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48-718: It was built from 1965 to 1981 according to the design of architect Dmitry Chechulin to house the People's Control Committee and the Supreme Soviet of Russia . During the August 1991 coup attempt , the building became a center of resistance to the State Committee on the State of Emergency . The structure was badly damaged during the 1993 constitutional crisis and was subsequently reconstructed. In 1965, construction of

96-598: A candidate in the 2003 election for President of the Chechen Republic , following the Second Chechen War , but ultimately chose not to run. In the 2021 Chechen head election , he endorsed incumbent Ramzan Kadyrov . Following the end of his political career, Khasbulatov returned to his earlier profession as a teacher of economics as founder and head of the Department of International Economy at

144-705: A central role in the events leading to the 1993 constitutional crisis in the Russian Federation . Khasbulatov was born in Tolstoy-Yurt , a village near Grozny , the capital of Chechnya , on 22 November 1942. In February 1944, he was deported to Central Asia during the Chechen deportations . After studying in Almaty , Khasbulatov moved to Moscow in 1962, where he studied law at the prestigious Moscow State University . After graduating in 1966, he joined

192-646: A chapel was opened in memory of those who died in the House of Soviets. Restoration work was carried out for almost a year, and in 1994 the repaired complex was occupied by the Government of the Russian Federation. An inscription at the base of the tower reads "House of the Government of the Russian Federation," the official name of the building. There is an office for the President of Russia located on

240-401: A more harmonious combination of proportions; however, due to possible delays, workers were ordered to install the already prepared bar in secret from the architect over a weekend. Construction was completed in 1981, with a total cost exceeding 94 million rubles. After the completion of the project, team leader Dmitry Chechulin, architect Vitaly Mazurin, and designer Yuri Dykhovichny were awarded

288-728: A panorama of the embankment. The premises of the complex are decorated with multicolored stone marble inserts. The main assembly hall is located in the central part of the seven-storey base and faces the Moscow River. In total, the building has 27 meeting and reception rooms. Dmitry Chechulin Dmitry Nikolaevich Chechulin ( Russian : Дми́трий Никола́евич Чечу́лин ; 22 August [ O.S. 9 August] 1901, in Shostka – 29 October 1981, in Moscow )

336-460: A private restaurant was opened on the twelfth floor of the complex. In 2012, plans were made to move the offices of the officials to a new federal center in Kommunarka , but this idea was postponed indefinitely. The following year, a helipad was installed near the building. In September 2020, the press service of the Government of the Russian Federation reported that the condition of White House

384-504: A rally in the town of Shali in Chechnya called for the creation of a reconciliation commission and the signing of an agreement on the non-use of weapons by armed groups against each other. On August 21 of the same year, a radio station of Khasbulatov's supporters began operating in the village of Tolstoy-Yurt . Thanks to its appearance, people started talking about «Professor Khasbulatov's peacekeeping mission». Seven armed groups joined

432-500: A tank of the Taman Division . At that time, the building was surrounded by a living chain of Muscovites who supported the president. An improvised barricade was built around the building, using materials such as garbage cans, fences of nearby parks, benches, and sawn trees. Protestors also painted graffiti of political topics on the walls of the building. By August 20, approximately two hundred thousand people had gathered around

480-526: A uniformly shaped prefabricated reinforced concrete frame with monolithic stiffness cores was used. Outside, the structure was lined with individual claydite concrete panels, which were previously finished with marble. The total area of the complex was 732,000 square meters, with a total area of office space around 132,000 square meters. The building was designed with a complex three-level system of underground floors, where parking, bunkers, ventilation chambers and refrigeration equipment were located. The structure

528-517: Is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery . The following works are in Moscow unless otherwise indicated: Ruslan Khasbulatov Ruslan Imranovich Khasbulatov (Russian: Русла́н Имранович Хасбула́тов , Chechen : Хасбола́ти Имра́ни кIант Руслан , romanized:  Xasbolati Imrani khant Ruslan ; 22 November 1942 – 3 January 2023) was a Russian economist and politician and the former chairman of Parliament of Russia of Chechen descent who played

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576-422: The 1991 Soviet coup attempt . In August 1991, the House of Soviets became the center of a confrontation against the State Committee on the State of Emergency . The opposition was headed by Russian President Boris Yeltsin , in support of whom large-scale rallies were held around the building. During this period, Yeltsin repeatedly spoke to the audience, with his most famous speech being delivered on August 19 from

