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74-678: The tower is part of the Trinitatis Complex which also includes a chapel, the Trinitatis Church , and an academic library, which were the first facilities of the Copenhagen University Library founded in 1482. Astronomy had grown in importance in 17th-century Europe. Countries had begun competing with each other in establishing colonies, creating a need for accurate navigation across the oceans. Many national observatories were therefore established,

148-603: A castle at the site for the King to seek haven in the event of siege, but this part of the plan was dropped on account of economic constraints. Construction continued with his successor King Christian III . After the Swedish siege on Copenhagen (1658–1660) the Dutch engineer Henrik Rüse was called in to help rebuild and extend the construction. The fortification was named Citadellet Frederikshavn ("The Frederikshavn Citadel"), but it

222-420: A comprehensive modernization and expansion in the 17th century. The project was commenced and was largely the masterplan of Christian IV in the early 17th century but was continued and completed by his successors. The new fortifications relied on the existing, medieval fortifications of the city but the fortified area was extended and a defensive ring around the city completed particularly with new edifices facing

296-418: A location just east of Nørreport along today's Gothersgade to Østerport's original location at the end of Østergade. As result of Christian IV's efforts to modernize the fortifications, the southern end of Østervold was continued around parts of Bremerholm. After the expansion of the fortified city in the 1650s, Østervold continued Nørrevold in a straight north-eastern direction, connecting the fortifications to

370-526: A national defense commission which two years later recommended that the existing fortifications be decommissioned. At the outbreak of the First Schleswig War in 1848, nothing had happened and considerable work was carried out to strengthen the ramparts around the city gates in the event of a German attack. In 1852, the Line of Demarcation was partially disabandoned but work to maintain and improve

444-469: A privileged market town . Strategically situated in the middle of a shallow-watered, marshy area north of Amager , the town was fortified with low earthworks facing Amager . The rampart was constructed with four and a half bastions and a gate, known as Amager Gate. To guard the northern entrance to the port, a blockhouse was constructed on the shallow-watered Refshaleø in 1624. On the Zealand side of

518-422: A replacement for Brahe's Stjerneborg which had been demolished. Longomontanus' initial proposal was to erect the new observatory on the top of the hill Solbjerget, now known as Valby Bakke. But since there were also plans for the construction of a new students' church and a library for the university, the idea of merging the three buildings into one grand complex emerged. Already in 1622, Christian IV had bought

592-410: A requirement that they could easily be burnt in the event of an enermy attack. In 1852, the demarcation line was moved from Jagtvej to the eastern shoreline of The Lakes. The row of lakes today known as Søerne used to be located just outside the fortifications, running along Nørrevold as well as parts of Østervold and Vestervold. They originate in a need for dammed water for watermills , leading to

666-569: A result of further damming. As a results of these efforts, it was now possible to flood the banks and lakes in case of an attack on the city. A substantial number of gunpowder magazines were located in the fortifications After his appointment as Naval Building Master at Holmen , Hans van Steenwinckel the Youngest was responsible for the construction of two gunpowder magazines at the Christianshavn Rampart . Construction of

740-605: A standstill due to shortage of funds. Churches in Denmark and Norway were therefore ordered to contribute a share of their earnings during the construction years. In 1642, the tower was finally completed, though the church was completed only in 1657 and the library in 1657. Christian Longomontanus became the first director of the observatory. In the Great Fire of 1728 the Trinitatis Complex was severely damaged but

814-464: A student church at Regensen , the dormitory for students at Copenhagen University, but the following year, new plans emerged with the corner of Landemærket and Købmagergade earmarked for the church location, as it was decided to include the church in a complex extending to a church library and an astronomical observatory. The humanistically inspired combination was from a commission of Christian IV. There were three builders, namely Hans van Steenwinckel

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888-576: A toilet which consists of a seat almost at the top and a shaft leading down to the bottom floor built into the hollow core. Today the tower serves as an observation tower, a public astronomical observatory, an exhibition and concert venue and a historical monument. In 1860 the University of Copenhagen decommissioned the Round Tower as a university observatory but in 1928 it was reconstructed as an observatory with access for amateur astronomers and

962-453: Is better known as Kastellet ("the citadel"). Immediately outside the ramparts, there was a no-build zone, known as the Line of Demarcation (Danish: Demarkeringslinjen). The demarcation line was introduced in 1661 after the Assault on Copenhagen . It reached from the fortification ring to Jagtvej . The construction of new buildings in this zone required special permission. It was generally

