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63-600: It is named after the necropolis of Rössen (part of Leuna , in the Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt ). The Rössen culture has been identified in 11 of the 16 states of Germany (it is only absent from the Northern part of the North German Plain ), but also in the southeast Low Countries , northeast France , northern Switzerland and a small part of Austria . The Rössen culture is important as it marks

126-624: A complex of pronounced local groups called the Szakálhát-Esztár-Bükk, which flourished about 5260–4880: These are all characterised by finely crafted and decorated ware. The entire group is considered by the majority of the sources listed in this article to have been in the LBK. Before the chronology and many of the sites were known, the Bükk was thought to be a major variant; in fact, Gimbutas at one point believed it to be identical with

189-617: A few Rössen settlements have been excavated. Prominent examples are the sites of Deiringsen-Ruploh und Schöningen/Esbeck. The predominant structure is a trapezoidal or boat-shaped long house , up to 65 m in length. The ground plans suggest a sloping roofline. Multiple internal partitions are a frequent feature, probably indicating that several smaller ( family ?) units inhabited a house. Lüning suggests that Rössen settlements were true village communities. Some settlements were surrounded by earthwork enclosures . The majority of settlements were located in areas with Chernozem soils; compared to LBK

252-565: A large number of skeletons ascribed to the Linear Pottery Culture. Most of the Y-DNA belonged to G2a and subclades of it, some to I2 and subclades of it, beside few samples of T1a , CT , and C1a2 . The samples of mtDNA extracted were various subclades of T , H , N , U , K , J , X , HV , and V . The LBK people settled on fluvial terraces and in the proximity of rivers in regions with fertile loess . They raised

315-465: A late survival of LBK there, as late as 4100 BC. The Linear Pottery culture was not the only culture in prehistoric Europe. It is distinguished from the Neolithic cultures, which is done by dividing the Neolithic of Europe into chronological phases. These have varied a great deal. An approximation is: The last phase is no longer the end of the Neolithic. A "Final Neolithic" has been added to

378-557: A mix of crops and associated weeds in small plots, an economy that Gimbutas called a "garden type of civilization". The difference between a crop and a weed in LBK contexts is the frequency. Crop foods are: Species that are found so rarely as to warrant classification as possible weeds are: The emmer and the einkorn were sometimes grown as maslin , or mixed crops. The lower-yield einkorn predominates over emmer, which has been attributed to its better resistance to heavy rain. Hemp ( Cannabis sativum ) and flax ( Linum usitatissimum ) gave

441-459: A new tradition of pottery, substituting engravings for the paintings of the Balkanic cultures. A site at Brunn am Gebirge just south of Vienna seems to document the transition to LBK. The site was densely settled in a long house pattern around 5550–5200. The lower layers feature Starčevo-type plain pottery, with large number of stone tools made of material from near Lake Balaton , Hungary. Over

504-467: A stable population of "small connected groups exchanging migrants" among the "hunter-gatherers and horticulturalists" the LBK experienced an increase in birth rate caused by a "reduction in the length of the birth interval". The author hypothesizes a decrease in the weaning period made possible by division of labor. At the end of the LBK, the NDT was over and the population growth disappeared due to an increase in

567-430: A very wide range of chemicals and plastics is produced. In 1960, Leuna's population was nearly 10,000, but after reunification high unemployment rates and poor living conditions, including pollution from nearby industries, caused significant outward migration. Before the 31 December 2009 incorporation of ten neighbouring municipalities, its population had declined to 6,670. The town Leuna consists of Leuna proper and

630-673: Is a major archaeological horizon of the European Neolithic period, flourishing c.  5500–4500 BC . Derived from the German Linearbandkeramik , it is also known as the Linear Band Ware , Linear Ware , Linear Ceramics or Incised Ware culture , falling within the Danubian ;I culture of V. Gordon Childe . Most cultural evidence has been found on the middle Danube ,

693-453: Is a strong argument for an ethnic unity between the scattered pockets of the culture. The unit of residence was the long house , a rectangular structure, 5.5 to 7.0 m (18.0 to 23.0 ft) wide, of variable length; for example, a house at Bylany was 45 m (148 ft). Outer walls were wattle-and-daub , sometimes alternating with split logs, with slanted, thatched roofs, supported by rows of poles, three across. The exterior wall of

