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55-564: This park passes under a section of Västerbron . In the west, the park borders the Konradsberg campus of Stockholm University , in the east it extends toward promenade of Norr Mälarstrand and to the south-east it opens onto Riddarfjärden . Rålambshovsparken is home to several sculptures: Monument över Yxman by Eric Grate (1896-1983), Domarring by Egon Möller-Nielsen (1915- 1959), Fjärilen by Elli Hemberg and Färgtorn by Lars Erik Falk (1922-2018). The park opened in 1936 and

110-579: A "fictitious marriage" with Vladimir Kovalevskij , a young paleontology student, book publisher and radical, who was the first to translate and publish the works of Charles Darwin in Russia. They moved from Russia to Germany in 1869, after a brief stay in Vienna , in order to pursue advanced studies. In April 1869, following Sofia's and Vladimir's brief stay in Vienna, where she attended lectures in physics at

165-524: A "new Pascal " and suggested she be given a chance to pursue further studies under the tutelage of A. N. Strannoliubskii  [ ru ] . In 1866-67 she spent much of the winter with her family in St. Petersburg, where she was provided private tutoring by Strannoliubskii, a well-known advocate of higher education for women, who taught her calculus. During that same period, the son of a local priest introduced her sister Anna to progressive ideas influenced by

220-407: A certain segment of the "new people" adopted that name as well, despite its negative connotations in most quarters.... For the nihilists, science appeared to be the most effective means of helping the mass of people to a better life. Science pushed back the barriers of religion and superstition, and "proved" through the theory of evolution that (peaceful) social revolutions were the way of nature. For

275-519: A change in the academy's rules) she was made a Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences , but she was never offered a professorship in Russia. Kovalevskaya, who was involved in the progressive political and feminist currents of late nineteenth-century Russian nihilism , wrote several non-mathematical works as well, including a memoir, A Russian Childhood , two plays (in collaboration with Duchess Anne Charlotte Edgren-Leffler) and

330-556: A department. Stockholm University offers courses at both undergraduate and advanced level. There are 190 study programmes in total, including 75 master's programmes taught in English, and 1,700 courses to choose from within human science and science. Students can choose between studying one or more free-standing courses, that each may last between five weeks and one semester, or apply for a full study programme. Stockholm university offers 4 Bachelor Programmes taught in English, which are

385-525: A full member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Science and head of its astronomical observatory. His son, Kovalevskaya's maternal grandfather, was General Theodor Friedrich von Schubert (1789−1865), who was head of the military topographic service, and an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, as well as Director of the Kunstkamera museum. Kovalevskaya's parents provided her with

440-708: A good early education. At various times, her governesses were native speakers of English, French, and German. When she was 11 years old, she was intrigued by a foretaste of what she was to learn later in her lessons in calculus; the wall of her room had been papered with pages from lecture notes by Ostrogradsky , left over from her father's student days. She was tutored privately in elementary mathematics by Iosif Ignatevich Malevich. The physicist Nikolai Nikanorovich Tyrtov noted her unusual aptitude when she managed to understand his textbook by discovering for herself an approximate construction of trigonometric functions which she had not yet encountered in her studies. Tyrtov called her

495-567: A location in Stockholm County , Sweden is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Stockholm University Stockholm University ( SU ) ( Swedish : Stockholms universitet ) is a public research university in Stockholm , Sweden , founded as a college in 1878, with university status since 1960. With over 33,000 students at four different faculties: law, humanities, social sciences, and natural sciences, it

550-453: A partly autobiographical novel, Nihilist Girl (1890). In 1889, Kovalevskaya fell in love with Maxim Kovalevsky , a distant relation of her deceased husband, but insisted on not marrying him because she would not be able to settle down and live with him. Kovalevskaya died of flu complicated by pneumonia in 1891 at age forty-one, after returning from a vacation in Nice with Maxim. She

605-479: A position because of her gender.) During this time they tried a variety of schemes to support themselves, including real estate development and involvement with an oil company. But in the late 1870s they faced serious financial problems, leading to bankruptcy. In 1875, for some unknown reason, perhaps the death of her father, Sofia and Vladimir decided to spend several years together as an actual married couple. Three years later their daughter, Sofia (called "Fufa"),

