Flag of Rusyns, approved by the World Congress of Rusyns in 2007
135-611: Rusyns ( Rusyn : Русины , romanized: Rusynŷ ), also known as Carpatho-Rusyns ( Rusyn : Карпаторусины or Карпатьскы Русины , romanized: Karpatorusynŷ or Karpaťskŷ Rusynŷ ), Ruthenians , or Rusnaks ( Rusyn : Руснакы or Руснаци , romanized: Rusnakŷ or Rusnacy ), are an East Slavic ethnic group from the Eastern Carpathians in Central Europe . They speak Rusyn , an East Slavic language variety , treated variously as either
270-603: A 2:1:1 ratio. Rusyn language Rusyn ( / ˈ r uː s ɪ n / ROO -sin ; Carpathian Rusyn : русиньскый язык , romanized: rusîn'skyj jazyk ; Pannonian Rusyn : руски язик , romanized: ruski jazik ) is an East Slavic language spoken by Rusyns in parts of Central and Eastern Europe , and written in the Cyrillic script . The majority of speakers live in an area known as Carpathian Ruthenia that spans from Transcarpathia , westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland. There
405-598: A European population, while Lemkos are closest to the Czech and Romanian (0.17) population, and Hutsuls closest to the Croatian (0.11) and Ukrainian (0.16) population. The 2014 Y-DNA studies of 200 Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina , Serbia, found they mostly belong to haplogroup R1a (43%), I2 (20%), E-V13 (12.5%), and R1b (8.5%), while I1 , G2a , J2b , N1 between 2.5 and 4.5%, and J1 , T , and H only in traces of less than 1%. They cluster closest to
540-769: A Soviet Red Army offensive, the Nazis who were passing through blew up all the bridges in Uzhhorod, including one built in the 14th century. On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo representatives from all cities and villages of the land adopted the manifesto uniting Zakarpattia Ukraine with Soviet Ukraine. The Soviets occupied the Carpathians, and in 1945 the Rusyn ethnic homeland was split among three countries, as western portions were incorporated into Czechoslovakia and Poland, while
675-553: A branch of the Ukrainian people . Rusyns are descended from an East Slavic population which inhabited the northeastern regions of the Eastern Carpathians. In those regions, there are several Rusyn groups, including Dolinyans, Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos . Of the estimated 1.7 million people of Rusyn origin, only around 110,000 have been officially identified as such in recent ( c. 2012) national censuses. This
810-503: A common ancestry with other modern Europeans. A 2009 mitochondrial DNA study of 111 samples found that in comparison to eight other Central and Eastern European populations (Belarusian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Ukrainian), the three Rusyn groups have a greater distance between themselves than these populations, with Boykos showing the greatest distance from all and did not cluster with anyone because have atypically low frequencies of haplogroup H (20%) and J (5%) for
945-804: A connection with East Slavic tribes , more specifically, the Hutsuls , and possibly Boykos , argued to be the descendants of the Ulichs who were not native in the region. As the region of the Ukrainian Carpathians , including Zakarpattia and Prykarpattia , has since the Early Middle Ages been inhabited by the tribes of Croats, in Ukrainian encyclopedias and dictionaries, and the Great Russian Encyclopedia ,
1080-668: A distinct national minority , and their legal status was regulated in Yugoslav federal units of Serbia and Croatia . In the Constitution of Serbia, that was adopted in 1963, Rusyns were designated as one of seven (explicitly named) national minorities (Article 82), and the same provision was implemented in the Statute of the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina that was adopted in the same year (Article 32). Further on,
1215-594: A distinct language or a dialect of the Ukrainian language . As traditional adherents of Eastern Christianity , the majority of Rusyns are Eastern Catholics , though a minority of Rusyns practice Eastern Orthodoxy . Rusyns primarily self-identify as a distinct Slavic people and they are recognized as such in Croatia , Hungary , Poland , Romania , Serbia , and Slovakia , where they have official minority status. Alternatively, some identify more closely with their country of residence (i.e. Polish, Slovak), while others are
1350-676: A healthy pro-Rusyn movement exists in the Carpathians. Some Ukrainian nationalists have argued that the modern 'Rusyn movement' is in service of the expansionist aims of modern Russia . According to Mrs Jozsefne Csepanyi-Bardos, the president of the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council in Budapest Capital. The flag of the Ruthenians of the World and the Ruthenian Ethnic Minority Council is a tricolour in
1485-601: A language or dialect is a source of controversy. Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language (with its own ISO 639-3 code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of Ukrainian . In the English language , the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the ISO . Other names are sometimes also used to refer to
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#17327652375901620-418: A line along the towns and villages of Osadne , Hostovice , Parihuzovce , Čukalovce , Pcoline , Pichne , Nechvalova Polianka , Zubne , Nizna Jablonka , Vysna Jablonka , Svetlice , and Zbojne ). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide
1755-617: A moat, workers and artisans, and the founding of an Orthodox monastery on the Latorytsia River. The Austro-Hungarian monarchy controlled the Carpathians from 1772 to 1918. With the increased Magyarization in the nineteenth century, for some educated and intellectual Rusyns it was natural to move to Budapest , while for other Slavic minded intellectuals the Russian Empire became a favored destination. The Rusyns have always been subject to larger neighboring powers, but in
1890-442: A more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc. S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009 The Niagovo Postilla (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758,
2025-538: A part of the village Ľubotice) In the last few years and today, the construction of new residential areas and satellite towns in Prešov is being realized, especially in the district Šidlovec, Solivar, Šalgovík, Tichá dolina and Surdok. Habitation in the area around Prešov dates as far back as the Paleolithic period. The oldest discovered tools and mammoth bones are 28,000 years old. Continuous settlement dates back to
2160-555: A result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as сирота , orphan . In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is maintained . Pre%C5%A1ov Prešov ( Slovak pronunciation: [ˈpreʂɔw] , Hungarian : Eperjes [ˈɛpɛrjɛʃ] , German: Eperies , Rusyn and Ukrainian : Пряшів [ˈprʲaʃʲiu̯] )