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756-498: Is broadly similar to that of the Linear Pottery (LBK) tradition (blades with pyramid-shaped cores), but there is a marked change as regards the raw materials used. Dutch Rijkholt flint, which dominated the LBK tradition, is being replaced with veined 'Plattenhornstein' (Abensberg-Arnhofen type) of Bavarian origin. The most typical solid rock tool is a pierced tall cleaver, but unpierced axes and adzes are also common. Only

819-632: Is no necessity to view the Körös and the AVK as closely connected. The AVK economy is somewhat different: it used cattle and swine, both of which occur wild in the region, instead of the sheep of the Balkans and Mediterranean. The percentage of wild animal bones is greater. Barley, millet and lentils were added. Around 5100 or so, towards the end of the Middle Neolithic, the classical AVK descended into

882-498: Is no sign of metal. For example, they harvested with sickles manufactured by inserting flint blades into the inside of curved pieces of wood. One tool, the " shoe-last celt ", was made of a ground stone chisel blade tied to a handle, with shape and wear showing that they were used as adzes to fell trees and to work wood. Augers were made of flint points tied to sticks that could be rotated. Scrapers and knives are found in abundance. The use of flint pieces, or microliths , descended from

945-622: Is one of the earliest known sites in the archaeological record that shows evidence of organised violence in Early Neolithic Europe, among various LBK tribes. Other speculations as to the reasons for violence between settlements include vengeance, conflicts over land and resources, and kidnapping slaves . Some of these theories related to the lack of resources are supported by the discovery that various LBK fortifications bordering indigenously inhabited areas appear to have not been in use for very long. The mass burial site at Schletz

1008-531: Is that it came from the Starčevo-Körös culture of Serbia and Hungary. Supporting this view is the fact that the LBK appeared earliest about 5600–5400 BC on the middle Danube in the Starčevo range. Presumably, the expansion northwards of early Starčevo-Körös produced a local variant reaching the upper Tisza that may have well been created by contact with native epi-Paleolithic people. This small group began

1071-479: Is the Middle Neolithic. The Alföld culture has been abbreviated AVK from its Hungarian name, Alföldi Vonaldíszes Kerámia , or ALP for Alföld Linear Pottery culture, the earliest variant of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture. In one view, the AVK came "directly out of" the Körös. The brief, short-ranged Szatmár group on the northern edge of the Körös culture seems transitional. Some place it with

1134-582: The Harz Mountains and the upper Rhine Valley , while one was from Austria and one from Hungary. The scientists did not reveal the detailed hypervariable segment I (HVSI) sequences for all the samples, but identified that seven of the samples belonged to H or V branch of the mtDNA phylogenetic tree , six belonged to the N1a branch, five belonged to the T branch, four belonged to the K(U8) branch, one belonged to

1197-845: The Hinkelstein , Großgartach and Planig-Friedberg complexes intervene between LBK and Rössen. Rössen is partially contemporaneous with the Southeast Bavarian Middle Neolithic ('Südostbayerisches Mittelneolithikum' or SOB, formally also known as Oberlauterbach Group). In the North, Rössen precedes the early Funnel beaker culture of Baalberge ; in the South it is followed by the so-called post-Rössen groups ( Wauwil , Bischoffingen-Leiselheim /Strasbourg, Bischheim , Goldberg , Aichbühl , Gatersleben ) and Lengyel ( Czech Republic , Slovakia , Poland , Austria ), and

1260-802: The Münchshöfen Culture ( Bavaria ). In a 2017 genetic study published in Nature , the remains of a female ascribed to the Rössen culture was analyzed. She was found to be carrying V1a . Leuna Leuna is a town in Saxony-Anhalt , eastern Germany , south of Merseburg and Halle , on the river Saale . The town is known for the Leunawerke , at 13 km one of the biggest chemical industrial complexes in Germany, where