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660-582: Is buried in Solna , Sweden, at Norra begravningsplatsen . Kovalevskaya's mathematical results, such as the Cauchy–Kowalevski theorem , and her pioneering role as a female mathematician in an almost exclusively male-dominated field, have made her the subject of several books, including a biography by Ann Hibner Koblitz, a biography in Russian by Polubarinova-Kochina (translated into English by M. Burov with

715-427: Is evidence of a considerable talent, developed through iron discipline. Her sister was the socialist Anne Jaclard . There are several alternative transliterations of her name. She herself used Sophie Kowalevski (or occasionally Kowalevsky ) in her academic publications. In Sweden she was known as Sonja Kovalevsky; Sonja (Russian Соня ) is her Russian nickname. Sofya Kovalevskaya ( née Korvin-Krukovskaya)

770-548: Is named in her honor. A gymnasium in Velikiye Luki and a progymnasium in Vilnius are named after Sofya Kovalevskaya. The Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation of Germany bestows a bi-annual Sofia Kovalevskaya Award to promising young researchers. Saint Petersburg, Moscow, and Stockholm have streets named in honor of Kovalevskaya. On 30 June 2021, a satellite named after her ( ÑuSat 22 or "Sofya", COSPAR 2021-059AS)

825-544: Is now established as a renowned marine research center. Tarfala research station belongs to the Department of Physical Geography. The station is located 1135 meters above sea level in Tarfaladalen, on the east side of Kebnekaise in arctic / alpine surroundings and conducts glaciological, hydrological, meteorological and climatological research. The station has the capacity to accommodate groups of up to 25 people and

880-602: Is one of the largest universities in Scandinavia . Stockholm University was granted university status in 1960, making it the fourth oldest Swedish university . As with other public universities in Sweden, Stockholm University's mission includes teaching and research anchored in society at large. The initiative for the formation of Stockholm University was taken by the Stockholm City Council. The process

935-525: The Stockholm Metro . The commuter train line Roslagsbanan also stop close to the main campus, at Universitetet railway station . SL buses 50, 540, 608, 624C, 628C, 639, 670 676, 680, 690, 691, 696 and 699 can also be used to get to the campus. The Computer Science campus, Kista, also is close to an underground station called Kista . It is also located close to the pendeltåg station Helenelund , only one or two stops (depending on bus line) from

990-663: The U.S. News & World Report Rankings , Stockholm University was ranked 114 overall in the world in 2021, 4 in Sweden and 43 within Europe. In the CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022, Stockholm University was placed at 343 on the list of universities in the world. The main part of Stockholm University is in the Frescati area, which extends from the Bergius Botanical Garden in the north to Sveaplan in

1045-501: The royal Corvin family of Hungary , and served as Marshall of Nobility for Vitebsk province. (There may also have been some Romani ancestry on the father's side. ) Her mother, Yelizaveta Fedorovna von Schubert (1820-1879), descended from a family of German immigrants to St. Petersburg who lived on Vasilievsky Island . Her maternal great-grandfather was the astronomer and geographer Friedrich Theodor von Schubert (1758−1825), who emigrated to Russia from Germany around 1785. He became

1100-909: The Bachelor´s Programme in Business, Ethics and Sustainability; Bachelor Programme in Latin America Studies; Bachelor´s Programme in International Business and Politics and the Bachelor´s Programme in Earth Science, Distance Learning. Besides the programmes themselves, the university also offers opportunities for foreign exchange studies during the third year of a bachelor’s degree programme. The university has cooperative agreements with more than 100 universities worldwide. The university's researchers engage in governmental investigations, are active in

1155-664: The Teacher's College's Student Union on transferring its members to it, as it already has a teacher's division. In contrast to common belief, DISK is not an abbreviation. In the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020, an annual publication of university rankings by Shanghai Ranking Consultancy/ Academic Ranking of World Universities , Stockholm University was placed as the 69th overall best university worldwide. The Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2018 listed Stockholm University at position 134 on

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1210-456: The admission of students. Education and research at Stockholm University is carried out within the natural sciences and the humanities/social sciences. Within these fields, there are four faculties with 56 departments, institutes and centers within the humanities, law, natural sciences and social sciences. Research and training also takes place at a number of centers and institutes with a separate governing board, but that organisationally belong to

