The " Russian world " ( Russian : Русский мир , romanized : Russkiy mir ) is a concept and a political doctrine usually defined as the sphere of military, political and cultural influence of Russia . It is a vague term, mostly used to refer to communities with a historical, cultural, or spiritual tie to Russia. This can include all ethnic Russians and Russian speakers in neighboring states, as well as those who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church . The concept of the "Russian world" is linked to Russian neo-imperialism . President Vladimir Putin established the government-funded Russkiy Mir Foundation to foster the idea of the "Russian world" abroad. The concept is sometimes also called the Pax Russica , as a counterweight to the Pax Americana after WWII .
42-542: Philologist Andrey Desnitsky [ ru ] analyzed the National Corpus of the Russian Language and established that the expression "Russian world" was used only sporadically before 1930s. Later the term started being used more frequently, as he wrote, "They seem to be characteristic of the romantic European nationalisms of that period when people within the same nation state (or longing for such
84-752: A digital library is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about Slavic languages is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces The Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces ( Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ ; Russian : Главный храм Вооружённых сил России (Храм Воскресения Христова) ) is a lavish Russian Orthodox Patriarchal cathedral in honour of
126-574: A "new Russian cult of war". It says that Putin's regime has debased the "Russian world" concept with a mixture of obscurantism, Orthodox dogma, anti-Western sentiment, nationalism, conspiracy theory and security-state Stalinism . Eventually, the idea of the "Russian world" was adopted by the Russian government under Vladimir Putin. In 2001, he said "The notion of the Russian World extends far from Russia's geographical borders and even far from
168-724: A heresy. This ideology has been described in the Financial Times as "Putin’s creation of an ideology that fuses respect for Russia’s Tsarist, Orthodox past with reverence for the Soviet defeat of fascism in the Second World War. This is epitomised in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces, 40 miles west of Moscow, opened in 2020." During the Russian invasion of Ukraine , the church has come to be seen as
210-407: A partially completed mosaic of Russian President Vladimir Putin , Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu and other high-ranking Russian officials, as well as Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin . The Russian Orthodox Church initially explained the presence of mosaics featuring Putin and Stalin according to the tradition of depicting historical events – in this case, the 2014 annexation of Crimea to Russia and
252-588: A post-imperial urge to take revenge and punish them, to make them pay for their independence from Russia, for their determination to be part of Europe, to be Ukrainians, and not subjects of the 'Russian world'". National Corpus of the Russian Language The Russian National Corpus ( Russian : Национальный корпус русского языка , lit. 'National Corpus of the Russian Language';)
294-762: A state, as was the case in Germany) started to look for a common identity based on ethnicity and culture. Similar concepts can be found in other languages, like Deutschheit in German or Hispanidad in Spanish. Still later, up until World War I the term became a commonplace, mostly used as an apposition to other nations, "usually without any jingoism". After the Russian Revolution the expression became nearly obsolete, only to resurface in Kremlin propaganda since
336-496: Is "a spiritual concept, a reminder that through the baptism of Rus' , God consecrated these people to the task of building a Holy Rus ". Patriarch Kirill's 2009 tour of Ukraine was described by Oleh Medvedev, adviser to Ukraine's prime minister, as "a visit of an imperialist who preached the neo-imperialist Russian World doctrine". In the wake of the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , 1,600 theologians and clerics of
378-531: Is "to unite the Russian people" within a single state. In June 2023, Putin said that Russian soldiers killed in the invasion of Ukraine "gave their lives for Novorossiya [New Russia] and for the unity of the Russian world". Orlando Figes defines the invasion as "imperial expansionism" and writes that the Russians' sense of superiority may help to explain its brutality: "The Russian killings of civilians, their rapes of women, and other acts of terror are driven by