1036-619: The Bell-Ringer 's Loft, both located above the church. The ramp turns 7.5 times around the hollow masonry core of the tower before reaching the observation deck and observatory at the top, on the way also affording access to the Library Hall as well as the Ringer's Loft. This design was chosen to allow a horse and carriage to reach the library, moving books in and out of the library as well as transporting heavy and sensitive instruments to

1110-458: The Rundetårn astronomical observatory tower and the Copenhagen University Library , in addition to the church. Built in the time of Christian IV , the church initially served the students of Copenhagen University . It is situated at the corner of Landemærket and Købmagergade . The interior was seriously damaged in the fire of 1728 but was rebuilt in 1731. Initial plans in 1635 were for

1184-408: The theoretical works such as those of Andrea Palladio and of Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola . Steenwinckel may have paid a visit to his native Netherlands prior to his change in style but it will have been too early for him to have seen any of the period's buildings realized. Instead of stairs, a 7.5-turn spiral ramp forms the only access way to the towertop observatory as well as the Library Hall and

1258-430: The Øresund Bridge and Sweden can be seen in the distance. Every year in spring, a unicycle race is held in the Round Tower. The contestants have to go up and down the tower. The world record, set in 1988, is 1 minute and 48.7 seconds. Trinitatis Church The Trinitatis Church ( Trinitatis Kirke ) is located in central Copenhagen , Denmark . It is part of the 17th century Trinitatis Complex , which includes

1332-539: The 1790s, another windmill, known as Store Kongens Mølle (English: Large King's Mill), was built on Shacks Bastion on the other side of the Western City Gate. in 1692 a windmill was also built at Gothersgade , on the old Eastern Rampart. Dronningens Mølle (English:Queen's Mill) was located on Rosenkrantz' Bastion in the Eastern Rampart. It was completely destroyed when the gunpowder magazine at

1406-468: The 300th anniversary of the Reformation . It was determined that the church's main entrance, the southwest portal, did not have suitable access through the fence wall and the cemetery for the procession of priests and professors who would join the festivities, so the north face became the church front. The small shops on the corner of Landemærket were closed, as was the remainder of the cemetery north of

1480-501: The Eastern City Gate. His intention was to redevelop this area into a new district referred to as Ny København (English: New Copenhagen) or Sankt Annæ By (Saint Ann's Town). The plan was to change the course of Østervold, which at that time made a bend and ran along what is today Gothersgade and Kongens Nytorv . The new Østervold would be a direct extension of Nørrevold, connecting it to Sankt Annæ Skanse, thereby increasing

1554-575: The Eastern Rampart exploded on 31 March 1779. It was rebuilt but torn down in 1895. When the British besieged Copenhagen in 1807, it was feared that they would destroy the mills on the fortifications. Therefore, two extra mills were constructed on less exposed locations, one at Sølvgade and one on Nyholm . The grounds which used to be occupied by the fortifications are still known as the Fortification Ring (Danish: Fæstningsringen). From

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1628-718: The Marble Church , the Nikolaj contemporary art center , Christiansborg Palace , Christiansborg Slotskirke  [ da ] , the Church of the Holy Ghost , Copenhagen City Hall , Palace Hotel , the Church of Our Lady , St. Peter's Church , the Great Synagogue , St. Andrew's Church , Rosenborg Castle , the Church of Our Saviour and the pipes of Amagerværket  [ da ] . On clear days, both

1702-479: The Round Tower was completed in 1642. The church was consecrated on Trinity Sunday 1656. The Copenhagen University Library was installed in the church loft in 1657. After marrying the widow of J.M. Radeck in 1685, Christian Geist assumed Radeck's organist position at the church. During the fire of 1728, the Trinitatis Church was not as badly damaged as other churches in the city. The roof structure

1776-495: The Rundetårn tower, which has a spiraling ramp to the top. Other features include buttresses and high granite plinths . The eastern sections have rounded corners. An original rectangular window is near the library floor. The tower originally had arched window openings. On the roof there were dormer windows in two rows. There were four gateways to the church, two on the north side and two on the south side. The church's south side

1850-532: The Younger , Leonhard Blasius , and Albertus Mathiesen . At the time of construction, the church was the second largest in the city, second only to the Church of Our Lady . As the church was only intended to be used by university students and professors, it may appear oversized, but all indications are that the library space above the nave needed a certain church size. The foundation stone was laid July 7, 1637, and