624-616: The Aeroflot building. Initially, Chechulin proposed constructing the building on Taganka Square , which rises above a significant part of the city, as the site on the Krasnopresnenskaya embankment was inconvenient due to nearby buildings; however, because of the good view alongside the high bank of the Moskva River , the current location was chosen instead. The House of Soviets was the first multi-storey building in which

672-638: The Communist Party of the Soviet Union . He continued his studies, focusing on the political, social and economic development of capitalist countries, and received several higher degrees between 1970 and 1980. During the 1970s and 1980s, he published a number of books on international economics and trade. In the late 1980s, Khasbulatov began to work closely with rising maverick in the Communist Party Boris Yeltsin . He

720-665: The Congress of People's Deputies and the Supreme Soviet of Russia . The House of Soviets was disconnected from television and radio. According to the conclusion of the Constitutional Court , the president's actions were illegal and contradicted the Russian Constitution of 1978 . An emergency session of the Supreme Soviet was convened, during which, among other things, it was decided to protect

768-676: The Lenin Prize . From 1981 to 1993, the Supreme Soviet of Russia , which had until then held its sessions in the Grand Kremlin Palace , used the White House. The Supreme Soviet of Russia remained in the building until the end of the Soviet Union in 1991, as well as during the first years of the Russian Federation . In 1991 the Soviet Union issued a 50-kopeck stamp depicting the White House and honoring resistance to

816-736: The Moscow Metro , and developed his career to design a list of familiar Moscow landmarks. From 1945 through 1949 he served as chief architect of Moscow. Chechulin's work intersects with the Palace of the Soviets competition (the major event in Soviet architectural history) at multiple points. He was among the twelve finalists in the final round. He is credited for the Kotelnicheskaya Embankment Building , one of

864-519: The seven Moscow vysotki (tall buildings) commissioned by Stalin after World War II as a "frame" for, and then in lieu of, the unbuilt Palace. Chechulin had produced plans for the unbuilt eighth tower, the Zaryadye skyscraper , in 1947. And when, after decades of neglect and delay, the huge excavation for the Palace of the Soviets finally became the world's largest open-air swimming pool in 1958, he

912-517: The House of Soviets began to accommodate the administrative bodies of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) at this site. The plan for the reconstruction of the territory was prepared by a group of architects known as Mosproekt-1, led by Dmitry Chechulin , Pavel Shteller , Vladimir Lukyanov , and others, alongside a team of engineers. The overall design follows Chechulin's 1934 draft of

960-652: The Provisional Council, and Ruslan Khasbulatov meet in the village of Znamenskoye in the Nadterechny district and agree on joint actions against the Dudayev regime. On August 29, at a meeting of leaders of opposition groups (Umar Avturkhanov, Ruslan Khasbulatov, Ruslan Labazanov , Bislan Gantamirov) in the Nadterechny district, it was decided to unite the actions of opponents of the regime under

1008-513: The Soviet Union were defined as the August Coup . It was during this period that the name "White House" was assigned to the building, which was widely used by the state media. In 1992, the building was depicted on the back side of commemorative coins in honor of the "victory of democratic forces" and the anniversary of Russia's state sovereignty . In the midst of the constitutional crisis of 1993, Boris Yeltsin issued Decree No. 1400 to dissolve

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1056-568: The Supreme Soviet of Russia in its power struggle with the president, which ended with Yeltsin's violent assault on and subsequent dissolution of the parliament in October 1993. Khasbulatov was arrested along with the other leaders of the parliament. In 1994, the newly elected Duma pardoned him along with other key leaders of the anti-Yeltsin resistance. In 1994, he organized the so-called «Peacekeeping Mission of Professor Khasbulatov». He traveled to Chechnya, trying to organize negotiations between

1104-509: The aegis of the Temporary Council of the Chechen Republic. On September 7, representatives of «Professor Khasbulatov's peacekeeping mission» arrived at the headquarters of the anti-Dudayev opposition, the Temporary Council of the Chechen Republic, to work out a strategy for further joint actions. With the outbreak of hostilities at the end of the year, Khasbulatov returned to Moscow, where he continued to work at his department at

1152-702: The basements of the Armed Forces building. [...] In the first minutes after the assault, as soon as the shots subsided and special forces soldiers went to inspect the upper floors of the White House, streams of marauders rushed into the halls. [...] The inside [of] the parliament building is completely looted. Everything you can have [has] been carried away: TVs, phones, table lamps and even plumbing." Ruslan Khasbulatov , referring to eyewitness letters in Nezavisimaya Gazeta , states that there were about 1,500 victims in total, whose bodies were taken out of