420-605: Is a corpus of the Russian language that has been partially accessible through a query interface online since April 29, 2004. It is being created by the Institute of Russian language, Russian Academy of Sciences . It currently contains more than 1 billion word forms that are automatically lemmatized and POS -/grammeme- tagged , i.e. all the possible morphological analyses for each orthographic form are ascribed to it. Lemmata, POS, grammatical items, and their combinations are searchable. Additionally, 6 million word forms are in
462-500: Is linked to Russian neo-imperialism . Jeffrey Mankoff of the Institute for National Strategic Studies says that the "Russian world" embodies "the idea of a Russian imperial nation transcending the Russian Federation's borders" and challenges "neighboring states' efforts to construct their own civic nations and disentangle their histories from Russia". A number of observers see the "Russian world" concept as revanchist , with
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#1732772798912504-651: Is promoted by many in the leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church . On 3 November 2009, at the Third Russian World Assembly, newly enthroned Patriarch Kirill of Moscow defined the "Russian world" as "the common civilisational space founded on three pillars: Eastern Orthodoxy , Russian culture and especially the language and the common historical memory". For the Russian Orthodox Church, the Russian world
546-427: Is the largest, and one is on the belfry. The design has a high alloy steel frame with a strength factor of 300 to 1,500 years. The floors of the cathedral are metal. The metal is from melted-down Nazi trophies , such as weapons and tanks that were seized from Wehrmacht forces. The act of walking on the floors of the cathedral is intended to symbolise "delivering a blow to the fascist enemy ”. The central icon of
588-668: The Day of Remembrance and Sorrow , the day Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, by the head of the Russian Orthodox Synod ’s new Armed Forces Liaison Department, Father Oleg Ovcharov. According to the official website, "the church was designed in a monumental Russian style, organically incorporating modern architectural approaches and innovations unique to the Orthodox church creation". The façades of
630-673: The Eastern Orthodox Church issued the Declaration on the 'Russian World' Teaching , commonly known as the Volos Declaration . It condemned the "Russian world" ideology as being heretical and a deviation from the Orthodox faith . This declaration called the "Russian world" a heresy that is " totalitarian in character". They condemned six "pseudo theological facets" of the "Russian world" concept: replacing
672-620: The Ecumenical Patriarch , Bartholomew I and the Archbishop of Cyprus , George III , discussed the issue extensively. In Ukraine , the promotion of the "Russian world" became as early as 2018 strongly associated with the Russo-Ukrainian War . The Russian invasion of Ukraine is said to implement the idea of the "Russian world". Putin referenced Fyodor Ushakov , an admiral who is the Orthodox patron saint of
714-630: The Kingdom of God with an earthly kingdom; deification of the state through a theocracy and caesaropapism which deprives the Church of its freedom to stand against injustice; divinization of a culture; Manichaean demonization of the West ; refusal to speak the truth and non-acknowledgement of "murderous intent and culpability". Following this, among the Orthodox Patriarchates from
756-713: The Pentarchy , two have condemned the ideology as contrary to the teachings of Christ , linking it to phyletism , an ideology condemned as an heresy by a General Synod in Constantinople in 1872. The first to do so was the Church of Alexandria and all-Africa and their Patriarch, Theodore II . They were followed by the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople , the first Orthodox Church in rank and honor. In their epistolary exchange of early 2023,
798-776: The Resurrection of Christ and "dedicated to the 75th anniversary of victory in the Great Patriotic War , as well as the military feats of the Russian people in all wars", built in the Patriot Park in the Odintsovsky District , Moscow Oblast . The cathedral was built with donations and budget funds from the Moscow city government and the Moscow Oblast . It was consecrated as part of
840-679: The Russian Navy . Putin recalled Ushakov's words: "the storms of war would glorify Russia". The Economist also pointed to Patriarch Kirill 's declaration of the godliness of the war and its role in keeping out the West's alleged decadent gay culture , and to the priest Elizbar Orlov who said that Russia's " special military operation " in Ukraine is cleansing the world of "a diabolic infection". On 25 December 2022, in an interview for national television, Putin openly declared that Russia's goal
882-651: The history of the Russian state . In the ark, which always accompanies the icon, there are eight particles of other saints important to Russia and its military: the great martyr George the Victorious , St. Andrew the First-Called , St. Nicholas the Wonderworker , St. Sergius of Radonezh , the great martyr Barbara , the apostle Peter , the great martyr Panteleimon the Healer , and also Fyodor Ushakov ,
