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56-466: (Redirected from Répertoire ) Set of artistic pieces or roles which a person or group is prepared to perform For other uses, see Repertory theater and Repertoire (disambiguation) . Repertory or repertoire ( / ˈ r ɛ p ər t w ɑːr / ) is the list or set of works a person or company is accustomed to performing. Whether the English or French spelling

112-425: A Pulitzer Prize (1982), a Tony Award (1986), and a Jujamcyn Award (1985). In Russia and much of Eastern Europe , repertory theatre is based on the idea that each company maintains a number of productions that are performed on a rotating basis. Each production's life span is determined by its success with the audience. However, many productions remain in repertory for years as this approach presents each piece

168-592: A castrato in baroque operas . Historically, there is much evidence that the countertenor, in England at least, also designated a very high tenor voice, the equivalent of the French haute-contre . Until about 1830, all male voices used some falsetto-type voice production in their upper range. Countertenor voices span a broad range, covering E 3 to E 5 . Countertenor subtypes: Countertenors are often broken down into three subcategories: sopranist or "male soprano",

224-452: A British movement started in the early 1900s that focused on shorter runs of a single new work, rather than having several plays ready to perform at any given time. For weekly rep and for a typical three-act play, the actors' week would start on Tuesday, and go as follows: Today, repertory theatres employ a wide range of actors, who can play a variety of types. Before the modern repertory system, acting ensembles were normally made up of

280-501: A big comeback in cities such as Little Rock, AR , Washington, DC , Minneapolis , Indianapolis , Milwaukee , Cincinnati , Chicago , Los Angeles , Nashville , New York , Houston , Boston , San Francisco , San Diego , Buffalo , Kansas City , and Seattle . Festival theatre now provides actors with work in the summer. There are many ways to rehearse repertory theatre. The most prolific American repertory theatres are an example of that. Utah Shakespeare Festival rehearses two plays

336-529: A day split between an eight hour period. This is common. Some theatres only rehearse one play a day and add shows into rotation as the season progresses, like The American Shakespeare Center. They rehearse one play for a little over two weeks before it opens; then, they begin the next one. The length of rehearsal also varies. American Players Theatre has a six-week-long rehearsal period compared to Oregon Shakespeare Festival 's eleven-week-long one. America's oldest resident repertory theatre, Hedgerow Theatre ,

392-486: A few rare voices (such as the American male soprano Michael Maniaci or singers with disorders such as Kallmann syndrome ), countertenors typically have tenor or baritone chest voices and rely on their falsetto register to reach high notes, using their modal voice mostly for the lowest notes. The countertenor voice is therefore more often a product of the application of a specific technical approach, and much less often

448-452: A few times in a given season, not enough to exhaust the potential audience pool. After the fall of the Soviet regime and the substantial diminution of government subsidy, the repertory practice has required re-examination. Moscow Art Theatre and Lev Dodin 's Maly Drama Theatre of St. Petersburg are the world's most notable practitioners of this approach. Rotation Repertory system is still

504-430: A pitch level may lead to the development of vocal disorders such as vocal cord nodules . Increasing tension on the vocal cords is one of the means of raising pitch. Singing above an individual's best tessitura keeps the vocal cords under a great deal of unnecessary tension for long periods of time, and the possibility of vocal abuse is greatly increased. Singing at too low a pitch level is not as likely to be damaging unless

560-482: A result of the biological factors which have long been credited with determining the other voice types. These factors include vocal-fold length, thickness, and other elements of laryngeal proportions. All countertenors, save those rare examples previously mentioned, also fall into the traditional male voice categories, such as tenor and bass. Countertenor range: The countertenor is the highest male voice. Many countertenor singers perform roles originally written for

616-404: A similar larynx size and weight and a similar vocal cord structure and color. With the onset of puberty, women's, and particularly men's, voices alter as the vocal ligaments become more defined and the laryngeal cartilages harden. The height of the male larynx becomes much greater than in women. Size and development of adult lungs also changes physical capabilities of the voice. During puberty,

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672-403: A singer tries to force the voice down. Many vocal pedagogues warn of the dangers of "quick identification." Premature concern with classification can result in misclassification, with all its attendant dangers. Vocal pedagogue William Vennard has stated: I never feel any urgency about classifying a beginning student. So many premature diagnoses have been proved wrong, and it can be harmful to

728-416: A variety of voice classification systems. Most of these types, however, are grouped into seven or eight major voice categories that are, for the most part, acknowledged across the major voice classification systems. Women are typically divided into three groups: soprano , mezzo-soprano , and contralto . Men are usually divided into four groups: countertenor , tenor , baritone , and bass . When considering