1265-415: The brief list of known examples of integrable rigid body motion (see following section). In October 1870, Kovalevskaya moved to Berlin, where she began to take private lessons with Karl Weierstrass , since the university would not allow her even to audit classes. He was very impressed with her mathematical skills, and over the subsequent three years taught her the same material that comprised his lectures at

1320-400: The bus station Torsnäsgatan located next to the campus area. Sofia Kovalevskaya Sofya Vasilyevna Kovalevskaya (Russian: Софья Васильевна Ковалевская ), born Korvin-Krukovskaya (15 January [ O.S. 3 January] 1850 – 10 February 1891), was a Russian mathematician who made noteworthy contributions to analysis , partial differential equations and mechanics . She

1375-442: The celebrated discovery of what is now known as the " Kovalevskaya top ", which was subsequently shown to be the only other case of rigid body motion that is "completely integrable " other than the tops of Euler and Lagrange . In 1889 Kovalevskaya was appointed Ordinary Professor (full professor) at Stockholm University , the first woman in Europe in modern times to hold such a position. After much lobbying on her behalf (and

1430-464: The computer and system science students and the teacher students have their own, independent, student unions called DISK and "The Teacher's College's Student Union" (Lärarhögskolans studentkår) . The law students also have their own student union, as do journalism students ( Studentkåren vid JMK ). The future of the Teacher's College's Student Union is however not entirely safe, as Stockholm University's Student Union has declared it will begin talks with

1485-468: The dynamics of Saturn 's rings , and on elliptic integrals —to the University of Göttingen as her doctoral dissertation. With the support of Weierstrass, this earned her a doctorate in mathematics summa cum laude , after Weierstrass succeeded in having her exempted from the usual oral examinations. Kovalevskaya thereby became the first woman to have been awarded a doctorate (in the modern sense of

1540-613: The early nihilists, science was virtually synonymous with truth, progress and radicalism; thus, the pursuit of a scientific career was viewed in no way as a hindrance to social activism. In fact, it was seen as a positive boost to progressive forces, an active blow against backwardness. Despite her obvious talent for mathematics, she could not complete her education in Russia. At that time, women were not allowed to attend universities in Russia and most other countries. In order to study abroad, Kovalevskaya needed written permission from her father (or husband). Accordingly, in 1868 she contracted

1595-410: The following year, actual operations began. In 1878, the university college Stockholms högskola started its operations with a series of lectures on natural sciences, open to curious citizens (a tradition still upheld by yearly publicly open lectures). Notable in the university's early history is the appointment of Sofia Kovalevskaya to hold a chair in the mathematics department in 1889, making her

1650-417: The help of the mathematician Gösta Mittag-Leffler , whom she had known as a fellow student of Weierstrass , Kovalevskaya was able to secure a position as a privat-docent at Stockholm University in Sweden. Kovalevskaya met Mittag-Leffler's sister, the actress, novelist, and playwright Anne Charlotte Edgren-Leffler . Until Kovalevskaya's death the two women shared a close friendship. In 1884 Kovalevskaya

1705-461: The late 1700s. After Gustav III's trip to Italy in 1783–84, several places at Brunnsviken were given Italian names. Stockholm University has another campus in Kista , which houses the Department of computer and systems sciences. There are many ways to get to Stockholm University. The main campus Frescati is located near the underground railway station Universitetet metro station , on the red line of

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1760-1071: The list of the world's top universities. Times Higher Education World University Rankings are annual university rankings published by British Times Higher Education (THE) magazine. In the QS World University Rankings , Stockholm University was ranked 148 overall in the world in 2021. Its subject rankings were: 23rd in Environmental Sciences, 37th in Sociology, 98th in Natural Sciences, 132nd in Arts & Humanities, 238th in Life Sciences & Medicine, 297th in Engineering and Technology, and 175th in Social Sciences and Management. In

1815-402: The media, provide responses to proposed legislation and are included in several Nobel committees and international expert bodies. Stockholm University Marine Research center (SMF) provides "Askö Laboratory", where Research on ecosystems, ecology and the impact of human interference is carried out. The field station was built in 1961 by Professor Lars Silén, Head of the Department of Zoology, and