1924-458: The area of the fortified city with approximately 40%. However, the 1630s was a time of economic crisis and both Sankt Annæ Skanse and the new course of Østervold was delayed with no major work going on during that decade. After both Jutland and Scania had been occupied by enemy forces in the first half of the 1640s and the Kingdom's very existence had been threatened, work on the fortifications

1998-539: The bastions at Kastellet had been named for members of the royal family and the King's lands. Nørrevold ran from Jarmers Tower to a site just east of Nørreport, at the junction of today's Gothersgade and Øster Voldgade. In connection with a modernisation of Vestervold in the 1660s, the ramparts were extended towards the south from Vesterport all the way to the coastline and into the water on reclaimed seabed. The extension included three new bastions, two of which were located on reclaimed land. Originally Østervold ran from

2072-767: The bastions flanking Amager City Gate in Christianshavns Rampart, then known as the Mill Bastion (now the Elephant's Bastion) and the Bastion at the Church (now the Lion's Bastion). Breslaus Mølle on the Mill Bastion was demolished in 1842. Little Mill on the Lion's Bastion was originally a post mill but it was destroyed in a storm and replaced by a smock mill in 1783. It remained in use til

2146-431: The building's appearance. The current exterior dates to the 1870 renovation. The interior is painted white. It consists of a nave with two lofty aisles and a chancel with a three-sided termination. Shaped as a longhouse, it is divided by eight pillars, the easternmost having chamfered corners. The roof was originally covered with slate. A flèche over the chancel houses the bells. The building's west end integrates

2220-474: The choir. The roof was refurbished in 1848-49 without affecting its appearance. In 1861, the university library moved from the church attic to Johan Daniel Herholdt 's library building in Fiolstræde . External renovations occurred 1869-71 by a design of Niels Sigfred Nebelong in connection with a change in the church's patronage. The sacristy on the south side of the chorus was removed and a new one built by

2294-403: The church. The original portals were replaced with new ones, designed by Peder Malling . The eastern entrance was also reopened, having been bricked up for a number of years. A major restoration was completed in 1834-35 by Gustav Friedrich Hetsch , funded by a bequest from Christopher Hauschildt. Most of the work took place inside the building, including a vestry , detached on the south side of

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2368-501: The columns and arches were repaired. All wood furnishings were replaced, and the floor was covered with tiles from Öland . The reconstruction was in Northern Gothic-Baroque style. The church was rededicated October 7, 1731 and the remains of the university library were moved again. The furnishings were renewed with an altarpiece and pulpit by Friederich Ehbisch (1731) and a large Baroque clock (1757). The church

2442-400: The creation of the first lake, but after a siege of Copenhagen in 1523, it was decided to extend the entrenchments for strategic purposes, incorporating them into the defence of the city as an extra barrier. The levee at Peblinge Sø was expanded and another dam was constructed, which resulted in the creation of Sortedams Sø. In the beginning of the 17th century, Sankt Jørgens Sø was created, as

2516-412: The early 19th century, the Round Tower became outdated as an astronomical observatory. Instruments were growing still larger while the tower could not be expanded and, at the same time, light pollution from the surrounding city and vibrations caused by the ever increasing traffic in the streets below had made the observations inaccurate. The University therefore decided to build Østervold Observatory on

2590-409: The east coast of the newly reclaimed Refshaleø, which only a few years later was rented out to the shipyard Burmeister & Wain . The fortifications at Christianshavn remained in use into the 20th century. Some areas were opened up in the late 1910s, and the last areas were not made public until 1961. The ramparts generally consisted of large earthworks with a ditch in front of it. As part of

2664-479: The east gable, measuring approximately 3 by 6 metres (9.8 ft × 19.7 ft), with cut corners; it was transformed into a priest room in 1960. The notable chamber choir dates to 1993. The original church consisted of a high, long brick building without much adornment, constructed of small Dutch bricks . The brickwork was laid in a cross-linking pattern of yellow and red stripes, obscured by accumulated dirt. Alterations and repairs in 1675 may have changed

2738-521: The entrances to the City of Copenhagen through the City Ramparts were stone buildings that had a single archway through the middle for traffic, protected by gates and portcullises. There were four gates affording access to the city. Østerport was originally located at the end of Østergade, where Kongens Nytorv lies today. When the fortified city was expanded in the late 17th century to make room for

2812-632: The first in 1632 at Leiden in the Dutch Republic . Only five years later the Round Tower Observatory, first referred to as STELLÆBURGI REGII HAUNIENSIS, would follow. After Tycho Brahe had fallen out of favour and left Denmark, Christian Longomontanus had become Christian IV's new astronomer and the first professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen . In 1625 he suggested the king build an astronomical tower as

