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66-512: There are two common theories about the origin of rummy, attributing its origins in either Mexico or China in the nineteenth century. The first is that it originated in Mexico around the 1890s in a game described as Conquian in R.F. Foster's book Foster's Complete Hoyle , which was played with a 40 card Spanish deck and had melding mechanics. The second is that Rummy originated in Asia, and that Rummy

132-484: A tax on local manufacture of cards. Until August 4, 1960, decks of playing cards printed and sold in the United Kingdom were liable for taxable duty and the ace of spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards. The packs were also sealed with a government duty wrapper. Historically the size of playing cards was down to the printer, but during

198-518: A bonus for winning. Some special or difficult melds may also give extra points to a hand. A player may have a negative score if unmelded cards total more than melded ones. Usually play continues until one player passes a threshold, for example 1,000 points. There are many variations of Rummy, but most build on a common set of features found in the basic game, called Basic Rummy or Straight Rummy . The following rules follow Parlett (2008) unless otherwise stated. Standard packs of 52 cards are used: one

264-410: A colourful or complex pattern, is exactly identical on all playing cards, thus ensuring the anonymity and fungibility of the cards when their value is to be kept secret, and a second side, that, when apparent, is unique to every individual card in a deck, usually bearing a suit as well as a alphanumerical value, which may be used to distinguish the card in game mechanics. In English-speaking countries it

330-497: A distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small. The standard French-suited pack uses black for the spades and clubs, and red for the hearts and diamonds. However, some packs use four colours for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart. There are several schemes: a common one is the English Poker format with black spades ( ♠ ), red hearts ( ♥ ), blue diamonds ( ♦ ), and green clubs ( ♣ ). Another common system

396-454: A few variations of rummy, other patterns may be allowed. In some variations the melds (sets and runs) must be 3 or 4 cards, while other variations allow larger melds through the use of longer runs, for example: 8 ♠   9 ♠   10 ♠   J ♠   Q ♠ or, if multiple decks or wild cards are used, 5 ♦   5 ♣   5 ♥   5 ♠   J or Q ♥   Q ♦   Q ♣   J . Wild cards (such as

462-450: A joker) may be used to represent any card in a meld. The number of wild cards in a meld may be restricted. Depending on the variation of the game, players take turns adding and shedding cards from their hands. There are numerous and quite different ways of doing this though it usually involves picking a card from the stock and discarding a card to the discard pile. In some variations melds are revealed to all players by placing them face up on

528-628: A machine to check the ranks of cards, or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via an inlaid mirror. Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of just two. Some modern decks have bar code markings on the edge of the face to enable them to be sorted by machine (for playing duplicate bridge, especially simultaneous events where the same hands may be played at many different venues). Some decks have large indices for clarity. These are sometimes sold as 'seniors' cards for older people with limited eyesight, but may also be used in games like stud poker , where being able to read cards from

594-633: A medium size (usually 67 × 42 mm or 2.6 × 1.7 in) and a miniature size (typically 45 × 32 mm or 1.8 × 1.3 in). These are often intended for playing patience or solitaire games. Larger 'jumbo' cards are produced for card tricks and those with poor eyesight. The thickness and weight of modern playing cards are subject to numerous variables related to their purpose of use and associated material design for durability, stiffness, texture and appearance. Some decks include additional design elements. Casino blackjack decks may include markings intended for

660-427: A minimal number of points or cards in their unmelded hands. Canasta games usually involve partnerships using two or more decks with many wild cards. There are many rules and restrictions on first melds, final melds and taking the deck. Seven or eight of a kinds (canasta) score high. In knock rummy, players usually reveal their entire hand at the end of the game. In most variations, a player may signal (through knock or

726-440: A player lay off a card to replace it by themselves or their opponent. Jokers are not counted during the scoring. In other variations, such as rummy 500 and treppenrommé , discards are placed so that all the cards are visible. At the beginning of the turn, a player may take any card from the discard pile, so long as all the cards on top of it are also picked up, and the last card picked up is played immediately. If only picking up