1323-676: The Netherlands , such as at Elsloo , Netherlands , with the sites of Darion, Remicourt, Fexhe, or Waremme-Longchamps and at the mouths of the Oder and Vistula . Evidently, the Neolithics and Mesolithics were not excluding each other. The LBK at maximum extent ranged from about the line of the Seine – Oise ( Paris Basin ) eastward to the line of the Dnieper , and southward to the line of

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1386-508: The successor cultures are the Hinkelstein , Großgartach , Rössen , Lengyel , Cucuteni-Trypillian , and Boian-Maritza cultures. The term "Linear Band Ware" derives from the pottery's decorative technique. The "Band Ware" or Bandkeramik part of it began as an innovation of the German archaeologist, Friedrich Klopfleisch (1831–1898). The earliest generally accepted name in English

1449-596: The Early Neolithic, 5950–5400 for the Körös. The Körös Culture went as far north as the edge of the upper Tisza and stopped. North of it the Alföld plain and the Bükk Mountains were intensively occupied by Mesolithics thriving on the flint tool trade. At around 5330 BC, the classical Alföld culture of the LBK appeared to the north of the Körös culture and flourished until about 4940. This time also

1512-575: The Eastern Linear Pottery culture. Since 1991, the predominance of the Alföld has come to light. The end of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture and the LBK is less certain. The Szakálhát-Esztár-Bükk descended into another Late Neolithic legacy complex, the Tisza-Hérpály-Csöszhalom , which is either not LBK or is transitional from the LBK to the Tiszapolgar , a successor culture. The earliest theory of Linear Pottery culture origin

1575-557: The J branch, and one belonged to the U3 branch. All branches are extant in the current European population, although the K branch was present in roughly twice the percentages as would be found in Europe today (15% vs. 8% now.). Comparison of the N1a HVSI sequences with sequences of living individuals found three of them to correspond with those of individuals currently living in Europe. Two of

1638-512: The Körös, some with the AVK. The latter's pottery is decorated with white painted bands with incised edges. Körös pottery was painted. As is presented above, however, no major population movements occurred across the border. The Körös went on into a late phase in its accustomed place, 5770–5230. The late Körös is also called the Proto-Vinča, which was succeeded by the Vinča-Tordo, 5390–4960. There

1701-497: The LBK people the raw material of rope and cloth, which they no doubt manufactured at home as a cottage industry. From poppies ( Papaver somniferum ), introduced later from the Mediterranean, they may have manufactured palliative medicine. The LBK people were stock-raisers as well, with cattle favoured, though goats and swine are also recorded. Like farmers today, they may have used the better grain for themselves and

1764-542: The Mesolithic cultures of the east European plain. The pottery was used in intensive food gathering. The rate at which it spread was no faster than the spread of the Neolithic in general. Accordingly, Dolukhanov and others postulate that an impulse from the steppe to the southeast of the barrier stimulated the Mesolithics north of it to innovate their own pottery. This view only accounts for the pottery; presumably,

1827-425: The Mesolithic, while the ground stone is characteristic of the Neolithic. These materials are evidence both of specialization of labor and commerce. The flint used came from southern Poland; the obsidian came from the Bükk and Tatra mountains. Settlements in those regions specialized in mining and manufacture. The products were exported to all the other LBK regions, which must have had something to trade. This commerce

1890-494: The Mesolithics combined it de novo with local food production, which began to spread very rapidly throughout a range that was already producing some food. The initial LBK population theory hypothesized that the culture was spread by farmers moving up the Danube practicing slash-and-burn methods. The presence of the Mediterranean sea shell, Spondylus gaederopus , and the similarity of the pottery to gourds, which did not grow in

1953-744: The Netherlands at about 5200 BC. The population there was already food-producing to some extent. The early phase went on there, but meanwhile the Music Note Pottery ( Notenkopfkeramik ) phase of the Middle Linear Band Pottery culture appeared in Austria at about 5200 BC and moved eastward into Romania and Ukraine. The late phase, or Stroked Pottery culture ( Stichbandkeramik (SBK), 5000–4500 BC) evolved in central Europe and went eastward, moving down

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2016-632: The Rhine; Lautereck and Hienheim on the upper Danube; and Rössen and Sonderhausen on the middle Elbe. In 2019, two large Rondel complexes were discovered east of the Vistula River near Toruń in Poland . A number of cultures ultimately replaced the Linear Pottery culture over its range, but without a one-to-one correspondence between its variants and the replacing cultures. Some of