2886-559: The first magazine, located at Vilhelms Bastion , was commenced in 1688, while the second one, built to a similar design at Carls Bastion , began two years later. The gunpowder magazine at the Eastern Rampart exploded on two occasions. The first time was on 16 December 1658, during the Swedish siege of Copenhagen in the Second Northern War . On 31 March 1779 it exploded again. Seven people were killed and 47 were injured. It

2960-457: The general public. It is open from mid-October to mid-March. Since 1987, the Library Hall which lies above The Trinitatis Church, has served as an exhibition space, featuring various exhibitions of art, culture, history and science. At the same time, it is used as a concert venue, every year hosting around a hundred concerts. The observation deck affords extensive views over the rooftops of the old part of Copenhagen with its many spires, including

3034-454: The harbour, north of the city, an advanced post, named Sankt Annæ Skanse (English: St. Anne's Redoubt) was constructed, on the site later to become Kastellet. This work was begun in 1627. As part of his aspirations to strengthen Copenhagen as a regional centre, Christian IV decided to expand the area of the fortified city northwards. As early as 1606, when his modernization of the fortifications began, he had purchased 200 hectares of land outside

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3108-476: The improvements, numerous bastions were constructed along their course. In 1781, after extensive work on the fortifications in the preceding years, the bastions were given official names according to group: The bastions in Copenhagen were named for officers of note from the siege or other events of the early absolute era, the bastions at Christianshavn were named for powerful animals and at Kastellet. Since 1669,

3182-455: The land where it was ultimately decided to build the Trinitatis Complex. His original plans for the site are not known but as it was conveniently located next to the Regensen dormitories and the university, it was chosen for his new prestigious project. Although there is no clear proof, it is generally accepted that Hans van Steenwinckel the Younger was charged with the commission to design

3256-456: The late 19th century, from 1832 supplemented by a steam mill which remained in use until 1909. Also in 1669, the miller Hans Hansen obtained permission to build a mill on Gyldenløves Bastion, just south of the Western City Gate. Whether it later burned or was never built is uunknown, but in 1697 Jürgen Gosbruch, another miller, received permission to build a windmill on the same site. It was known as Luciemølle or Lusse Møllen . Some time during

3330-469: The latticework, Christian IV's monogram and the letters RFP are seen, the letters representing the King's motto: Regna Firmat Pietas – Piety strengthens the Realms. The observatory is a small domed building, built on the roof of the tower. Built in 1929, the current observatory is 7 m high and has a diameter of 6 m. Access is by a narrow winding stone staircase from the observation deck. On

3404-406: The medieval fortifications was kept but Slotsholmen was now incorporated into the complex. A large bastion in masonry was constructed on its southwestern tip and connected to Vestervold by a vaulted dam known as Løngangen. In the same time, Østervold was taken around parts of Bremerholm to meet the sea. A total of 12 bastions were constructed and just outside the entire fortification a moat

3478-531: The new edifice though he did not live to see the tower completed. From 24 November 1636, stones were brought to the site for the foundation, first from the city's ramparts and later from the area around Roskilde . Bricks were ordered from the Netherlands since local manufacturers could not meet the high quality standards requested. In February 1637, a contract was signed with a Henrik van Dingklage in Emden for

3552-407: The new royal square and the district Saint Anne's Town , Østerport was dismantled and a new gate built at a site close to present day Østerport railway station . While the original East Gate faced east, the new gate was very close the northernmost point of the city. It is uncertain when the new Østerport was built but it may have been as early as 1647. Its original design is unknown but in 1708 it

3626-419: The north side of Kastellet. The first Christianshavns Vold, constructed around 1620, had 4 and a half bastions. In the 1670s, when Vestervold was extended to reach the sea, Christiansvold was moved and extended to match the new course of Vestervold. The new Christianshavns Vold had 5 very large bastions. Around the entire complex was a moat with a protecting counterscarp . From 1682 to 1692 Christianshavns Vold

3700-474: The observatory. The winding corridor has a length of 210 m, climbing 3.74 m per turn. Along the outer wall the corridor has a length of 257.5 m and a grade of 10%, while along the wall of the inner core the corridor is only 85.5 m long but has a grade of 33%. The observation deck is located 34.8 m above street level. Along the edge of the platform runs a wrought-iron lattice made in 1643 by Kaspar Fincke, Court Artist in metalwork. In