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792-428: A player may "borrow" cards from his or her other melds to help create new ones, provided that those thereby depleted are not reduced to less than valid three-card melds. After melding, the player's discard becomes available to the opponent, who may then either meld it or turn it down and make the next draw. A player who declines a faced card that can legally be added to one of that player's existing melds, must meld it if

858-403: A player must get 11 cards down, not meld 10 and discard one at the end. Second, the player can only lay off a discard to the opponent's melds. Third, cards drawn from stock must be shown and either melded or discarded again. Fourth, cards may be borrowed from one meld and used to another provided both have been melded by the same player. The winner is the first to meld 11 cards on his or her side of

924-559: A run, as in the following meld: Q-K-A-2. There are a large number of games derived from rummy. Although in North America the word rummy is often used interchangeably for gin rummy , the term is applicable to a large family of games, including canasta , mahjong and rummikub . The most basic form where play continues until the stock is exhausted or a player achieves a specific number of points. Different cards (and melds in some games) are worth specific points. In some variations,

990-414: A set (also known as a book) or a run. A set consists of at least three cards of the same rank, for example 4 ♥   4 ♦   4 ♠ or K ♥   K ♦   K ♠   K ♣ . A run consists of at least three consecutive cards of the same suit J ♣   Q ♣   K ♣ or 4 ♥   5 ♥   6 ♥   7 ♥ . Very few variations allow runs that have mixed suits. In

1056-697: A specific kind of discard) that they have a valid hand. In some variations, the other players get one final turn before the reveal. Rummoli games use Western cards, but require a special board or modified table with various squares with specific cards drawn on them. In each round, players put tokens in the squares. If a player lays down a card matching a square, they collect the tokens therein. Most versions allow multiple players to meld straights in sequence and do not use three- or four-of-a-kinds. Some versions include poker-like elements. Several companies produce special card sets which often include special cards not seen in other rummoli variations. Some variations resemble

1122-918: A standard 52-card deck. The most popular standard pattern of the French deck is the English pattern (pictured above), sometimes referred to as the International pattern or Anglo-American pattern . The second most common is the Belgian-Genoese pattern , which was designed in France for export and spread to Spain, Italy, the Ottoman Empire, the Balkans and much of North Africa and the Middle East. There are also numerous others such as

1188-419: Is Coon-Can for two players. A single, 40-card, Spanish-suited pack was traditionally used, but a French pack may be used either without the courts or without the 8, 9 and 10. Routledge assumes a full, 52-card French pack. Players cut for the first deal and lowest cuts (Aces low) before both are dealt 10 cards each, individually and face down. The rest are placed face down to form a stock and the top card (known as

1254-494: Is based on the German suits and uses green spades ( ♠ ), yellow diamonds ( ♦ ), red hearts ( ♥ ), and black clubs ( ♣ ). When giving the full written name of a specific card, the rank is given first followed by the suit, e.g., "Seven of clubs" or "Seven of Clubs". Shorthand notation may reflect this by listing the rank first, "7♣︎"; this is common usage when discussing poker ; but it is equally common in more general sources to find

1320-400: Is dealt 9 cards in five packets of two and the remainder are placed face down as a stock. During play, cards may be melded by pairing at least three of a kind or by a straight flush sequence i.e. three to eight cards from the sequence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S C R. Thus, 1-2-3 and 6-7-S are valid, but C-R-1 is not. After the deal, the dealer turns up the top card from the remainder of the deck to begin

1386-750: Is known as an Ace . Each pip card displays the number of pips (symbols of the suit) corresponding to its number, as well as the appropriate numeral (except "A" for the Ace) in at least two corners. In addition, commercial decks often include from one to six Jokers ; most commonly two or three since the mid-20th century. The Jokers are often distinguishable from one another, either in design or colour, as some card games require these extra cards. The Jokers can also be used as replacements for lost or damaged cards. There are exactly 52! or 80,658,175,170,943,878,571,660,636,856,403,766,975,289,505,440,883,277,824,000,000,000,000 (approximately 8 × 10 ) possible arrangements of

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1452-456: Is played in East Asia with numerous variations played in different countries. Rummikub and other international tile variations have rules similar to meld and knock rummy. Conquian Conquian , Coon Can or Colonel (the two-handed version) is a rummy -style card game . David Parlett describes it as an ancestor to all modern rummy games, and a kind of proto- gin rummy . Before