784-514: Is a darker-colored soprano drammatico. Mezzo-soprano range: The mezzo-soprano voice is the middle-range voice type for females; it lies between the soprano and contralto ranges, over-lapping both of them. The typical range of this voice is between A 3 (the A below middle C) to A 5 (two octaves higher). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to F 3 (the F below middle C) and as high as C 6 ( high C ). Mezzo-soprano tessitura: Although this voice overlaps both

840-679: Is also produced by the Summer Theatre season at Frinton-on-Sea . Organizations in Canada include North America's largest classical repertory theatre company, the Stratford Festival , founded in 1953 primarily to present productions of William Shakespeare 's plays. Canada also hosts North America's second largest repertory theatre company, the Shaw Festival , founded in 1962, which presents plays written by or set during

896-425: Is less likely to mis-classify or damage the voice. Unlike other classification systems, choral music divides voices solely on the basis of vocal range. Choral music most commonly divides vocal parts into soprano, alto , tenor and bass ( SATB ). As a result, the typical chorus is highly prone to misclassification. Since most people have "medium" voices (men tend to be baritones and women tend to be mezzo-sopranos),

952-574: Is located in Rose Valley, Pennsylvania . It was founded by actor Jasper Deeter in 1923. The present producing artistic director is actress and director Penelope Reed. Other notable repertory theatres include the Guthrie Theater , which was set up as a regional repertory theatre concept that is free from commercial constraints in the choice of repertoire. It is aligned in objectives to the repertory and resident theatre movement that emerged in

1008-954: Is most strongly associated with European classical music , though it, and the terms it utilizes, are used in other styles of music as well. A singer will choose a repertoire that suits their voice. Some singers such as Enrico Caruso , Rosa Ponselle , Joan Sutherland , Maria Callas , Jessye Norman , Ewa Podleś , and Plácido Domingo have voices that allow them to sing roles from a wide variety of types; some singers such as Shirley Verrett and Grace Bumbry change type and even voice part over their careers; and some singers such as Leonie Rysanek have voices that lower with age, causing them to cycle through types over their careers. Some roles are hard to classify, having very unusual vocal requirements; Mozart wrote many of his roles for specific singers who often had remarkable voices, and some of Verdi 's early works make extreme demands on their singers. Many different voice types are used in vocal pedagogy in

1064-692: Is no longer possible, owing to restrictions from British Equity , which came to mandate just eight shows a week, including perhaps two matinées. The practice of repertory ("rep") is still seen in large cities. Actors now have the luxury of at least three weeks of rehearsal , however. Repertory can still be found in the UK in a variation of guises: in Sidmouth (12 plays), Wolverhampton (eight), and Burslem and Taunton (four each). The Sheringham Little Theatre produces an in-house repertory season each summer, running from June until September. Weekly repertory theatre

1120-438: Is rare, so much so that often roles intended for contralto are performed by mezzo-sopranos. The typical contralto range lies between F 3 (the F below middle C) to F 5 (the second F above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes some contralto voices can sing from D 3 (the D below middle C) to B 5 (the second B-flat above), one whole step short of the soprano high C . Contralto tessitura: The contralto voice has

1176-400: Is rarely called for in performance. Vocal pedagogues generally consider four main qualities of a human voice when attempting to classify it: vocal range , tessitura , timbre , and vocal transition points known as passaggio . However, teachers may also consider physical characteristics, speech level, scientific testing, and other factors such as vocal register . Voice classification into

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1232-452: Is the lowest singing voice. The bass voice has the lowest tessitura of all the voices. The typical bass range lies between E 2 (the second E below middle C) to E 4 (the E above middle C). In the lower and upper extremes of the bass voice, some basses can sing from C 2 (two octaves below middle C) to G 4 (the G above middle C). Bass subtypes: Basses are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre,

1288-437: Is the middle-range voice type for males and the most common male voice type; it lies between the bass and tenor ranges, overlapping both of them. The typical baritone range is from A 2 (the second A below middle C) to A 4 (the A above middle C). A baritone's range might extend down to F 2 (the second F below middle C) or up to C 5 (one octave above middle C). Baritone tessitura: Although this voice range overlaps both

1344-644: Is used has no bearing, but it was the French word, with an accent on the first e, répertoire , that first took hold, in 1847, derived from the late Latin word repertorium . The readiness or preparedness of persons or companies to perform certain works gives rise to an identifiable "standard repertory" in theatre , ballet , opera , choral music , chamber music , guitar recitals , piano recitals , organ recitals , orchestral music and indeed all other "performing arts" forms. See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Look up repertoire in Wiktionary,