3774-500: The old bastioned fortifications of the city, which had become outdated and were being decommissioned. The new observatory was inaugurated in 1861 to the design of Christian Hansen . The Round Tower is a cylindrical tower built in masonry of alternating yellow and red bricks, the colours of the Oldenburgs . The bricks used were manufactured in the Netherlands and are of a hard-burned, slender type known as muffer or mopper . On

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3848-400: The ramparts were carried out as late as 1856–57. In 1868 a law finally provided for the official abolishment of the demarcation statutes and the disabandonment of the fortifications proper. In 1856–58 the city gates were dismantled. These provisions did not apply to fortifications at Christianshavn and Kastellet. Christianshavn's ramparts were extended as late as 1868–1870 with a rampart along

3922-516: The ramparts were first decommissioned and purchased by the City of Copenhagen, their grounds have been dominated by parks and other recreational uses. It is still municipal policy that the Fortification Ring is maintained and developed as a green band within the urban area of the city. Parks located within the Fortification Ring include Østre Anlæg , University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden and Ørstedsparken . The preserved parts of

3996-455: The rear side, it is attached to the Trinitatis Church, but it has never served as a church tower . Steenwinckel — whose name is otherwise synonymous with Dutch Renaissance architecture in Denmark — with the Trinitatis Complex has left his signature style. Unlike his other buildings with their lavish ornamentations and extravagant spires, the complex is built to a focused and restrained design. Hans van Steenwinckel must have been up on

4070-486: The rest of the fortifications were dismantled in the years after its demise. The grounds were to a large extent laid out as parks, forming a green band around the city centre still known as the Fortification Ring , as well as for construction of a number of public buildings, including the new Copenhagen City Hall as well as a number of museums. Christian IV's modernization of the fortifications of Copenhagen commenced in 1606 and would take 20 years to complete. The course of

4144-420: The sea. The ring fortification consisted of four bastioned ramparts and an annexed citadel as well as various outworks . Though largely developed to a final form in the 17th century, the fortifications remained in use until the second half of the 19th century, when they finally, a long time overdue, were decommissioned. Today only the Christianshavn Rampart and the citadel Kastellet remain intact, while

4218-503: The site. The foundation stone was laid on 7 July 1637. When Hans van Steenwinckel died on 6 August 1639, Leonhard Blasius was brought to Denmark from the Netherlands as new Royal Building Master. Unlike his predecessor, he would become a mere transitional figure in Danish architecture, dying just four years after his arrival in the country without leaving any notable buildings of his own design. On several occasions construction work came to

4292-584: The situation in Holland, cognizant that the style which he had once learned from Hendrick de Keyser had been altogether abandoned. The architects now setting the agenda in the Netherlands, masters such as Jacob van Kampen (Amsterdam City Hall), Pieter Post ( Mauritshuis in the Hague) and Philip Vingboons , now favoured a style characterized by sobriety and restraint. It is now known as Dutch Baroque or sometimes Dutch Classicism. Its proponents often relied on

4366-476: The summer, arriving and departing through Nørreport, the street immediately inside the new gate was named Frederiksborggade. In 1671, during the reign of Christian V , an older gate was replaced by a new one, built to the design of Lambert van Haven . It was the tallest and finest of the city's gates with ornamentation in sandstone . It was dismantled in 1857. The first Vesterport was erected in 1588 and later rebuilt in stone by Frederik III in 1668. The new gate

4440-484: The supply of bricks for the construction. The first three ship loads were to be delivered in May, the next three loads the following month and the remainder on demand. The Trinitatis Complex was set for construction in a crowded neighbourhood of narrow streets and alleyways. The area first had to be cleared. On 18 April 1637, 200 men, soldiers and personnel from Bremerholm began to demolish the half-timbered houses occupying

4514-569: The upper part of the façade of the tower, there is a gilded rebus inscription. Christian IV's draft of it, written in his own hand writing, is kept at the Danish National Archives . The rebus includes the four Hebrew consonants of the Tetragrammaton . The rebus can be interpreted in the following way: Lead Jehovah, the right teaching and justice into the heart of the crowned King Christian IV, 1642 . The tower contains

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4588-487: Was added on the church grounds as evidenced by Geddes' 1757 map of the neighborhood. After the Copenhagen Fire of 1795 , which did not affect Trinitatis Church, a mandate for fire insurance was imposed. As the premium was substantial for the church's small resources, the church attorney, Nicolaj Christoffer Kall , suggested building shops on church property and renting them out to help increase revenues. The proposal