1518-536: Is recorded in the 1880s in Mexico being played alongside Tuti , Malilla de Campo , Mus and Rentoy . It continued to be popular into the early 20th century, Mexican politician and military leader, Gonzalo Santos, recalling that "before the Revolution [1910–1920] we had a good life. We lived out there in Tampamolón and did nothing other than play Conquián or domino in the bars..." By 1852 it had crossed

1584-547: Is sometimes corrupted to Coon Can , Cooncan , Conquain , Councan , Conca and Cuncá , a South American variation of the game. In 19th-century Mexican literature the word is spelled cunquián or conquián , but earlier legal publications in New Mexico, in both Spanish and English, record it as conquian and Wood and Goddard state that the game was named after the Spanish "¿con quién?" - "with whom?" referring to

1650-450: Is sufficient for two or three players; four to seven may use a twin pack, which may have two different patterns on the card backs. Alternatively four to six players may play with a single pack, but with a reduced number of cards. Recently, double packs of 104 German-suited cards have been produced for the first time in centuries. Jokers are wild . The first dealer may be chosen by lot . Deal and play are clockwise. The dealer shuffles

1716-630: Is the Belgian-Genoese pattern , designed in France, but whose use spread to Spain , Italy , the Ottoman Empire , the Balkans and much of North Africa and the Middle East . In addition to those, there are other major international and regional patterns including standard 52-card packs, for example, in Italy that use Italian-suited cards . In other regions, such as Spain and Switzerland ,

1782-505: Is the only traditional pack used for playing cards; in many countries of the world, however, it is used alongside other traditional, often older, standard packs with different suit systems such as those with German- , Italian- , Spanish- or Swiss suits . The most common pattern of French-suited cards worldwide and the only one commonly available in English-speaking countries is the English pattern pack. The second most common

1848-402: Is turned face up next to the stock where players discard or shed cards, and this is known as the discard pile. In 10 Cards Rummy, which is often played with two, three or four players, each player gets ten cards. In rummy games with five players, each player is given six cards. In 500 Rummy, each player is given seven cards. In Indian Rummy, 13 cards are dealt to each player. A meld can either be

1914-671: Is widely played in France, and the Tarock family of games (42 or 54 cards) played in countries like Austria and Hungary. The English pattern pack originated in Britain which was importing French playing cards from Rouen and Antwerp by 1480. The earliest cards of the English pattern date to around 1516. But Britain only started manufacturing its own cards towards the end of the 16th century, when card production began in London. These were based on

1980-717: The 3 ♣   4 ♣   5 ♣ , discard the K ♠ and go out. Or if there is a run of 8 ♥   9 ♥   10 ♥ on the table and Charlotte, who has the Q ♥ , picks up the J ♥ , she may lay off her two cards to the existing meld and go out. The player who goes out, wins, and scores as many points as the other have in their hand cards. Court cards score 10 each, Jokers 15 each and numerals score their face value. Aces count as 1 unless they are allowed to be high, in which case they score 11. In some instances, jokers are used as wildcards and can represent any card value when melding. They can be used in sets or runs but cannot be replaced when 'melded', nor can

2046-564: The Berlin pattern , Nordic pattern , Dondorf Rhineland pattern (pictured right) and the variants of the European pattern . Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners or in all four corners to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap and so that they appear identical for players on opposite sides. For the Ace and court cards, this label is the initial letter or letters of

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2112-413: The upcard from the discard pile, may not replace the same card on the discard pile, but must discard a different card. If the stock runs out, the next player may choose to draw from the discard pile or to turn it over to form a new stock. The discard pile is not shuffled. After forming the new stock, the top card is drawn to form the new discard pile. The player can call rummy if a point is discarded into

2178-468: The 'optional card') is turned and placed beside it to start the wastepile. The aim is to be first to shed all one's cards by melding sets (3 or 4 of a kind) and runs (sequences) in the same suit. A run or set must contain at least three cards and Aces may be high or low, but round-the-corner sequences are not allowed. Players may 'lay off' one or more cards against their own or their opponent's existing melds. Non-dealer (or ' pone ') starts by drawing either