1200-537: The building from possible siege. The events caused a spontaneous rally near the walls of the building. Protective detachments from security, civilians, Cossack volunteer formations and retired military personnel were organized at the House of Soviets. Data on weapons stored in the building vary. From September 23 to October 4, 1993, the Tenth Session of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation

1248-716: The building in secret passages. Following the events of the 1993 constitutional crisis, control of the building was transferred via a decree by Boris Yeltsin to the Government of the Russian Federation (the executive branch), under whose control the reconstruction of the building took place. The reformed parliament, known thereafter by its Imperial-era title of the State Duma , was elected in December 1993 and moved to another building on Moscow's Okhotny Ryad . American architect Charles Jencks suggested that restorers mark

1296-409: The burnt floors on the facade with black granite cladding; however, this idea was abandoned in favor of recreating the original appearance of the complex. According to some data, repairs on the upper floors of the building were carried out by Turkish workers. During the restoration work, the clock on the tower of the main facade of the building was restored and reused; however, by the second half of 1994,

1344-484: The clock was dismantled and a golden image of a double-headed eagle – the coat of arms of Russia – had been installed in its place. During this, the building was fenced off from the embankment with a massive fence that prevented rallies at the walls of the building. Nevertheless, protesters continued to gather next to the White House on the Humpback Bridge. In 1996, on the territory of the nearby Presnensky Park,

1392-646: The collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. After the collapse of the USSR, Khasbulatov consolidated his control over the Russian parliament and became the second most powerful man in Russia after Yeltsin himself. Among other factors, the escalating clash of egos between Khasbulatov and Yeltsin led to the Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 , in which Khasbulatov (along with Vice-President Alexander Rutskoy ) led

1440-669: The damage was estimated at 170 billion rubles. The situation in the White House after the assault was described by a correspondent of the Kommersant newspaper: "By order of the White House Commandant Major General Arkady Baskaev, there is enhanced security from assault rifles and special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs on each floor. Such caution is by no means unnecessary, since armed supporters of parliament are still in

1488-407: The dummy. I was sitting in my office when the projectile broke the window and exploded in the right corner [of the room]. Fortunately, my table was on my left. A stunned man came out of there. I don't know what saved me." Because of the shelling, a fire began on the 12th and 13th floors of the White House. The fire covered the entire upper part and destroyed 30% of the total area of the building, later

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1536-522: The institute. In 1995, when the active stage of the military conflict was unfolding in Chechnya, Khasbulatov, who, according to the newspaper Vremya Novostei , had influence in the Chechen diaspora, again offered to act as a mediator. However, the Russian authorities refused his services. In 2005, Khasbulatov claimed that Dudayev had plotted with Yeltsin when he wanted to deprive him (Khasbulatov) of his deputy position. Khasbulatov considered running as

1584-432: The mission. On August 25, Dzhokhar Dudayev speaks at a rally of his supporters and, among other things, states: Khasbulatov's goal is to provoke a war in Chechnya in order to return to the Russian political arena on the blood of Chechens. On August 26, news agencies reported that 20 armed groups had already joined Khasbulatov's peacekeeping mission. Umar Avturkhanov, leader of the anti-Dudayev opposition and chairman of

1632-439: The openings are much narrower. The outer walls of the structure are lined with granite and white marble. The building is crowned by a small tower with a gilded Russian coat of arms and a flagpole on which the national flag is fixed. The height of the structure with the flagpole is 119 meters; without it, 102 meters. The building was the last lifetime project of Dmitry Chechulin and is a unique object of Moscow's development, forming

1680-406: The original idea of the architect. The simplified composition of the building had a symmetrical pyramidal structure composed of three parts. The powerful base with divergent ramps and a front staircase is supported by a wide seven-storey building with side wings. Above them stands a twenty-storey tower with rounded edges. The strict rhythm of the windows is disturbed on the upper technical floor, where

1728-491: The separatist leader, Ichkerian president Dzhokhar Dudayev and the anti-Dudayev opposition, as well as the Russian authorities. However, the mission was unsuccessful, the parties were not ready to make any compromises, in addition to the popularity of Dzhokhar Dudayev at the time in Chechnya being extremely high, and Khasbulatov himself essentially joined the anti-Dudayev opposition. A few months before Russian troops entered Chechnya , on August 20, 1994, Ruslan Khasbulatov at