1400-512: The haute-contre , and the castrato . The last "true" castrato singer, Alessandro Moreschi , died in 1922. Tenor range: The tenor is the highest male voice within the modal register. The typical tenor voice lies between C 3 (one octave below middle C) to C 5 (one octave above middle C). The low extreme for tenors is roughly A 2 (the second A-flat below middle C). At the highest extreme, some tenors can sing up to F 5 (the second F above middle C). Tenor tessitura: The tessitura of

1456-707: The 1930s to the 1960s, two impresarios dominated the field of British rep, mostly in the North. They were Harry Hanson and his Court players, and Frank H. Fortescue's Famous Players, with the Arthur Brough Players in Folkestone in the South. When an actor joined one of their companies, it could mean "twice-nightly" shows, and a new play to learn every week. Actress Rosemary Harris has told of her 50 consecutive weeks of doing that at Bedford rep. However, this

1512-505: The United States in the 1960s. This sought to establish an alternative and decentralized theatre network outside of New York, one which would have non-profit-making status and would be focused on the art of the theatre as well as the development of artists, craftsmen, and administrators. Publicly funded theatres that belong to this type have been receiving erratic support since the 1980s. The Association of Producing Artists (APA)

1568-464: The United States, the repertory system has also found a base to compete with commercial theatre. Many summer stock theatre companies are repertory in nature. College students and young professionals making up much of the acting company are supported by guest stars or actors who are further along in their careers. Repertory theatre with mostly changing casts and longer-running plays, perhaps better classed as "provincial" or "non-profit" theatre, has made

1624-400: The contralto and soprano voices, the tessitura of the mezzo-soprano is lower than that of the soprano and higher than that of the contralto. Mezzo-soprano subtypes: Mezzo-sopranos are often broken down into three subcategories: lyric mezzo-soprano, coloratura mezzo-soprano and dramatic mezzo-soprano. Contralto range: The contralto voice is the lowest female voice. A true operatic contralto

1680-402: The correct natural range of the voice is of great importance in singing since the outer ends of the singing range need very careful production and should not be overworked, even in trained voices." Singing at either extreme of the range may be damaging, but the possibility of damage seems to be much more prevalent in too high a classification. Medical evidence indicates that singing at too high of

1736-422: The correct voice type is important for vocal pedagogues and singers as a guiding tool for the development of the voice. Misclassification of a singer's voice type is dangerous. It can damage the vocal cords, shorten a singing career, and lead to the loss of both vocal beauty and free vocal production. Some of these dangers are not immediate ones; the human voice is quite resilient, especially in early adulthood, and

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1792-487: The damage may not make its appearance for months or even years. Unfortunately, this lack of apparent immediate harm can cause singers to develop bad habits that will over time cause irreparable damage to the voice. Singing outside the natural vocal range imposes a serious strain upon the voice. Clinical evidence indicates that singing at a pitch level that is either too high or too low creates vocal pathology. According to vocal pedagogue Margaret Greene , "The need for choosing

1848-518: The early 1950s. There are many noted Resident companies or repertory companies , such as the Artists Repertory Theatre . Murray, Stephen. Taking Our Amusements Seriously . LAP, 2010. ISBN   978-3-8383-7608-0 . Voice type A voice type is a group of voices with similar vocal ranges , capable of singing in a similar tessitura , and with similar vocal transition points ( passaggi ). Voice classification

1904-881: The first modern repertory theatre in Manchester after withdrawing her support from the Abbey Theatre in Dublin. Horniman's Gaiety Theatre opened its first season in September 1908. The opening of the Gaiety was followed by the Citizens' Theatre in Glasgow and the Liverpool Repertory Theatre . Previously, regional theatre relied on mostly London touring ensembles. During the time the theatre

1960-2363: The free dictionary. setlist – a list of works for a specific performance playlist – a list of works available to play signature song – a musical composition most associated with a performer References [ edit ] ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917]. "repertoire". In Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.). English Pronouncing Dictionary . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press . ISBN   3-12-539683-2 . ^ "repertoire" . Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary . Merriam-Webster. ^ "Repertory Archive" . American Ballet Theatre . 2010. v t e Singing Singing types A cappella Bathroom singing Extended technique Throat singing Overtone singing Oversinging Rapping Scat singing Sign singing Sing-along Karaoke Lip sync Vocal percussion Beatboxing Forms · Genres Choral Opera Lied Vocables Voice classification Voice type Bass Bass-baritone Baritone Baritenor Tenor Countertenor Contralto Mezzo-soprano Soprano Fach Non-classical music Concepts · Techniques Backup vocals Belting Coloratura Chest voice Crooning Death growl Falsetto Head voice Lead vocals Passaggio Quintus Rapping Scat singing Sprechgesang Tessitura Timbre Vocal pedagogy Vocal range Vocal register Vocal resonation Vocal weight Sound equipment (popular music) In-ear monitor Microphone Pitch correction Sound reinforcement system Monitor speaker Miscellaneous Vocal music Choir Vocal coach Authority control databases : National [REDACTED] Germany Czech Republic Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Repertoire&oldid=1246829283 " Categories : Theatre Singing Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles containing French-language text Repertory theater Annie Horniman founded