2244-473: The 19th century sizes became standardised, initially to a size of 3½ ×  2½ inches. Today these are often referred to as "wide" cards or "poker-sized" cards. Wider playing cards had advantages: it was harder to cheat and, if packs were unavailable, dog-eared cards could be trimmed smaller. Narrower cards, known as "whist-sized" or "bridge-sized" cards, probably first appeared in Europe and enabled players to handle

2310-565: The 19th century, card manufacturers began designing double-headed cards so that the cards could be readily identified whichever way up they were. In the case of court cards, this entailed cutting off the lower half of the image and replacing it with an inverted copy of the top half usually, but not always, with a horizontal or sloping dividing line between the two halves. Today, while single headed patterns of German-suited and Latin-suited cards still exist, modern French-suited cards are invariably double-headed. Although French-suited, 52-card packs are

2376-444: The 19th century, the English pattern spread all over the world and is now used almost everywhere, even in countries where traditional patterns and other suits are popular. In America, the English pattern was copied onto wider cards. The fanciful design and manufacturer's logo commonly displayed on the ace of spades began under the reign of James I of England , who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of

2442-569: The American states bordering upon it, especially Texas". By 1900, the game had spread to the eastern US and, around 1908, three- and four-player versions initially under the name of Rum emerged which used a full 52-card pack. By 1912, it had reached England, a variant with 2 packs and 2 Jokers and called Coon Can being popularised by the Bath Club in London. The name is thought to either derive from con quién  – Spanish "with whom". It

2508-539: The Rouen pattern, but unlike the traditional French cards, they dropped the names on the court cards. The English pattern evolved, in the process losing "some of its Rouen flavour and elegance and became more and more stylised. The figures took more space in the cards and many details were distorted." All early cards of this type were single headed, but around 1860, the double-headed cards, universally used on modern decks, appeared. Corner indices were added around 1880. During

2574-489: The appearance of gin rummy, it was described as "an excellent game for two players, quite different from any other in its principles and requiring very close attention and a good memory to play it well". The game originated in Mexico in the mid-1800s. Court records published in 1861 suggest that Conquian was well established there in the 1850s, and this is reinforced by an 1857 account of life in Mexico City . Later, it

2640-475: The border into New Mexico , where conquian is included in a list of examples of pastimes that were legally permitted as a "game of recreation". Card game expert and publisher Robert F. Foster traced Conquian back to the early 1860s. According to him, even in the US the game was originally played by two players with a Spanish pack of 40 cards from which the 8s, 9s and 10s were missing. He claims that, in 1873, he

2706-409: The card game Crazy Eights . Most of these games are suitable for children and Safari Pals is an educational game. There are two different kinds of Chinese decks used for rummy-like games. The rules of each variation vary greatly. Tile rummy games usually include tiles of only three suits along with special tiles unseen in card games. Mahjong, a game with elaborate rules and different scoring systems,

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2772-434: The cards is called Showing. After a successful show, the winner or all players score their hands. In most variations numbered cards have certain assigned points and the royal cards (J-Q-K) have assigned points and the A often has a different point value. Scoring often involves each player adding up points in their melded cards (sets and runs) and deducting points from cards that have not been melded. The winner may also receive

2838-483: The deal ends and the player with the lowest counting hand wins, scoring the number of pips in his opponent's hand. The deal also ends if the stock runs out, whereby the player with the lowest hand wins and scores the opponent's pips less those in the player's own hand. Colonel may be the precursor of Gin Rummy . Foster's recommended variant of Colonel, which he calls Cooncan for two players, has some differences: first,

2904-402: The discard pile. Going out . A player may go out by discarding the last remaining card in hand, whether as part of a meld, a lay-off or a discard. If a point that is playable is discarded in attempt to "go out" said discard would be "rummy". Although when a persons last card is put down the game is IMMEDIATELY over regardless of what said card could play as. NOTE: Some players require that