2079-664: The Vistula and Elbe. The Eastern Linear Pottery culture developed in eastern Hungary and Transylvania roughly contemporaneously with, perhaps a few hundred years after, the Transdanubian. The great plain there (Hungarian Alföld) had been occupied by the Starčevo-Körös-Criş culture of "gracile Mediterraneans" from the Balkans as early as 6100 BC. Hertelendi and others give a reevaluated date range of 5860–5330 for

2142-730: The area of settlement decreased. The dead were mostly buried in a crouched position, lying on their right side and facing East. Graves were dug to a depth of 40 to 160 cm, occasionally they were covered with stone slabs. The exact shapes and sizes of graves are not well understood. Even less is known about possible cremation burials whose identification as belonging to Rössen is sometimes disputed. Cremated remains and pyre ashes were collected together and accompanied by unburnt grave goods . Ceramic grave offerings include pedestalled cups, globular cups, lugged cups, bowls, flasks, amphoras, jugs and basins. Limestone rings, stone axes, flint blades and animal bones also occur. Mixed agriculture

2205-513: The beginning of the Neolithic. This was followed by a population collapse of "enormous magnitude" after 5000 BC, with levels remaining low during the next 1,500 years. Investigation of the Neolithic skeletons found in the Talheim Death Pit (c. 5000 BC) suggests that prehistoric men from neighboring tribes were prepared to fight and kill each other in order to capture and secure women . The mass grave at Talheim in southern Germany

2268-547: The context of the Kurgan hypothesis , certain intrusive elements are pointed to as some of the earliest evidence for penetration by Kurgan culture-based Indo-European elements, but Mallory indicates this idea has failed to gain any real acceptance. Older, now largely discarded theories attempted to make this a very early Indo-European culture; the presently prevailing view assigns it to indigenous non-Indo-European-speaking people. Rössen followed LBK . In its western distribution,

2331-436: The cultivated species of the near and middle eastern Neolithic do not do well over the Linear Pottery culture range. And finally, the Mesolithics in the region prior to the LBK used some domestic species, such as wheat and flax . The La Hoguette culture on the northwest of the LBK range developed their own food production from native plants and animals. A third theory attributes the start of Linear Pottery to an influence from

2394-465: The current European population. The lack of mtDNA haplogroup U5 supports the notion that U5 at this time is uniquely associated with mesolithic European cultures. A 2010 study of ancient DNA suggested the LBK population had affinities to modern-day populations from the Near East and Anatolia , such as an overall prevalence of G2 . The study also found some unique features, such as the prevalence of

2457-415: The extent of the decorated areas appears to decrease so that on later vessels it is mostly restricted to the neck or entirely absent. Typical shapes include tall footed bowls, globular cups, rectangular sheet-made bowls and boat-shaped vessels. The surfaces of vessels are usually burnished; their colours range from brown via reddish brown and dark brown to grey-black. The Rössen repertoire of flint tools

2520-562: The following 10 Ortschaften or municipal divisions: Leuna's industrial site stretches over 13 km² , making it one of the largest chemical industry sites in Germany in terms of geographical area. At the beginning of the 21st century, a wide range of chemical products and plastics are made there. A pilot plant to produce isobutylene from vegetal stock is being built by the French company Global Bioenergies and should start during 2016. LBK The Linear Pottery culture ( LBK )

2583-435: The home was solid and massive, oak posts being preferred. Clay for the daub was dug from pits near the house, which were then used for storage. Extra posts at one end may indicate a partial second story. Some LBK houses were occupied for as long as 30 years. Linear Pottery longhouses were the largest free-standing buildings in the world at the time. It is thought that these houses had no windows and only one doorway. The door

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2646-471: The late period. Toward the end, the population suddenly dropped to initial levels, though much of the arable land was still available. The investigators concluded cattle were the main economic interest and available grazing land was the limiting factor in settlement. The Neolithic of the Middle East featured urban concentrations of people subsisting mainly on grain. Beef and dairy products, however, were