2295-619: A result, many institutions moved from Košice to Prešov, thus increasing the town's importance. In 1944, a professional Slovak Theatre was established in Prešov. The city is a site in the Holocaust : "In 1940, on the eve of the Holocaust, Prešov contained five synagogues and more than one in six of the city's population—4,308 people—was Jewish. Three of the synagogues are still standing, but the Jewish community now numbers fewer than 60. Outside
2430-631: A second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language. Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize
2565-494: A separate language altogether. In the ISO 639-9 identifier application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ Slovak : východoslovenský , Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски , lit. 'East Slovak' ], ... (the speeches of Trebišov and Prešov [districts])." The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from
2700-427: A seven-case system of nominative , accusative , genitive , dative , locative , instrumental , and vocative cases. One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into animate and inanimate types. While there are no suffixes specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates , the form of the accusative case copies that of
2835-535: A structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive. Its orthography is largely based on Zhelekhivka , a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet. In Poland, a standard Lemko-Rusyn grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego , 'Grammar of the Lemko Language'; ( Rusyn : Ґраматыка лемківского языка , romanized: Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka ),
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#17327652375902970-481: A sub-group of the Ukrainian people. In spite of this, Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast has recognized Rusyns as a "distinct nationality" within the oblast since a 2007 proclamation by its regional assembly. By the end of the 20th century there appeared many societies and organizations considering Rusyns as people separate from Ukrainians. By the early 21st century they had representatives in parliaments of Serbia, Hungary, and Romania, published their own press, and in 2007
3105-529: A successor of Ecclesia Ruthena unita). The nineteenth century also saw the spread of pan Slavism in Europe, and a pro-Moscow view became popular. The Russian military campaign of Tsar Nicholas I through the Carpathians in 1849 had significance for the local Rusyn population, who came into close contact with an almost 200,000 man Russian army. This interaction had an impact on the rising national consciousness of that time. Aleksander Dukhnovich (1803–1865), who wrote
3240-751: A trading group. The first record of a school dates from 1429. After the collapse of the old Kingdom of Hungary after the Ottoman invasion of 1526, Prešov became a border city and changed hands several times between two usually rivalrous domains, Habsburg Royal Hungary and Hungarian states normally backed by the Ottomans: the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom , the Principality of Transylvania , and the Principality of Upper Hungary . Still, Prešov went through an economic boom thanks to trade with
3375-434: A typical multiethnic town where Slovak , Hungarian , German, and Yiddish were spoken. tongue Before World War II Prešov was a home for a large Jewish population of 4,300 and housed a major Jewish museum. During 1939 and 1940 the Jewish community absorbed a flow of Jewish refugees from German Nazi -occupied Poland , and in 1941 additional deportees from Bratislava . In 1942 a series of deportations of Prešov's Jews to
3510-615: Is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns . After the dissolution of Austria-Hungary (1918), the newly proclaimed Hungarian Republic recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at
3645-402: Is Ukrainian itself ... It was not recognized by ... the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment ... leading to a continued perception ... that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian ... Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars ... to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian ... The desire to see
3780-582: Is a city in Eastern Slovakia . It is the seat of administrative Prešov Region ( Slovak : Prešovský kraj ) and Šariš . With a population of approximately 85,000 for the city, and in total about 100,000 with the metropolitan area, it is the third-largest city in Slovakia. It belongs to the Košice-Prešov agglomeration and is the natural cultural, economic, transport and administrative center of
3915-519: Is agreed to include the varieties known historically as Lemko and Bojko , and is also generally accepted to end at or with the Hucul variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of East Slavic languages, it has also acquired a number of West Slavic features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with
4050-527: Is also a sizeable Pannonian Rusyn linguistic island in Vojvodina , Serbia , as well as a Rusyn diaspora throughout the world. Per the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Hungary , Romania , Poland (as Lemko), Serbia , and Slovakia . The categorization of Rusyn as
4185-584: Is largely because some census-taking authorities classify them as a subgroup of the Ukrainian people, while others classify them as a distinct ethnic group. The term Rusyn ( Rusyn : Русин , plural Русины , Rusynŷ ) originates from the archaic ethnonym " Rus ' ". The respective endonymic adjective has traditionally been rusʹkŷi ( руськый m. , руська f. , руське/руськое n. ), though rusynʹskŷi ( русиньскый, русинськый, русинский, русиньскій, русински ) has also been used; even more so after 1989. In interwar Czechoslovakia, Ruthenia
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4320-524: Is lined with buildings built in these styles. In the suburbs, however, the Soviet influence is clearly evident through the massive concrete panel buildings ( paneláky ) of the housing estates ( sídliská ) and the Sekčov district. More Soviet-style architecture is seen in the government buildings near the city center. Significant industries in the city include mechanical and electrical engineering companies and
4455-523: Is located in the north-eastern Slovakia, at the northern reaches of the Košice Basin , at the confluence of the Torysa River with its tributary Sekčov. Mountain ranges nearby include Slanské vrchy (south-east), Šarišská vrchovina (south-west), Bachureň (west) and Čergov (north). The neighbouring city of Košice is 34 km (21 mi) to the south. Prešov is about 50 km (31 mi) south of
4590-562: Is most similar to other Ukrainians, while the Bukovina population slightly "differs from the typical Ukrainian population" because it has the highest percentage of I2a (>30%) and the lowest percentage of R1a (30%) in Ukraine. Bukovina's percentage of I2 is similar to near Moldovan and Romanian population, while the highest percentage is among South Slavs in Western Balkans . It was concluded that although bordered by diverse nations,