2970-435: The discard pile. The non-dealer then has the option to take the first card, but must use it immediately (with at least two hand-cards) to make a meld. If the non-dealer does not want the card, the dealer has the option to pick it up and use it for his meld. If neither player wants the first card, the non-dealer takes the first card from the draw pile and may use it immediately to meld or discard it. The pick up may not be added to

3036-635: The early 19th century, and perhaps as early as the 18th century. Rummy variations like Gin and Canasta became popular in the twentieth century. Rummy games are popular in India, and it is likely that Indian rummy is an extension of gin rummy and 500 rum , which originated from the United States. Several theories about the origin of the name "rummy" exist. Some attribute it to the British slang word rum , meaning odd, strange, or queer. Others say

3102-412: The final card in a player's hand be discarded. That is, a player cannot go out by melding or laying off, but must discard the final card. Example . Anne has 7 ♦   8 ♦ left in her hand and draws 9 ♦ , thus forming a sequence. She goes out by melding her sequence and without making a discard. Or supposing Ben has 3 ♣   4 ♣   K ♠ and draws the 5 ♣ , he may meld

3168-574: The first meld must meet minimum point requirements or the final meld must include a discard. Some of these are played for four players in partnerships of two. In most variations, players may extensively add to or even rearrange their cards. In contract rummy, players are either assigned specific objectives (known or unknown to the other players) or decide their own objectives and announces them before play begins. Players are awarded and or penalized extra points depending on if they successfully meet their objectives. In these games, players play until they have

3234-406: The hand cards. If either player makes a valid meld with it, that player must discard one card from his hand. The other player may then choose this card or draw another from the pile. So whoever turns from the pile has first choice of the card turned, and must either meld it, extend one of his existing melds with it, or pass. If both players pass, the second turns it down and draws next. In melding,

3300-532: The larger numbers of cards required for games like bridge. However, there is no formal requirement for precise adherence and minor variations are produced by various manufacturers in different countries. In Germany, for example, standard Poker and Rummy packs by ASS Altenburger and Ravensburger measure 92 × 59 mm. Austria's Piatnik sells packs marketed for Bridge, Poker and Whist measuring 89 × 58 mm; while Britain's Waddingtons produce generic packs sized at 88 × 58 mm. Other sizes are also available, such as

3366-468: The melding of cards. The aim is to be the first to get rid of the cards, including the last one drawn, by melding sets and runs. The total number of cards melded must be 11 at the end. Conquian is played by two or more players with Spanish playing cards or a 40-card pack of French playing cards either by removing the courts or by removing the 8s, 9s and 10s. The two-player game is sometimes called Colonel to distinguish it (see below). Each player

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3432-676: The most common playing cards used internationally, there are many countries or regions where the traditional pack size is only 36 (Russia, Bavaria) or 32 (north and central Germany, Austria) or where regional cards with smaller packs are preferred for many games. For example, 40- or 48-card Italian-suited packs are common in Italy; 40- and 48-card Spanish-suited packs on the Iberian peninsula; and 36-card German-suited packs are very common in Bavaria and Austria. In addition, tarot cards are required for games such as French Tarot (78 cards), which

3498-658: The name of that card. In English-speaking countries they are lettered A, K, Q and J for Ace, King, Queen and Jack. In other countries the letters may vary, although the English versions are also sometimes used. Germany uses A, K, D and B ( Ass , König , Dame and Bube ); Russia uses the Cyrillic letters Т, К, Д and В ( Tuz , Korol , Dama and Valet ); Sweden uses E, K, D and Kn ( Ess , Kung , Dam and Knekt ) and France uses 1, R, D, V ( As , Roi , Dame , and Valet ). Finland uses numbers 1-13. All early playing cards were single headed (also called single ended). During

3564-406: The opponent so demands. This is called 'forcing'. By forcing, it is sometimes possible to create a situation from which one's opponent can never go out. It is therefore a feature of much interest to the strategy of the play. If neither is out when the last available card has been declined, the game is drawn and the stake carried forward. Winning a hand entails melding 11 cards, so on the last play,

3630-399: The origin lies in the game Rum Poker, or in the popular liquor of the same name. Depending on the variation, each player receives a certain number of cards from either a standard deck of 52 cards, more than one deck or a special deck of cards used for specific games. The un-dealt cards are placed in a face down stack in the middle, which is known as the stock. In most variations, a single card