2016-449: The highest extreme, some coloratura soprano roles may reach to G 6 (the G above high C ). Soprano tessitura: The tessitura of the soprano voice lies higher than all the other voices except the sopranino . In particular, the coloratura soprano has the highest tessitura of all the soprano subtypes. Soprano subtypes: As with all voice types, sopranos are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre,

2072-412: The human voice is in an in-between phase where it is not quite a child's voice nor an adult one yet. This is not to suggest that the voice stops changing after puberty. Different singers will reach adult development earlier or later than others, and as stated above, there are continual changes throughout adulthood. Treble can refer to either a young female or young male singer with an unchanged voice in

2128-566: The lifetime of Bernard Shaw , or that follow Shaw's ideal of socially provocative theatre. However, Canadian repertory companies follow a model that differs somewhat from the years-long rotation repertory system found in Europe. In Canada, productions often stay on the repertory for one season, running in repertory with other productions in the same year. The actors are not employed full time long term, but instead work on contracts usually maximum 8 months long. The Vagabond Repertory Theatre Company

2184-421: The lowest tessitura of the female voices. Contralto subtypes: Contraltos are often broken down into three subcategories: coloratura contralto, lyric contralto, and dramatic contralto. A soprano sfogato is a contralto who has an extended high range reaching the soprano high C . While the countertenor is almost universally recognized as a voice category, it is not a voice type in the strictest sense. Except for

2240-499: The mezzo-soprano range. Initially, the term was associated with boy sopranos but as the inclusion of girls into children's choirs became acceptable in the 20th century the term has expanded to refer to all pre-pubescent voices. The lumping of children's voices into one category is also practical, as boys and girls share a similar range and timbre. Most trebles have an approximate range from A 3 (the A below middle C) to C 6 ( top C ) or above. For high notes see, for example,

2296-608: The most commonly used business model of live theatre in Eastern and Central Europe, specifically in countries such as Austria, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Slovakia and Czech Republic. In Germany, Schaubuhne and some other theatres run on a repertory system. A combination company was a touring theater company which performed only one play . Unlike repertory companies, which performed multiple plays in rotation, combination companies used more elaborate and specialised scenery in their productions. A similar term, "weekly rep," denotes

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2352-537: The origin of the repertoire tradition. One of the earliest examples of this system is the Moscow Art Theatre circa 1898. An even earlier example are the theatres of Germany. See the Deutsches Theater, a privately owned German theatre founded in 1883 to produce plays in rep. While variations appeared before, the modern repertory system did not become popular until the twentieth century. In

2408-417: The pre-pubescent voice, an eighth term, treble , is applied. Within each of these major categories, subcategories identify specific vocal qualities such as coloratura facility and vocal weight to differentiate between voices. The vocal range of classical performance covers about five octaves, from a low G 1 (in scientific pitch notation ) to a high G 6 , although the extremes are rare. More commonly

2464-540: The range is from a low C 2 to a high D 6 . Vocal ranges are grouped into overlapping types that each span about two octaves. Many singers fall between groups and can perform some parts in either type. Soprano range: The soprano is the highest singing voice. The typical soprano voice lies between C 4 (middle C) and C 6 ( high C ). The low extreme for sopranos is roughly A 3 (just below middle C). Most soprano roles do not extend above C 6 although there are several standard soprano roles that call for D 6 . At

2520-597: The standard stock company and later the touring company. The stock company would usually consist of a leading man and lady, a character actor and actress, younger actors to play romantic roles, and the rest of the actors would be a variety of ages and body types. The acting ensemble was typically around twelve. This was most popular prior to the Restoration. Post Restoration and into the nineteenth century, stock companies remained, but they were joined and then replaced by traveling companies. These ensembles consisted of