4725-423: Is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century. By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion". The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under
4860-507: Is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic furvor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around Uzhhorod , Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard. In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995 when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová. Its namesakes are both
4995-745: Is the seat of the Roman Co-Cathedral of St. Nicholas . The city is part of the metropolitan Košice Archdiocese. Prešov is the seat of the Slovak Greek Catholic metropolis and the Prešov Greek Catholic Archeparchy , which was founded on November 3, 1815, by Emperor Francis II . The Prešov Orthodox Diocese was established after World War II by the division of the Mukachevo-Prešov Orthodox Diocese. The Cathedral of St. Prince Alexander Nevsky
5130-642: The Austrian Empire after 1843). In the Kingdom of Hungary , Ruthene was used as the official term for the Rusyn people ( Hungarian : rutén or ruszin ) of Transcarpathia until 1945. During the early twentieth century the term "became even more restricted: it was generally used to refer to the inhabitants of Transcarpathia and to Transcarpathian emigrants in the United States ", for whom the terms Rusyn and Carpatho-Rusyn are more commonly used since
5265-471: The Budapest University . By the end of 1919, the region of Subcarpathian Ruthenia was appended to the newly formed Czechoslovak state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters. In March 1939,
5400-545: The Dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (1918), various parts of Rusyn people were faced with different political challenges. Those who lived in northeastern counties of the Hungarian part of the former Monarchy were faced with pretensions of Hungary, Romania, and Czechoslovakia. On the other hand, those who lived in the former Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria were faced with pretensions of Poland and Ukraine. In
5535-698: The Dęblin–Irena Ghetto in May 1942. Only a few dozen survived. On 19 January 1945 Prešov was taken by Soviet troops of the 1st Guards Army . After 1948, during the Communist era in Czechoslovakia , Prešov became an industrial center. Due to World War II , Prešov lost the majority of its Jewish population. Nonetheless, population of the city increased rapidly from 28,000 in 1950 to 52,000 in 1970 and 89,000 in 1990. By granting city privileges in 1299,
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5670-493: The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Bosnia and Herzegovina (2011), Croatia (1997), Hungary (1998), Romania (2008), Poland (as Lemko, 2009), Serbia (2006), and Slovakia (2002). It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has assigned
5805-416: The ISO 639-3 code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn. On January 20, 2022, the ISO 639-3 identifier, rsk , and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian , were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO . The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including Aleksandr Dulichenko ) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from Carpathian Rusyn and to issue it
5940-625: The OCA and ROCOR Orthodox churches self-identify as Carpatho-Russian. There are different theories to explain Rusyn origins. According to Paul Robert Magocsi , the origin of the present-day Carpatho-Rusyns is complex and not exclusively related to the Kievan Rus' . The ancestors were the early Slavs whose movement to the Danubian Basin was influenced by the Huns and Pannonian Avars between
6075-655: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . In the 16th century it brought in grape vines from the nearby Tokaj wine region , and was home to German-Hungarian, Polish and Greek wine merchants. Some of the first books on Tokaj wine were written in German in Prešov. In 1572, salt mining began in Solivar (at that time a nearby town, now part of Prešov). Antun Vrančić , a Croatian prelate, writer, diplomat and Archbishop of Esztergom , died in Prešov in 1573. Prešov
6210-557: The clothing industry . Solivary, the only salt mining and processing company in Slovakia, also operates in the city. The city is a seat of a Greek Catholic metropolitan see and of the primate of the autocephalous Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia . Many concerts, operas, operettas and stage plays are performed at the new building of the Jonáš Záborský Theatre (Divadlo Jonáša Záborského), as well as at
6345-530: The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Croatia continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language. Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now
6480-464: The 17th century. The people in the west called themselves Belarusians and the people in the south were known as Malorussians ( Little Russians ). Later, in what began as a political movement in the mid 19th century, many Little Russians began using the term " Ukrainian " to distinguish themselves from the Great Russians in northern Rus'. So by the mid-20th century the original name Rus or Rusyn
6615-551: The 1920s and 1930s a dispute existed between Russophile and Ukrainophile Rusyns. In October 1938, a series of political reforms were initiated, leading to the creation of the Second Czechoslovak Republic , consisting of three autonomous political entities, one of them being the Subcarpathian Rus' ( Rusyn : Підкарпатьска Русь ). On 11 October 1938, first autonomous Government of Subcarpathian Rus
6750-721: The 1970s. In some non- Slavic languages, Rusyns may be referred to by exonymic or somewhat archaic terms such as Carpatho-Ruthenes or Carpatho-Ruthenians , but such terminology is not present in the Rusyn language . Exonymic Ruthenian designations are seen as less precise because they encompass various East Slavic groups and bear broader ethnic connotations as a result of varied historical usage. In older literature and speech, both Catholic and Orthodox Rusyns occasionally referred to themselves as Carpatho-Russians or Carpathian Russians. These terms, however, are generally considered antiquated and now typically refer to ethnic Russians of
6885-749: The 19th century a Rusyn national movement was formed which emphasized distinct ethnic identity and literary language. During the Spring of Nations on 2 May 1848 in Lemberg (today Lviv ) was established the first political representation of the Galician Rusyns, the Main Ruthenian Council ( Rusyn : Головна Руська Рада , Holovna Ruska Rada ). The most active and leading stratum among Rusyns was Greek-Catholic clergy (see Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church ,