1870-577: The more I reflect on her life and consider the magnitude of her achievements, set against the weight of the obstacles she had to overcome, the more I admire her. For me she has taken on a heroic stature achieved by very few other people in history. To venture, as she did, into academia, a world almost no woman had yet explored, and to be consequently the object of curious scrutiny, while a doubting society looked on, half-expecting her to fail, took tremendous courage and determination. To achieve, as she did, at least two major results of lasting value to scholarship,

1925-401: The motion of a rigid body (see following section). George Eliot was writing Middlemarch at the time, in which one finds the remarkable sentence: "In short, woman was a problem which, since Mr. Brooke's mind felt blank before it, could hardly be less complicated than the revolutions of an irregular solid." This was well before Kovalevskaya's notable contribution of the " Kovalevskaya top " to

1980-634: The park's theater at the beginning of the People's Climate March that, though her original three-week schoolstrike before the Swedish elections that were due the next day was ending, she and other students had decided to henceforth keep striking school and demanding climate justice every Friday. The park is therefor the site of the founding of the movement Fridays for Future . 59°19′44″N 18°01′25″E  /  59.32889°N 18.02361°E  / 59.32889; 18.02361 This article about

2035-549: The program with their own funding. The Kovalevsky Lecture is sponsored annually by the AWM and the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics , and is intended to highlight significant contributions of women in the fields of applied or computational mathematics. The Kovalevskaia Fund , founded in 1985 with the purpose of supporting women in science in developing countries, was named in her honor. The lunar crater Kovalevskaya

2090-432: The radical movement of the 1860s, providing her with copies of radical journals of the time discussing Russian nihilism . Although the word nihilist (нигилист) often was used in a negative sense, it did not have that meaning for the young Russians of the 1860s (шестидесятники): After the famous writer Ivan Turgenev used the word nihilist to refer to Bazarov, the young hero of his 1862 novel Fathers and Children ,

2145-530: The south. It is located in the world's first national urban park and the area is characterized by nature, architecture and modern art, featuring such notable buildings as the Aula Magna (auditorium). Within Frescati, the areas Albano, the Bergius Botanical Garden , Frescati Backe, Frescati Hage, Kräftriket, Lilla Frescati and Sveaplan are located. The names of many of these areas have a history dating back to

2200-647: The staff consists of 2–5 people. Tovetorp Zoological Research Station belongs to the Department of Zoology, and is located about 95 km southwest of Stockholm. It conducts research and training activities in ecology and ethology. Every year Tovetorp is visited by up to 600 students who live and study between 2–10 days on the station. On the research side, over 20 people work today with different research projects. The number of employees are currently 6 people. Prior to 2008, Stockholm University had only one student union called Stockholm University Student Union (Stockholm universitets studentkår, SUS) . However, since 2008

2255-433: The third female professor in Europe. In 1904 the college became an official degree-granting institution. In 1960, the college was granted university status, becoming Sweden's fourth state university. The university premises were situated in central Stockholm at Observatorielunden but increased enrollment resulted in a lack of space, which required the university campus to be shifted to a bigger facility. Since 1970 most of

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2310-626: The title Love and Mathematics: Sofya Kovalevskaya , Mir Publishers, 1985), and a book about her mathematics by R. Cooke. Sonya Kovalevsky High School Mathematics Day is a grant-making program of the Association for Women in Mathematics (AWM), funding workshops across the United States which encourage girls to explore mathematics. While the AWM currently does not have grant money to support this program, multiple universities continue

2365-546: The university operations are located at the main campus at Frescati north of the city center, the former Experimentalfältet, previously used by the Royal Swedish Academy of Agriculture and Forestry . Stockholm University is a state agency and is governed by decisions taken by the government and parliament. The university has the right, within the limits the government provides, to decide on many issues such as their internal organization, educational provision and

2420-713: The university, they moved to Heidelberg . Through great efforts, she obtained permission to audit classes with the professors' approval at the University of Heidelberg . There she attended courses in physics and mathematics under such teachers as Hermann von Helmholtz , Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen . Vladimir, meanwhile, went on to the University of Jena to pursue a doctorate in paleontology. In October 1869, shortly after attending courses in Heidelberg, she visited London with Vladimir, who spent time with his colleagues Thomas Huxley and Charles Darwin , while she