2576-571: The stars and actors hired to play a very specific role as a single production toured around. Examples of rep performers who went on to become well-known are John Gielgud , Ralph Richardson , Laurence Olivier , Rosemary Harris , Christopher Plummer , Harold Pinter , Peter O'Toole , Jeremy Brett , Geraldine McEwan , Vanessa Redgrave , Judi Dench , Ian McKellen , Michael Gambon , Imelda Staunton and Patrick Stewart . Dirk Bogarde wrote about his start at Amersham rep in 1939, and Michael Caine has recounted his time spent at Horsham rep in

2632-496: The student and embarrassing to the teacher to keep striving for an ill-chosen goal. It is best to begin in the middle part of the voice and work upward and downward until the voice classifies itself. Most vocal pedagogues believe that it is essential to establish good vocal habits within a limited and comfortable range before attempting to classify the voice. When techniques of posture, breathing, phonation , resonation, and articulation have become established in this comfortable area,

2688-501: The tenor and bass ranges, the tessitura of the baritone is lower than that of the tenor and higher than that of the bass. Baritone subtypes: Baritones are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Baritones are often broken down into seven subcategories: baryton-Martin, lyric baritone, kavalierbariton , Verdi baritone, dramatic baritone, baryton-noble , and bass-baritone . Bass range: The bass

2744-715: The tenor voice lies above the baritone voice and below the countertenor voice. The Tenorino has the highest tessitura of all the tenor subtypes. Tenor subtypes: Tenors are often divided into different subcategories based on range, vocal color or timbre, the weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Tenors are often broken down into eight subcategories: Tenorino , tenore contraltino , leggero tenor or tenore di grazia , lyric tenor, spinto tenor or tenore spinto , dramatic tenor, heldentenor, and baritenor . Famous tenors include Enrico Caruso , Juan Diego Flórez , Alfredo Kraus , Luciano Pavarotti , Placido Domingo and José Carreras . Baritone range: The baritone voice

2800-402: The treble solo at the beginning of Stanford 's Magnificat in G, David Willcocks ' descant to Mendelssohn 's tune for the carol " Hark! The Herald Angels Sing ", and the even higher treble solo in the " Nunc dimittis " from Tippett 's evening canticles written for St John's College, Cambridge . Many trebles are also able to reach higher notes by use of the whistle register but this practice

2856-462: The true quality of the voice will emerge and the upper and lower limits of the range can be explored safely. Only then can a tentative classification be arrived at, and it may be adjusted as the voice continues to develop. Many vocal pedagogues suggest that teachers begin by assuming that a voice is of a medium classification until it proves otherwise. The reason for this is that the majority of individuals possess medium voices and therefore this approach

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2912-445: The weight of the voice, and dexterity of the voice. Basses are often broken down into six subcategories: basso profondo , basso buffo, bel canto bass, basso cantante, dramatic bass, and bass-baritone . A human voice will alter as a person gets older. The vocal range and timbre of children's voices do not have the variety that adults' voices have. Both sexes before puberty have a similar vocal range and timbre because both groups have

2968-527: The weight of voice, and dexterity of the voice. Sopranos are often broken down into five subcategories: coloratura soprano , soubrette , lyric soprano , spinto soprano , and dramatic soprano . Two types of soprano especially dear to the French are the Dugazon and the Falcon , which are intermediate voice types between the soprano and the mezzo-soprano. A Dugazon is a darker-colored soubrette. A Falcon

3024-488: Was being run by Annie Horniman, a wide variety of types of plays were produced. Horniman encouraged local writers who became known as the Manchester School of playwrights. They included Allan Monkhouse , Harold Brighouse —writer of Hobson's Choice —and Stanley Houghton , who wrote Hindle Wakes . Actors who performed at the Gaiety early in their careers included Sybil Thorndike and Basil Dean . From

3080-674: Was formed in March 2009 by artistic directors Nathaniel Fried and Ryan LaPlante, and currently resides and performs in Kingston, Ontario . It shuttered in 2019. The old English-style repertory theatres such as Ottawa 's CRT (Canadian Repertory Theatre) and Toronto 's Crest Theatre no longer exist—although they did have a version of summer theatre in smaller holiday districts, such as the "Straw Hat" players of Gravenhurst and Port Carling at Ontario 's vacation Muskoka Lakes area. State-subsidized theatres on continental Europe have been suggested as

3136-661: Was one of the most successful repertory theatres in the United States, touring for four years and holding residencies in several cities before finally joining the Phoenix Theatre in New York City, where it was known for staging plays with modest prices. Currently, the American Repertory Theatre is considered one of the most distinguished repertory theatres in the United States. Since its foundation in 1979, it has earned several awards including

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