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#1732772798912924-488: The "Russian world" as "Putin’s creation that fuses respect for Russia's Tsarist, Orthodox past with reverence for the Soviet defeat of fascism in the Second World War. This is epitomised in the Main Cathedral of the Russian Armed Forces , 40 miles west of Moscow, opened in 2020". The Economist says that the "Russian world" concept has become the basis of a crusade against the West 's " liberal " culture and has fed
966-593: The 1945 Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War (World War II). Later it was reported that the cathedral would not have any mosaics of either Putin or Stalin. The Russian Orthodox Church explained that this decision was made after taking into account the President's own opinion. The church, and the imagery within it, have been linked to the 'Russkiy mir' or ' Russian world ' theology which some Orthodox Christian Churches outside Russia have described as
1008-805: The Main Church of the Russian Armed Forces is the "Holy Saviour" in the main dome. The Icon of the Saviour Not Made by Hands is a canonical image of the Holy Face of Jesus Christ, miraculously imprinted on a piece of material and transmitted by the Saviour himself to King Abgar V of Osroene . The central image is surrounded by smaller icons of the Most Holy Mother of God of Kazan , of Vladimir , of Smolensk and of Tikhvin , placed on artistic reliefs that depict significant events in
1050-636: The Red Banner , Order of the Red Star , and the Order of the Patriotic War (First Class). Some of the sizes are symbolic. The height of the church along with the cross is 95 metres. The diameter of the drum of the main dome is 19.45 metres, symbolising the year when the Great Patriotic War ended – 1945. The height of the belfry is 75 metres, a reference to the 75 years that passed in 2020 since
1092-583: The Resurrection of Christ is metal relief. The decor of the church, the icon , the iconostasis (icon wall), and the marching military icons are made of copper with enamels . The image of the Saviour-Not-Made-by-Hands in the central dome of the church is the largest image of Christ's face executed in mosaic . Stained glass mosaics in the cathedral's vault feature various Red Army orders , accompanied by their respected ribbons that denote their class. Many of these orders display
1134-615: The borders of the Russian ethnicity". Putin visited the Arkaim site of the Sintashta culture in 2005, meeting the chief archaeologist Gennady Zdanovich . The visit was widely covered in Russian media, which presented Arkaim as the "homeland of the majority of contemporary people in Asia, and, partly, Europe". Nationalists called Arkaim the "city of Russian glory" and the "most ancient Slavic-Aryan town". Zdanovich reportedly presented Arkaim to
1176-406: The building are finished with metal, the arches are glazed. The walls of the church, decorated with murals , include battle scenes from Russian military history and Bible scripture texts. The decoration of the lower (small) church is made of ceramics and is decorated with Gzhel painting, with pieces of glass smalt used in the manufacture of the mosaic panels. The central apse dedicated to
1218-528: The celebration of the 75th anniversary of Soviet victory on the Eastern Front of World War II , known as the Great Patriotic War in Russia. An exhibition dedicated to the history of the Russian state and its armed forces will be located on-site. The construction of the cathedral was completed on 9 May 2020, on the annual Victory Day . It was consecrated on 14 June. It was opened on 22 June 2020, on
1260-465: The early 21st century. The "Russian world" is a vaguely-defined term, mostly used to refer to communities with a historical, cultural, or spiritual tie to Russia. This can include all ethnic Russians and Russian speakers in neighboring states, as well as those who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church . Its proponents believe Russia is a " unique civilization " and a bastion of " traditional values " and national conservatism . The "Russian world" idea
1302-518: The end of World War II. The height of the small dome is 14.18 metres – open conflict between Nazi Germany and the USSR lasted 1,418 days and nights. The area of the church complex is 11,000 m . The capacity of the interior of the church is up to 6,000 people. The bells were made at the Voronezh Foundry. The decoration of the bells repeats ornaments decorating the cathedral. The bells reflect
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1344-618: The faces of prominent military leaders from the Imperial Russian Army , who made a significant contribution to the Russian history. The Soviet Union's renewed wave of nationalism during the Great Patriotic War prompted the inclusion of the most revered Orthodox Christian saints who had served in the historical armies of Russia. On September 5, 1943, a historic meeting in the Moscow Kremlin took place between Metropolitan Alexius and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin . After