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#17327652375907020-421: The 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, Myxajlo Lučkaj 's grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena , of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on
7155-629: The 5th and 6th centuries, the White Croats who lived on both slopes of the Carpathians and built many hill-forts in the region including Uzhhorod ruled by the mythical ruler Laborec , the Rusyns of Galicia and Podolia , and Vlach shepherds of Transylvania. It is thought that the Croats were part of the Antes tribal polity who migrated to Galicia in the 3rd-4th century, under pressure by invading Huns and Goths . George Shevelov also considered
7290-638: The 8th century. After the Mongol invasion in 1241, King Béla IV of Hungary invited German colonists to fill the gaps in population. Prešov became a German-speaking settlement, related to the Zipser German and Carpathian German areas, and was elevated to the rank of a royal free town in 1347 by Louis the Great . In 1412, Prešov helped to create the Pentapolitana , the league of five towns,
7425-426: The Austrian emperor, imprisoned a group of local noblemen suspected of insurrection in a former wine warehouse off the square now known as Caraffa's Prison. He subsequently, and notoriously, had 24 of them tortured, executed and their heads placed on spikes around the town, after what we would now call a show trial." At the beginning of the 18th century, the population was decimated by the Bubonic plague and fires and
7560-406: The Carpathian region. The use of several, imprecise Russian ethnonyms (in a Rusyn context) are also present in the works of some older authors, including foreign authors, as well as those native to the region. This terminology has also been reflected within some groups of the Rusyn diaspora. For example, the popular newspaper of the Byzantine (Greek) Catholic Church in the U.S. for decades known as
7695-432: The Carpathians on the road from Prešov to Krosno. Wolfgang Schustel, a Lutheran reformer during the Reformation , who adopted an uncompromising position on public piety worked in Prešov and other towns. In 1667, the important Evangelical Lutheran College of Eperjes was established by Lutherans in the town. Imre Thököly , the Protestant Hungarian rebel and Ottoman ally studied at the Protestant college here. In 1685 he
7830-584: The Carpathians seemingly were a barrier decreasing gene flow southward of N1c (М178), R1a (М198) from the region, and northward of E1b (М78), R1b (М269), J (М304) and G (М201) to the region. The general usage of 'Rusyn' by all East Slavs dates back to over 11 centuries, its origin signifying the ethnic tie to the political entity of Kievan Rus' , which existed from the late ninth to the early 13th century. The Carpathian Rusyns, Ukrainians (once called Ruthenians or Little Russians), Belarusians (once called White Russians) and Russians (Great Russians) are descendants of
7965-435: The Constitutional Law of 1969 regulated the position of Rusyn language as one of five official languages in Vojvodina (Article 67). After the fall of communism , new opportunities arose for Rusyns in Poland and in the newly formed countries of Slovakia and Ukraine. The Rusyns of the Transcarpathia region of Ukraine were able to vote in December 1991 for self-rule. With an 89% voter turnout, 78% voted Yes to autonomy. But with
8100-409: The Duke of Novgorod, brought with him from the north soldiers and their families to settle unpopulated Carpathian lands. While the actual number of immigrants is uncertain, the arrival of Koriatovich and his retinue was a milestone for the Rusyns, substantially improving the region's administrative, ecclesiastical and cultural aspects. This included building and fortifying Mukachevo Castle with cannons,
8235-595: The German Nazi death camps in Poland began. Plaques in the town hall and a memorial in the surviving synagogue record that 2 6,400 Jews were deported from the town under the Tiso government of the First Slovak Republic . Only 716 Jewish survivors were found in the city and its surrounding when it was liberated by the Soviet Red Army in January 1945. According to the 2011 census, Prešov had 91 782 inhabitants, 81.14% declared Slovak nationality, 1.70% Romani , 1.59% Rusyn , 0,7% Ukrainian , 0.48% Czech , 0.14% Hungarian , 13.8% did not declare any nationality. Prešov
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#17327652375908370-428: The Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language. These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a minority language in Slovakia , enjoying the status of an official language in municipalities where more than 20 percent of
8505-872: The Lemko Region (in southeastern Poland), and Maramureş (in north-central Romania). In the Lemko region, the endonym Lemko (pl. Lemkŷ ) became more common in the twentieth century, along with Lemko-Rusyn since the 1990s. The variant Rusnak ( Руснак ; plural: Rusnakŷ or Pannonian-Rusyn, Rusnatsi ) was also (and still is) used as an endonym ; particularly by Rusyns outside the Carpathians in Vojvodina , Serbia and Slavonia , Croatia. However, they may also referred to as Vojvodinian Rusyns ( voivodianski Rusnatsi ), Bachka-Srem Rusyns ( bachvansʹko-srimski rusnatsi ), or formerly as Yugoslav Rusyns ( iuzhnoslaviansʹki Rusnatsi ). Other terms such as Ruthene, Rusniak, Lemak, Lyshak, and Lemko are considered by some scholars to be historic, local, or synonymic names for these inhabitants of Transcarpathia. Others hold that
8640-697: The Middle Ages or earlier, as descendants of the medieval Slavs of Galicia and carriers of Chernyakhov culture along Prut - Dniester rivers, possibly with some Thracian component. According to the data, the population has the lowest admixture in Ukraine of Turkic speaking populations, like Volga Tatars and Bashkirs , while in comparison to other populations they have similarities with neighbouring Eastern Slovaks , Gorals of Poland, Romanians , some groups of Czechs and Hungarians , Northwestern Bulgarians , Central and Northern Serbians, and most of Croatians. The 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of Carpathian Highlanders – Boykos , Hutsuls and Lemkos people – showed
8775-419: The Museum of Ruthenian Culture was opened in Prešov , Slovakia. In 2010 in Mukachevo were festivities commemorating the union of Zakarpattia with Ukraine, four out of 663 of congress delegates who adopted the Manifest about the Union and who were still alive attended the event: F. Sabov, O. Lohoida, M. Moldavchuk and J. Matlakh. They shared their experience about first years of the People's Council in revival of
8910-399: The Polish border, 60 km (37 mi) north of the Hungarian border and is some 410 km (250 mi) northeast of Bratislava (by road). Prešov has a warm humid continental climate , bordering an oceanic climate . Prešov has four distinct seasons and is characterized by a significant variation between somewhat warm summers and slightly cold, snowy winters. In the past, Prešov was