2475-708: The university. In 1871 she briefly traveled to Paris together with Vladimir in order to help in the Paris Commune , where Kovalevskaya attended the injured and her sister Anyuta was active in the Commune. With the fall of the Commune, however, both Anyuta and her common law husband Victor Jaclard , who was leader of the Montmartre contingent of the National Guard and a prominent Blanquiste, were arrested. Although Anyuta managed to escape to London, Jaclard

2530-539: The word) in mathematics. Her paper on partial differential equations contains what is now commonly known as the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem , which proves the existence and analyticity of local solutions to such equations under suitably defined initial/boundary conditions. In 1874, Kovalevskaya and her husband Vladimir returned to Russia, but Vladimir failed to secure a professorship because of his radical beliefs. (Kovalevskaya never would have been considered for such

2585-472: Was a pioneer for women in mathematics around the world – the first woman to earn a doctorate (in the modern sense) in mathematics, the first woman appointed to a full professorship in northern Europe and one of the first women to work for a scientific journal as an editor. According to historian of science Ann Hibner Koblitz , Kovalevskaya was "the greatest known woman scientist before the twentieth century". Historian of mathematics Roger Cooke writes: ...

2640-563: Was appointed to a five-year position as Extraordinary Professor (assistant professor in modern terminology) and became an editor of Acta Mathematica . In 1888 she won the Prix Bordin of the French Academy of Science , for her work "Mémoire sur un cas particulier du problème de la rotation d'un corps pesant autour d'un point fixe, où l'intégration s'effectue à l'aide des fonctions ultraelliptiques du temps". Her submission featured

2695-734: Was born in Moscow, the second of three children. Her father, Lieutenant General Vasily Vasilyevich Korvin-Krukovsky  [ ru ] , served in the Imperial Russian Army as head of the Moscow Artillery before retiring to Polibino , his family estate in Pskov Oblast in 1858, when Kovalevskaya was eight years old. He was a member of the minor Russian nobility , of mixed (Bela)Russian– Polish descent (Polish on his father's side), with possible partial ancestry from

2750-452: Was born. After almost two years devoted to raising her daughter, Kovalevskaya put Fufa under the care of relatives and friends, resumed her work in mathematics, and left Vladimir for what would be the last time. Vladimir, who had always suffered severe mood swings, became more unstable. In 1883, faced with worsening mood swings and the possibility of being prosecuted for his role in a stock swindle, Vladimir committed suicide. That year, with

2805-610: Was completed after a decision in December 1865 regarding the establishment of a fund and a committee to "establish a higher education institution in the capital". The nine members of the committee were respected and prominent citizens whose work had helped the evolution of science and society. The next important step was taken in October 1869, when the Stockholm University College Association

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2860-601: Was established. Several members of the committee became members of the association – including Professor Pehr Henrik Malmsten. The association's mission was to establish a college in Stockholm and would "not be dissolved until the college came into being and its future could be considered secure." The memorandum of the Stockholm University College was adopted in May 1877, and in the autumn semester of

2915-463: Was invited to attend George Eliot 's Sunday salons. There, at age nineteen, she met Herbert Spencer and was led into a debate, at Eliot's instigation, on "woman's capacity for abstract thought". Although there is no record of the details of their conversation, she had just completed a lecture course in Heidelberg on mechanics, and she may just possibly have made mention of the Euler equations governing

2970-454: Was one of the first in Stockholm to be designed according to functionalist principles. It was designed by landscape architect Erik Glemme (1905-1959) and resembles the functionalist style popular in that era. In celebration of Stockholm's 700-year anniversary, an amphitheater was added in 1953, with capacity for 5,000 people. Rålis Skatepark was inaugurated in 2010 under "Lilla Västerbron". On 8 September 2018 Greta Thunberg announced in

3025-402: Was sentenced to execution. However, with the assistance of Sofia's and Anyuta's father General Krukovsky, who had come urgently to Paris to help Anyuta and who wrote to Adolphe Thiers asking for clemency, Jaclard was saved. Kovalevskaya returned to Berlin and continued her studies with Weierstrass for three more years. In 1874 she presented three papers—on partial differential equations , on

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