1386-433: The following subcorpora: All the texts have tags bearing metatextual information - the author, his/her birth date, creation date, text size, text genres (general fiction, detective story, newspaper article etc.); all these categories are browsable and searchable separately. It is possible to define a user's subcorpus to search lemmata/POS-grammeme/semantic tags combinations only within this subset. This article about
1428-697: The goal of restoring Russia's borders or its influence back to that of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire. In the 1990s, Russian neo-fascist philosopher Aleksandr Dugin began writing about Russia as a unique Eurasian civilization . Dugin was later an adviser to Russian president Vladimir Putin . Other authors behind the development of the concept in post-Soviet Russia include Pyotr Shchedrovitsky [ ru ] , Yefim Ostrovsky, Valery Tishkov , Vitaly Skrinnik, Tatyana Poloskova and Natalya Narochnitskaya . In 2000, Shchedrovitsky presented
1470-461: The influence of language on thinking (which has become known as the principle of linguistic relativity ): those who speak Russian come to "think Russian", and eventually to "act Russian". Observers describe the concept as a tool of Russian soft power . According to assistant editor Pavel Tikhomirov of Russkaya Liniya [ ru ] , many Ukrainians see the "Russian world" as neo-Sovietism under another name. The Financial Times described
1512-491: The main ideas of the "Russian world" concept in the article "Russian World and Transnational Russian Characteristics", among the most important of which was the Russian language . Andis Kudors of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , analyzing Shchedrovitsky's article, concludes that it follows ideas first laid out by the 18th century philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder about
1554-772: The meeting, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union permitted the Orthodox Church to legally function and operate after nearly two decades of severe oppression. Those churches that had not been destroyed by the Communist government began to reopen across the Soviet Union. The following orders are depicted in the mosaics: The Order of Alexander Nevsky (First Class), Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky (First Class), Order of Ushakov (First Class), Order of Nakhimov (First Class), Order of Suvorov (First Class), Order of Kutuzov (First Class), Order of Victory , Order of
1596-402: The president as a possible "national idea of Russia", a new idea of civilisation which Victor Schnirelmann calls the "Russian idea". Putin decreed the establishment of the government-sponsored Russkiy Mir Foundation in 2007, to foster the idea of the "Russian world" abroad. It "has largely served as a way to push a Russian-centric agenda in former Soviet states". The "Russian world" concept
1638-674: The righteous commander of the Black Sea Fleet and one of the most revered saints in the fleet. The image of the Savior is placed in a bronze fold and weighs about 100 kg. The icon itself without a fold has dimensions of about 98 × 84 × 10 cm. The museum located next to church was rumored to contain Adolf Hitler 's peaked cap and personal clothes, which were described as trophies and relics by Russian Deputy Minister of Defense. In April 2020, photos were leaked showing
1680-454: The subcorpus with manually resolved homonymy . The subcorpus with resolved morphological homonymy is also automatically accentuated . The whole corpus has a searchable tagging concerning lexical semantics (LS), including morphosemantic POS subclasses (proper noun, reflexive pronoun etc.), LS characteristics proper (thematic class, causativity, evaluation), derivation (diminutive, adverb formed from adjective etc.). The RNC includes also
1722-463: The theme of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, icons of patrons of the Russian Army. The main bell-evangelist was decorated with bas-reliefs depicting key events of the Great Patriotic War. Work on the manufacture of the bells was carried out for six months. The ensemble weighs more than 20 tonnes, which includes 18 bells, the largest of which weighs 10 tonnes. 17 of the 18 bells are dedicated to
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1764-433: The types and arms of the troops. On one side a military emblem is applied to the bell, on the other, the image of the patron saint . In August 2019, the bells were installed in the belfry of the cathedral. In November 2019, an 80-tonne central dome was erected on the cathedral, the height and diameter of which are 12 metres. The cathedral has six domes, four of which are identical, each weighing 34 tonnes. The central one
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