9045-420: The Russian majority in the Odesa region casting a similar vote, the Ukrainian government, fearing secession, has refused to honor this referendum. In terms of minority rights, the question of Rusyn self-identification and recognition in Ukraine has been a subject of interest for European institutions, as well as the United Nations . Nationally, Rusyns are considered (by both state and cultural authorities) only
9180-436: The Russichi, the people of Rus', that is East Slavs who mixed with other peoples over centuries, including in the south with Iranian and later with Germanic peoples, in the west with Baltic peoples, in the east with Finnish and Turkic peoples. Over the centuries these loosely affiliated peoples developed different political and economic centers as well as new names. The inhabitants of northern Rus' were known as Great Russians by
9315-590: The Rusyns are generally considered to be the descendants of the White Croats. According to anthropological studies, the Eastern Carpathian population makes one of the sub-regional clines of the Ukrainian population, which can be regionally divided into Eastern and Western Carpathian variants. In the study by M. S. Velikanova (1975) the skulls from a medieval necropolis near village of Vasyliv in Zastavna Raion were very similar to contemporary Carpathian population, and according to S. P. Segeda , V. Dyachenko and T. I. Alekseyeva this anthropological complex developed in
9450-404: The Second Czechoslovak Republic proclaimed the Constitutional Law on the Autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus' ( Czech : Ústavní zákon o autonomii Podkarpatské Rusi ), officially reaffirming the right of self-determination of Rusyn people ( preamble ), and confirming full political and administrative autonomy of Subcarpathian Rus', with its own assembly and government. In the constitutional system of
9585-456: The Second Czechoslovak Republic, the region continued to be known as the Subcarpathian Rus', while local institutions promoted the use of the term Carpathian Ukraine . The Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine , which existed for one day on March 15, 1939, before it was occupied and annexed by Hungary, is sometimes considered to have been a self-determining Rusyn state that had intentions to unite with Kiev . The Republic's president, Avgustyn Voloshyn ,
9720-625: The Soviets as kulaks, or rich peasants. Property and farm animals were confiscated and newly established kolkhozes (collectivized farms) were built, with people being forced to work on their own former land, 'employed' by the Communist government. Some of the less lucky were sent to Siberia. In 1947, under the Operation Vistula happened forced resettlement of c. 150,000 Lemkos, Boykos and other Ukrainians between Poland and Ukraine. In
9855-468: The Ukrainian and Slovakian population, "providing evidence for their genetic isolation from the Serbian majority population". The 2015 Y-DNA study of 150 men from Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi Oblast (Bukovina), found they mostly belong to R1a1a1*(М198), I2a (Р37.2), R1a1a1 (М458) ranging around and less than 30%, with E1b1b1a1 (M78), R1b1b2 (M269), and I1 (М253) ranging between 4-14%. The sampled population
9990-553: The above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar. It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik. The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary. One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity ... A good example
10125-458: The arrival of military reinforcements, the insurgents were arrested and despite the fact that there were no casualties during the riots, the statistical court sentenced the participants in the uprising to death. On the same day, November 1, 1918, 41 soldiers and 2 civilians were executed in the square. This event is also known as the Prešov Uprising. The bombing of the city on December 20, 1944,
10260-422: The beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in
10395-538: The borders of modern Ukraine, Russian President Vladimir Putin specifically referred to the people in the Carpathian Mountains of modern-day Ukraine as Rusyns , rather than Ukrainians. In writing about the Soviet Union's post World War II takeover of the Transcarpathian region, Putin stated that, "quote, 'Rusyns (Русины) made up a considerable share of the local population', unquote". Then, using
10530-521: The city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia. Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically:
10665-548: The city had to sustain a large imperial army. From 1604, when the first of a number of anti-Habsburg uprisings of the Hungarian estates broke out, until 1710, when the city capitulated to a strong Habsburg army, Prešov was besieged many times by various insurgent troops, even by imperial troops. For example: Bocskai uprising , General Bast's troops, Juraj I. Rákoci's insurgents, Veshelini's conspiracy, Kuruk's insurgents, Tököli's uprising, General Caraffa's Prešov slaughterhouses and
10800-432: The city include German: Preschau or Eperies , Hungarian Eperjes , Polish Preszów , Romany Peryeshis , Russian Пряшев ( Pryashev ), Subcarpathian Rusyn Пряшово and Pr’ašiv Rusyn and Ukrainian Пряшів ( Priashiv ). People from Prešov are traditionally known as koňare which means "horse keepers". The old town is a showcase of Baroque , Rococo and Gothic architecture . The historical center
10935-591: The classification of East Slavic dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the Kingdom of Hungary , and also in neighbouring regions of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria . From those questions, three main theories emerged: In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities,
11070-466: The complete list of all the vogts of Prešov until from 1497. For the first time, a woman became the highest representative of Prešov in 2014, when Andrea Turčanová became the winner of the election. In the elections of 2018, she strengthened her position and won the elections to the mayor of Prešov. Prešov already had an important geographical position in the Middle Ages, because it was located at
11205-443: The coterritorial languages of Polish and Slovak . Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn literary varieties and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone
11340-412: The crossroads of trade routes and also belonged to the important defense system of the emerging Hungarian state. The beginnings of the army in Prešov date back to this area, as Hungarian tribes and their allies, which were military-guard groups of Asian ethnic groups, came to these areas to establish guard settlements and fortresses to defend the emerging Kingdom of Hungary from enemy attacks. To this day,