1776-413: The structure including public and political figures Ruslan Khasbulatov , Ivan Silayev , Alexander Rutskoy , Eduard Shevardnadze , Mikhail Khodorkovsky , Mstislav Rostropovich , Andrey Makarevich , and others. The building was not stormed, presumably due to the possible number of civilian and military casualties. Later, the events that took place near the walls of the House of Soviets and elsewhere in

1824-528: The third floor of the building. Traditionally, at the end of each year, the President holds meetings with the Council of Ministers in the White House, but ordinary meetings are rarely held in the building. In 2008, there was a large-scale reconstruction of the fifth floor of the building. At the same time, some media outlets reported on the construction of a swimming pool and gym within the building, but official sources did not confirm this information. A year later,

1872-559: The upper floors of the building. Arkady Baskaev, who was appointed commandant of the House of Soviets after the assault, said that the fire in the building of the Supreme Soviet arose as a result of shelling from tanks. Subsequently, Alexander Rutskoy described the incident as follows: "The first shell hit the meeting room, the second in Khasbulatov's office, the third in mine. And they were beaten with high-explosive shells, not insacks, as they claim today. The building will not burn from

1920-589: Was a Russian Soviet architect, city planner , author , and leading figure of Stalinist architecture . Born in Shostka ( Sumy Oblast , today in Ukraine ) to a working-class family, after service in the Red Army Chechulin enrolled in the state school Vkhutemas and graduated in 1929, doing post-graduate work under Alexey Shchusev . In the 1930s Chechulin was awarded commissions for four stations of

1968-532: Was assumed that the Aeroflot building would form a new look for the Belorussky railway station square ; but the structure did not correspond to the site in size and configuration, so it was never built. In 1965, Dmitry Chechulin used his plans for the unrealized project of the Aeroflot building to develop the plans for the future House of Soviets. However, the monumental complex of the White House differed from

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2016-408: Was developed in honor of the rescue, by Soviet pilots, of the passengers of the sunken steamship SS  Chelyuskin . The construction was supposed to have simplified forms; the stylobate of the building was similar in size to the ship, it was supplemented with numerous sculptural compositions. The main entrance of the planned building emphasized the portico , which resembled a triumphal arch . It

2064-594: Was elected to the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR in 1990. He followed Yeltsin in the successful resistance to the putsch attempt in 1991. He quit the Communist Party in August 1991, and on 29 October 1991, he was elected speaker of the Supreme Soviet of RSFSR . Khasbulatov had been an ally of Yeltsin in this period, and played a key role in leading the resistance to the 1991 coup attempt . However, he and Yeltsin drifted apart following

2112-403: Was equipped with a separate sewerage and an autonomous power supply system. There is a theory that the building is connected by underground passages to subway tunnels, but official sources do not confirm or refute this information. According to the memoirs of one of the builders, Felix Mikhailovich Ashurov, when installing the flagpole, Dmitry Chechulin ordered it to be shortened by three meters for

2160-401: Was held in the building, as the conference hall of the Grand Kremlin Palace was closed for repair. The Congress and the Supreme Soviet stated the termination of the powers of President Boris Yeltsin and their transfer to Vice President Alexander Rutskoy . During this period, rallies were held in different parts of Moscow, which caused armed skirmishes, and the territory around the building

2208-623: Was recognized as a particularly dangerous zone. At a meeting of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation , it was decided to storm the House of Soviets, after which President Boris Yeltsin signed a decree on attracting troops from the Ministry of Defense to Moscow. During the seizure of the building, six tanks from the Taman Division that were placed on the Novoarbatsky Bridge fired 12 shells at

2256-409: Was recognized as an emergency, citing issues with the roof and leaks in the basement among other issues. The Russian government has planned to allocate more than 5 billion rubles for reconstruction purposes. During the construction of the White House, Dmitry Chechulin used elements of his unrealized 1934 design for the headquarters of state airline Aeroflot . The original idea for the Aeroflot building

2304-570: Was the architect. Chechulin wrote nearly 40 books, pamphlets, monographs and articles on architecture, urban planning and design issues. Among his many awards were Hero of Socialist Labour (1976), People's Architect of the USSR (1971), two Orders of Lenin , two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour , the Order of Honour , and three Stalin Prizes (1941, 1949, 1953). He died 29 October 1981 and

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