3696-417: The pack well and player on the dealer's right may cut . Up to seven may play and receive 10 cards each, provided there are two packs available if four or more play. The cards dealt are summarised in the table below: Starting with eldest hand , cards are dealt clockwise, face down, one at a time. The dealer then turns the next card to start the discard pile and places the rest of the pack, face down, between

3762-435: The players as the stock . Play begins with the player on the dealer's left and proceeds clockwise. In turn, each player draws the top card from the stock or the discard pile. If drawing from the discard pile a player may draw multiple cards. The player will then do either or both of the following: Finally, after making any melds or lay offs, the player must discard a single card to the discard pile, face up. A player who drew

3828-509: The suit listed first, as in "♠K" for a single card or "♠AKQ" for multiple cards. This is common practice when writing about bridge as it helps differentiate between the card(s) and the contract (e.g. "4 ♥ ", a contract of four hearts). Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10. Common collective and individual terms for playing cards that are relevant, but not exclusive to, the 52-card pack are: Certain cards have acquired nicknames over time. The following common nicknames for cards of

3894-534: The table, in other variations players keep their hands hidden until the show. Some variations permit picking up the entire discard pile. A few variations permit stealing cards from their opponents melds. In most variations players must put all their cards into at least two melds (though they may be allowed to shed one card to the discard pile before showing). A player who has melded all cards reveals those still held and submits them for validation. All other players reveal their melds and deadweight. The action of submitting

3960-405: The table. If neither can do this, it is a tableau or draw and the next deal decides. Standard 52-card pack The standard 52-card deck of French-suited playing cards is the most common pack of playing cards used today. The main feature of most playing card decks that empower their use in diverse games and other activities is their double-sided design, where one side, usually bearing

4026-419: The top card, the player must keep it and discard a different card. In a variation called block or tile rummy , players do not continue after going through the pack once – if no players are out, they all lose the points in their hands after the pack has been gone through once. Round the corner rummy , also called continuity rummy , is a variant where an ace may be simultaneously high and low to "wrap around" in

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4092-443: The traditional standard pack comprises 36, 40 or 48 cards. A standard 52-card French-suited deck comprises 13 ranks in each of the four suits : clubs ( ♣ ), diamonds ( ♦ ), hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ). Each suit includes three court cards (face cards), King , Queen and Jack , with reversible (i.e. double headed ) images. Each suit also includes ten numeral cards or pip cards, from one (Ace) to ten. The card with one pip

4158-405: The turnup or the top card of the stock and may now meld or 'declare' as many sets or runs as possible (but does not have to), before placing a discard on the wastepile. Play continues in this way until one goes out and scores as many points as the opponent has in hand; courts counting ten and the rest counting their face value in pips. A player may 'challenge' at any stage. If a challenge is accepted,

4224-527: The winning player must use the drawn card in his meld. Play may be extended over several hands by playing to a specified point total. Points still in the losing player's hand may be awarded to the winner. If using a Spanish pack or pip cards from a French pack, a possible scoring system totals the face value of all cards. If using a shortened French pack minus the 8s, 9s and 10s, one scoring system gives face value for 2–7, 10 for jacks, queens and kings, and 15 for aces. According to Routledge (1923, 2005), Colonel

4290-546: Was the first to propose that the Kings, Queens and Jacks should be removed, leaving a natural sequence of 10 cards in each suit. The earliest rules, however, appear to have been published around 1871 in a lost booklet called Game of Rum (Coon Can) and then later, in 1887, under the name Coon Can , but are later described in much more detail in Foster's Hoyle of 1897, where it was said to be "a great favorite in Mexico and in all

4356-568: Was the result of a Mahjongg variant named Kun P'ai that was Westernized as Khanhoo by W.H. Wilkinson in 1891. Games scholar David Parlett combines these two theories, and proposes that the Mexican game of Conquian, first attested in 1852, is ancestral to all rummy games, and that Conquian is the equivalent of the Chinese game Khanhoo . The rummy principle of drawing and discarding with a view to melding appears in Chinese card games at least in

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