2709-437: The limiting factor. In the study region, 82% of the land is suitable for agriculture, 11% for grazing (even though wetland), and 7% steep slopes. The investigators found that the LBK occupied this land for about 400 years. They began with 14 settlements, 53 houses, and 318 people, using the wetlands for cattle pasture. Settlement gradually spread over the wetlands, reaching a maximum of 47 settlements, 122 houses, and 732 people in

2772-531: The lower grades for the animals. The ubiquitous dogs are present here too, but scantly. Substantial wild faunal remains are found. The LBK supplemented their diets by hunting deer and wild boar in the open forests of Europe as it was then. A 2022 study by the University of Bristol found dairy fat residues in pottery dating as early as 7,400 years ago. Researchers analyzed residues from over 4,300 vessels recovered from 70 LBK archaeological sites. Milk use

2835-492: The mainstay of LBK diet. When the grazing lands were all in use, they moved elsewhere in search of them. As the relatively brief window of the LBK falls roughly in the centre of the Atlantic climate period , a maximum of temperature and rainfall, a conclusion that the spread of wetlands at that time encouraged the growth and spreading of the LBK is to some degree justified. With some exceptions, population levels rose rapidly at

2898-470: The major factors that influence measurement, calculation, and calibration fall within that range. The 95.4% confidence interval is 5600–4750 BC. Data continue to be acquired and therefore any single analysis only serves as a rough guideline. Overall, it is probable that the Linear Pottery culture spanned several hundred years of continental European prehistory in the late sixth and early fifth millennia BC, with local variations. Data from Belgium indicate

2961-422: The mortality rate, caused, the author speculates, by new pathogens passed along by increased social contact. The new population was sedentary up to the capacity of the land, and then the excess population moved to less-inhabited land. An in-depth GIS study by Ebersbach and Schade of an 18 km (6.9 sq mi) region in the wetlands region of Wetterau, Hesse , traces the land use in detail and discovers

3024-459: The north, seemed to be evidence of the immigration, as does the genetic evidence cited below. The lands into which they moved were believed untenanted or too sparsely populated by hunter-gatherers to be a significant factor. In 2005, scientists successfully sequenced mtDNA coding region 15997–16409 derived from twenty-four 7,500- to 7,000-year-old human remains associated with the LBK culture. Of those remains, 22 were from locations in Germany near

3087-501: The now-rare Y-haplogroup H2 and mitochondrial haplogroup frequencies. However subsequent studies based on full-genome analysis have found that the LBK population was similar genetically to modern southern Europeans , and did not resemble modern Near Eastern or Anatolian populations. Neolithic Anatolian farmers have also been found to be more similar to modern southern Europeans than to modern Near Easterners or Anatolians. Lipson et al. (2017) and Narasimhan et al. (2019) analyzed

3150-639: The rivers in 360 years. The rate of expansion was therefore about 4 km (2.5 mi) per year. The LBK was concentrated somewhat inland from the coastal areas; i.e., it is not evidenced in Denmark or the northern coastal strips of Germany and Poland , or the coast of the Black Sea in Romania . The northern coastal regions remained occupied by Mesolithic cultures exploiting the then rich Atlantic salmon runs. There are lighter concentrations of LBK in

3213-466: The sequences corresponded to ancestral nodes predicted to exist or to have existed on the European branch of the phylogenetic tree. One of the sequences is related to European populations, but with no apparent descendants amongst the modern population. The N1a evidence supports the notion that the descendants of LBK culture have lived in Europe for more than 7,000 years and have become an integral part of

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3276-482: The term, linear, to distinguish incised band ware from painted band ware. The name depends on specialized meanings of "linear" and "band", whether in English or in German. These words without the qualifiers do not describe the decoration. There are few bands going around the pottery and the lines are mainly not straight. It began in regions of densest occupation on the middle Danube ( Bohemia , Moravia , Hungary ) and spread over about 1,500 km (930 mi) along

3339-468: The time frame, LBK pottery and animal husbandry increased, while the use of stone tools decreased. A second theory proposes an autochthonous development out of the local Mesolithic cultures. Although the Starčevo-Körös entered southern Hungary about 6000 BC and the LBK spread very rapidly, there appears to be a hiatus of up to 500 years in which a barrier seems to have been in effect. Moreover,

