the sense of community of goods, income, and property as in other religious orders, in contradiction to Observantism or

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