11475-464: The direction of bishop of Mukachevo , Joseph Decamillis (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the University of Trnava published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students. Later, in 1767 Maria Theresa 's Urbarium
11610-522: The early 1870s. Between 1899 and 1931, Ellis Island listed 268,669 Rusyn immigrants. Most settled in the northeastern states, but Rusyn settlements also appeared in more far flung states such as Minnesota, Colorado, Alabama, Washington and Montana. Smaller numbers also emigrated to Canada, Brazil and Argentina. Rusyns formed two ephemeral states after World War I : the Lemko-Rusyn Republic and Komancza Republic . Prior to this time, some of
11745-575: The eastern portion became part of the Soviet Union and was officially named Transcarpathia . After World War II, Transcarpathia was declared as a part of Ukrainia. In Poland, the new Communist government deported many Rusyns from their ancestral region, sending many east to Ukraine, and others to the far west of the country. In Czechoslovakia a policy of Ukrainization was implemented. In Ukraine, many Rusyns who owned land or livestock, often funded via their own family members in America, were now branded by
11880-473: The entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as Ruthenian language ( German : ruthenische Sprache , Hungarian : Rutén nyelv ), an archaic and exonymic term that remained in use until 1918. In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and
12015-402: The first railway line was built, connecting the town to Košice . At the end of the 19th century, the town introduced electricity, telephone, telegraph and a sewage systems. In 1887 fire destroyed a large part of the town. In 1918, Czechoslovak troops began occupying Eastern Slovakia, along with Prešov. On 16 June 1919, Hungarian troops entered the city and the very brief Slovak Soviet Republic
12150-569: The first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners). Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the Prešov Literary Society , in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue
12285-675: The founders of the Lemko-Rusyn Republic were sentenced to death or imprisoned in Talerhof by the prosecuting attorney Kost Levytsky ( Rusyn : Кость Леви́цький ), future president of the West Ukrainian People's Republic . In the interwar period , the Rusyn diaspora in Czechoslovakia enjoyed liberal conditions to develop their culture (in comparison with Ukrainians in Poland or Romania). Hutsul Stepan Klochurak
12420-590: The genitive case. As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances. Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs ). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types". This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я ( soft ) in
12555-422: The inhabitants speak Rusyn. Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize Rusyns as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014. Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by
12690-420: The insurgents led by Francis II. Rákocim. Prešov then flourished until 1848, because it did not experience any war. The revolutionary years of 1848–49 pulled not only the free royal city of Prešov, but the whole country into the whirlwind of events. Volunteer towns. Due to its strategic location, Prešov experienced several changes of military forces during this period. For example, General Schlick's imperial army
12825-471: The joint army and militia, the largest of which was the 67th Imperial and Royal Infantry Regiment. The hardships of World War I and especially its end tragically affected the life of Prešov, because on November 1, 1918, under the influence of the revolution in Budapest , soldiers of the 67th Regiment and some other smaller units in Prešov refused to obey their commanders and looted some shops in Prešov. After
12960-422: The language is also referred to as руснацькый язык , rusnac'kyj jazyk , 'Rusnak language', or simply referred to as speaking our way ( Carpathian Rusyn : по-нашому , romanized: po-nashomu ). The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding
13095-404: The language, mainly deriving from exonyms such as Ruthenian or Ruthene ( UK : / r ʊ ˈ θ iː n / RUUTH -een , US : / r uː ˈ θ iː n / ROO -theen ), that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene. Within the Rusyn community,
13230-459: The life of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . Parallel, medieval Latin terms such as Rusi , Russi or Rusci are found in sources of the period and were commonly used as an exonym for the East Slavs. Since the end of the 11th century, the exonymic term Rutheni ( Ruthenes ) was also used by some Latin sources of western provenance as an alternative term for all East Slavs. During
13365-421: The names of the nearby hills Veľká and Lysá stráž have been preserved. The city had its own garrison probably since 1374, when it was given the right to build defensive walls with bastions and towers by King Louis I. The importance of the military garrison certainly increased because the city of Prešov became a free royal town in the 14th century. At the end of the 16th century, during the 15-year war with Turkey,
13500-639: The new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak ). This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue , and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language ( Carpathian Rusyn ) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected
13635-480: The nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm. It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as
13770-582: The northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ ʃʲʃʲ ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ ʃʲ ]. Declension in Rusyn is based on grammatical number , gender , and case . Like English , only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and plural . And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses
13905-527: The older theatre premises. The city and the region were contenders for European Capital of Culture 2013. The nearby city of Košice was chosen. Prešov lies in the eastern part of Slovakia at the confluence of the rivers Torysa and Sekčov in the Košice Basin. It is surrounded by Slanské vrchy from the east and Šarišská vrchovina from the west. Roads I / 18 ( Poprad – Michalovce ), I / 68 (direction Stará Ľubovňa ), I / 20 (direction Košice ) intersect in
14040-400: The people of Prešov gained the right to elect their vogt. Such a vogt embodied the highest executive and judicial power in the city. He was elected among the esteemed burghers, usually for one year. The first vogt in the city of Prešov, whose name has been preserved, was Hanus called Ogh, who is mentioned in historical sources as early as 1314. However, historians have not been able to complete