4662-496: Was almost 4 metres wide and 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 metres tall and as an architectural curiosity, with canon barrels used as columns to support the main cornice . The gate was renovated in 1722 by Frederick IV . Vesterport was the most fortified of the city's gates. It was the gate most used for transportation of goods from Zealand. Opening to the main road which led to Korsør , it was also through this gate that travellers from Jutland and Funen would normally arrive. Amagerport

4736-550: Was approved and construction began in 1798. Most of the cemetery north of the church was involved, and the shops were built along Købmagergade from the Round Tower to Landemærket, and further along Landemærket. Positioned on the south side of the church, features include a burial vault (1870) and granite tiles (1928-29). 55°40′54″N 12°34′34″E  /  55.681667°N 12.576111°E  / 55.681667; 12.576111 Fortifications of Copenhagen (17th century)#Ramparts The fortifications of Copenhagen underwent

4810-416: Was dug. Due to topographical variations in the terrain, it was constructed as a series of basins, separated by dams, to solve the problem of variations in the terrain. The uppermost basin was fed by water from Peblingesøen . The Western and Northern City Gates were also renovated and given tall spires and a new Eastern City Gate was built. From 1618 to 1623 Christianshavn was laid out and incorporated as

4884-485: Was extended once more, this time northwards, to guard the entrance to the harbour and protect the new base for the Royal Fleet at Nyholm . The extension included 7 new bastions, named for current members of the royal family. The last extension of Christianshavns Vold was constructed as late as 1878–82, when a rampart was constructed along the eastern margin of the newly reclaimed Refshaleø. The gates that once guarded

4958-429: Was ignited, a spire crashed into the library, punching a hole in some of the arches of the church. The university library was burnt. Church walls and vaults withstood the fire and subsequent repairs did not decisively change the church's appearance. A new cornice and spire were required. The new roof was covered with black glazed tiles. New dormer windows were inserted but only in one row. The interior bases and capitals of

5032-489: Was originally considered the front. As in a village church, the choir was set in the east, and the tower in the west, although the Round Tower was not part of the church. There are vaulted ceilings. The sanctuary was divided by two rows of seven columns in the longitudinal direction matching the church's exterior. What once functioned as the Library Hall now serves as an exhibition gallery and venue for classical concerts. The Marcussen & Søn organ dates to 1956. A cemetery

5106-424: Was rebuilt by Frederik VIII to a fairly modest design. The gate was dismantled in 1857. Nørreport was located at a site where Nørreport station lies today. Nørregade, which led to the original gate, is named for it. Due to its location, it was the gate used by travellers from Norway and Sweden , arriving via Elsinore , as well as Northern Zealand. Since the royals often resided at Frederiksborg Palace during

5180-425: Was rebuilt in 1724 and dismantled in 1857. As part of Cristian IV's endeavour to improve the fortification, he planned and commenced the construction of a citadel known as Kastellet , constructed in connection with the ramparts in the form of a pentagram . Construction began in 1626 with the building of an entrenchment in the northern part of the defense wall of the city. The original plans included construction of

5254-469: Was rebuilt. The first people with a home in the Round Tower were probably astronomers thus living close to their work in the Observatory. Most of the time, the leading observer lived in a professor's residence down in the city, while one or two employees lived in small rooms at the top of the tower. The earliest inhabitant of the Round Tower was observer Peder Horrebow who lodged there in 1753. During

5328-400: Was refurbished in 1763. The Trinitatis Complex was hit during the 1807 British bombardment of Copenhagen , and damaged by major fires. Four bombs struck the library, but did not penetrate through to the church. Thanks to the efforts of churchwarden Tvermoes, injuries were minimized. Building repairs amounted to relatively modest 3,000 rigsdaler. Alterations were necessary in 1817 to celebrate

5402-477: Was resumed. The new Østervold was constructed and a new project for the fortress at Sankt Annæ Skanse, with the layout of a bastioned pentagram , was completed in 1661. The British bombing of Copenhagen during the Battle of Copenhagen in 1807 made it clear that the city's fortifications were outdated but during the years of economic constraints that followed, no action was taken. In 1840 Christian VIII appointed

5476-465: Was subsequently rebuilt and not decommissioned until 1872. Many of the bastions were used for the construction of wind mills. Due to their height they offered particularly good wind conditions. In the same time, a fortified city needed secure supplies, including supplies of flour and rolled groats , in the event of siege . In 1800, a total of 16 windmills were found on the ramparts of Copenhagen. In 1669–70 windmills were constructed on both of

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