3402-496: The transition between the Neolithic and the Bronze Age. All numbers depend to some extent on the geographic region. The pottery styles of the LBK allow some division of its window in time. Conceptual schemes have varied somewhat. One is: The early or earliest Western Linear Pottery culture began conventionally at 5500 BC, possibly as early as 5700 BC, developed on the middle Danube , including western Hungary , and

3465-493: The transition from a broad and widely distributed tradition going back to Central Europe's earliest Neolithic LBK towards the more diversified Middle and Late Neolithic situation characterised by the appearance of complexes like Michelsberg and Funnel Beaker Culture . Rössen vessels are characteristically decorated with double incisions ("goat's foot incision" or German '"Geißfußstich"') with incrustation of white paste. Grooved or stamped incisions are also common. Over time,

3528-741: The upper Danube down to the big bend. An extension ran through the Southern Bug valley, leaped to the valley of the Dniester, and swerved southward from the middle Dniester to the lower Danube in eastern Romania, east of the Carpathians . A significant number of C-14 dates has been estimated for the LBK, making possible statistical analyses, which have been performed on different sample groups. One such analysis by Stadler and Lennais sets 68.2% confidence limits at about 5430–5040 BC; that is, 68.2% of possible dates allowed by variation of

3591-761: The upper and middle Elbe , and the upper and middle Rhine . It represents a major event in the initial spread of agriculture in Europe. The pottery consists of simple cups, bowls, vases, jugs without handles and, in a later phase, with pierced lugs , bases, and necks. Important sites include Vrable and Nitra in Slovakia ; Bylany in the Czech Republic ; Langweiler and Zwenkau (Eythra) in Germany ; Brunn am Gebirge in Austria ; Elsloo , Sittard , Köln-Lindenthal , Aldenhoven , Flomborn , and Rixheim on

3654-418: Was also fortified, which serves as evidence of violent conflict among tribes and means that these fortifications were built as a form of defense against aggressors. The massacre of Schletz occurred at the same time as the massacre at Talheim and several other known massacres. The tool kit was appropriate to the economy. Flint and obsidian were the main materials used for points and cutting edges. There

3717-706: Was carried down the Rhine , Elbe , Oder , and Vistula . It is sometimes called the Central European Linear Pottery (CELP) to distinguish it from the ALP phase of the Eastern Linear Pottery culture. In Hungarian, it tends to be called DVK, Dunántúl Vonaldíszes Kerámia , translated as "Transdanubian Linear Pottery". A number of local styles and phases of ware are defined. The end of the early phase can be dated to its arrival in

3780-528: Was detected in about 65% of these Neolithic sites. Although no significant population transfers were associated with the start of the LBK, population diffusion along the wetlands of the mature civilisation (about 5200 BC) had levelled the high percentage of the rare gene sequence mentioned above by the late LBK. The population was much greater by then, a phenomenon termed the Neolithic demographic transition (NDT). According to Bocquet-Appel beginning from

3843-434: Was located at one end of the house. Internally, the house had one or two partitions creating up to three areas. Interpretations of the use of these areas vary. Working activities might be carried out in the better lit door end, the middle used for sleeping and eating and the end farthest from the door could have been used for grain storage. According to another view, the interior was divided in areas for sleeping, common life and

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3906-468: Was practiced, and cattle, sheep, goats and pigs were kept. It is suggested the late Rössen culture may be ancestral to the Neolithic cultures of Britain and Ireland (a group of cultures previously known as Windmill Hill culture ), but there is no great similarity in the form of houses or pottery. According to alternative theories, the British Neolithic culture(s) came from Brittany. In

3969-580: Was the Danubian of V. Gordon Childe . Most names in English are attempts to translate Linearbandkeramik . Since Starčevo-Körös pottery was earlier than the LBK and was located in a contiguous food-producing region, the early investigators looked for precedents there. Much of the Starčevo-Körös pottery features decorative patterns composed of convolute bands of paint: spirals, converging bands, vertical bands, and so on. The LBK appears to imitate and often improve these convolutions with incised lines; hence

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