14175-638: The pre-World War II term to describe the region, he asserted that the population of "Subcarpathian Rus", also known as Podkarpatska Rus (Подкарпатскa Рус) voted to join the Soviet Union either as "either part of the Russian Soviet republic or as a separate Carpathian republic". Putin noted however that the Soviet authorities "ignored the choice of the people" and incorporated it instead into the Ukrainian Soviet republic. Today there are estimated to be approximately 1.5 million Rusyns in Europe and
14310-589: The pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat' ); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Misplaced Pages, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in Rusyn Misplaced Pages (although parts of the articles are written using other standards). Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or
14445-446: The proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis , 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio ), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. In 1847, Greek Catholic priest Alexander Dukhnovych published
14580-536: The region proclaimed independence under the name Carpatho-Ukraine , but it was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the Soviet Union , and incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR , which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language
14715-432: The region. There is also ongoing linguistic and political controversy as to whether Rusyn is a distinct Slavic language or one of several dialects of the Ukrainian language . In several countries, it is recognized as a distinct minority language. Though Ukraine also adopted a law that recognized Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages in 2012, that law was revoked in 2014. In 2021 while discussing
14850-497: The request. As explained earlier, term Ruthenian language already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak , also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all Rusyns (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus'). The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen. A soft consonant combination sound [ ʃʲt͡ʃʲ ] exists more among
14985-657: The rule of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth , the scope of Rutheni gradually narrowed to only refer to inhabitants of the East Slavic regions that now mostly belong to the states of Belarus and Ukraine . After the Partitions of Poland , Rutheni "came to be associated primarily with those [East Slavs] who lived under the Habsburg monarchy " (and was used as an official designation in
15120-671: The same time some 8,500 Rusyns voluntarily emigrated from Czechoslovakia to Ukraine, but more than half of them returned during the 1960s. These acts were protested for years, but to no avail. In the US, the Greek Catholic Union's 1964 convention even adopted a resolution calling on the United Nations to act "so that Carpatho-Russia be recognized and accepted into the free nations of the world as an autonomous state". In former Yugoslavia , Rusyns were officially recognized as
15255-916: The second is represented by Pannonian Rusyn . Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in: Pannonian Rusyn is spoken by the Pannonian Rusyns in the region of Vojvodina (in Serbia ), and in a nearby region of Slavonia (in Croatia ). The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from Transcarpathia and follows the Carpathian Mountains westward into South-Eastern Poland and Eastern Slovakia , forming an area referred to as Carpathian Ruthenia . As with any language, all three major varieties of Rusyn vary with respect to phonology , morphology , and syntax , and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The continuum of Rusyn
15390-446: The sole functioning synagogue, on Švermova just off the main square, is a memorial to the 6,400 Jews from Prešov and the surrounding region who died in the Holocaust. The broad path leading to the tombstone-shaped monument, surrounded by prison-like bars, is intended to represent the Jewish pre-war population; the narrow path that leads on from it to the synagogue, those who survived." About two thousand Jews were deported from Prešov to
15525-458: The terms Lemko and Rusnak are simply regional variations for Rusyns or Ruthenes. Rusyns have at times also been referred to as Uhro-Rusyn ( Uhro-Rus ) in the regions of Prešov , Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Several endonyms such as Rus' and Rusyn were used widely by the East Slavs of Kievan Rus' during the medieval period. Common endonymic use of those terms continued through
15660-1001: The town and the south-western connection of the D1 motorway ( Poprad – Košice ) is being built. The Košice – Muszyna railway line leads through Prešov, to which the lines to Humenné and Bardejov connect. Košice lies 36 km (22 mi) south, Poprad 75 km (47 mi) west, Bardejov 41 km (25 mi) north and Vranov nad Topľou 46 km (29 mi) east. Self-governing city districts . Territorial districts of self-governing city districts: Cadastral city district: Prešov, Nižná Šebastová , Solivar , Šalgovík , Cemjata Other districts : Delňa, Dúbrava, Kalvária, Rúrky, Soľná Baňa, Šarišské Lúky , Širpo , Šidlovec, Táborisko , Teľov , Vydumanec, Borkút, Kúty, Surdok Housing estates : Duklianskych hrdinov , Mier, Mladosť , Sekčov , Sídlisko II , Sídlisko III , Šváby Previous city districts : Haniska (1970–1990), Ľubotice (1970–1990), Šarišské Lúky (1970 – 1990, since 1990 it's
15795-480: The unofficial Rusyn National Anthem ("I was, am, and will be a Rusyn"), and who by some is considered to be a sort of 'George Washington' of the Rusyns, reminisced that when he saw the Russian Cossacks on the streets, he "danced and cried with joy". A few decades later, when economic conditions and repression worsened in the late 19th century, massive emigration of Rusyns to America took place, beginning in
15930-515: The Šariš region. It lends its name to the Eperjes-Tokaj Hill-Chain which was considered as the geographic entity on the first map of Hungary from 1528. There are many tourist attractions in Prešov such as castles (e.g. Šariš Castle ), pools and the old town. The first written mention is from 1247 ( Theutonici de Epuryes ). Several authors derived the name from Hungarian : eper (strawberry). Other alternative names of
16065-547: The ‘ Greek Catholic Union Messenger ’, used the term Carpatho-Russian up until the 1950s (by the 1960s the term Ruthenian came into vogue). As well, the American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese , with over 14,000 members and 78 parishes as of 2006 (and founded by former Byzantine Catholic members), uses the term Carpatho-Russian on a regular basis even today. Finally, as of the early 21st Century, one can still hear Rusyn Americans within
16200-623: Was a prime minister of Hutsul Republic centered in Yasinia that was seeking union with the West Ukrainian People's Republic, but was overran by the Hungarian troops, later Klochurak became a Defense Minister of Carpatho-Ukraine . After World War I, the majority of Rusyns found themselves in the new country of Czechoslovakia. The interwar period became a mini renaissance for Rusyn culture, as they were permitted their own schools, theater, anthem, and even their own governor. During
16335-1031: Was also devastating for the city of Prešov. From July 4, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II , military units in the territory of Czechoslovakia were reorganized according to the model of the Red Army . Since then, the following military headquarters have been located in the city of Prešov: infantry regiment headquarters, rifle division headquarters, tank division headquarters, motorized rifle division headquarters, mechanized division headquarters, army corps headquarters, mechanized brigade headquarters. From 1918 to 2019, these soldiers, who were born in Prešov, brigadier general František Bartko, major general Vojtech Gejza Danielovič, lieutenant general Alexander Mucha, Brigadier General Ing. Karol Navrátil, brigadier general Ing. Ivan Pach, major general Emil Perko, major general Jozef Zadžora. Prešov lies at an altitude of 250 m (820 ft) above sea level and covers an area of 70.4 km (27.2 sq mi). It
16470-530: Was an advocate of writing in Rusyn . The Hungarian annexation caused support for Russophile direction, while in Germany occupied Poland support for Ukrainian identity. Although the Carpathians were not a major WWII battlefield, the Rusyns saw their share of horror and destruction, beginning with the Hungarian government's 1941 deportation of the Carpathian Jews . In September 1944, while retreating from
16605-465: Was appointed, headed by prime-minister Andrej Bródy. Soon after, a crisis occurred between pro-Rusyn and pro-Ukrainian fractions, leading to the fall of Bródy government on 26 October. New regional government, headed by Avgustyn Voloshyn , adopted a pro-Ukrainian course and opted for the change of name, from Subcarpathian Rus' to Carpathian Ukraine . That move led to the creation of a particular terminological duality. On 22 November 1938, authorities of
16740-523: Was called Rusinsko in Czech; sometimes rendered Rusinia or Rusynia in American-Rusyn publications. Carpatho-Rusyn or Carpatho-Ruthenian ( Karpato-Rusyny ) is the main regional designation for Rusyns. The term refers to Carpathian Ruthenia ( Karpatsʹka Rusʹ ), which is a historical cross-border region encompassing Subcarpathian Rus' (in northeastern Slovakia and Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast ), Prešov Region (in eastern Slovakia),
16875-409: Was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies, using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions ( Operation Vistula ), and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school. During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was Yugoslavia . After
17010-612: Was declared here with the support of the Hungarian Soviet Republic . The short-lived republic collapsed in 7 July 1919 and Czechoslovak troops re-entered Prešov. In 1920, after the Treaty of Trianon , Prešov definitively became part of the newly created Czechoslovakia . During World War II , the nearby town of Košice again became part of the Kingdom of Hungary as a result of the First Vienna Award . As
17145-609: Was defeated here by the Habsburg at the Battle of Eperjes . In 1687 twenty-four prominent citizens and noblemen were executed, under a tribunal instituted by the Austrian general Antonio Caraffa , for supporting the uprising of Imre Thököly : "The city particularly suffered during the religious conflicts of the seventeenth century, when it had a reputation for Protestant anti-Habsburg sentiment. In 1687, General Carafa, an emissary of
17280-630: Was prominent in the Protestant Reformation . It was at the front line in the 1604–1606 Bocskai uprising , when Imperial Army commander Giorgio Basta retreated to the town after failing to take Košice from the Protestant rebels. In 1647 the Habsburgs designated it the capital of Sáros county . In late January 1657, Transylvanian Prince George II Rákóczi , a Protestant , invaded Poland with army of some 25,000 which crossed
17415-409: Was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and Henryk Fontański [ pl ; rue ] , with a second edition issued in 2004. In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка , Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka , serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with
17550-559: Was published throughout the Habsburg Empire in a variety of languages, including Rusyn. Finally, under Bishop Andriy Bachynskyi 's tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo , new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of Ioann Kutka 's primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from Church Slavonic . By
17685-399: Was reduced to a mere 2,000 inhabitants. By the second half of the century, however, the town had recovered; crafts and trade improved, and new factories were built. In 1752 the salt mine in Solivar was flooded. Since then salt has been extracted from salt brine through boiling. The English author John Paget visited Presov and describes it in his 1839 book Hungary and Transylvania . In 1870
17820-493: Was replaced by Görgey's Hungarian army, which was soon replaced by Austrian and Slovak volunteer units, which in turn were replaced by imperial soldiers together with the Russian army. The fact that the military importance of Prešov continued to grow is also evidenced by the data from the census of 1900, when out of 14,447 inhabitants of Prešov there were up to 1,349 soldiers. The local military garrison consisted of several units of
17955-554: Was retained only in the Carpathian Mountains. Rusyns settled in the Carpathian Mountain region in various waves of immigration from the north between the eighth and 17th centuries. Weapons and skeletons found in tombs in Bereg County from the 10th century era suggest that Norman Vikings (who played a role in the founding of Kiev Rus') were there as well. Even so, as late as the 11th century, this mountainous area
18090-466: Was still a sparsely inhabited 'No-Man's Land' border between the kingdoms of Kievan Rus' and Hungary. In 1241, the Carpathians fell to Mongol invasions led by Genghis Khan's grandson, Batu Khan , with populations exterminated and villages torched. The Mongols entered the region via the Veretski Pass , just to the north of Mukachevo . In 1395, Orthodox Rus' Prince Feodor Koriatovich , son of
18225-475: Was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)." Some of these earlier grammars include those by Dmytrij Vyslockij ( Karpatorusskij bukvar' ), Vanja Hunjanky (1931), Metodyj Trochanovskij (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol ; 1935), and Ivan Harajda (1941). Harajda's grammar
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