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19-591: Rûm was the old Seljuk Turkish designation for Anatolia, referring to the Eastern Roman Empire , and in European texts as late as the 19th-century the word Rûm (or Roum) was used to denote the whole of central Anatolia, not just the smaller area comprising the Ottoman province (see Sultanate of Rum ). In the 14th century several autonomous towns ( Amasya , Tokat , Sivas ) were established, despite

38-670: A Ghaznavid army, and after a successful siege of Isfahan by Tughril in 1050/51, established the Great Seljuk Empire . The Seljuks mixed with the local population and adopted the Persian culture and Persian language in the following decades. After arriving in Persia , the Seljuks adopted the Persian culture and used the Persian language as the official language of the government, and played an important role in

57-632: The Kazakh Steppe of Turkestan . During the 10th century, Oghuz had come into close contact with Muslim cities. When Seljuk , the leader of the Seljuk clan, had a falling out with Yabghu , the supreme chieftain of the Oghuz, he split his clan from the bulk of the Oghuz Turks and set up camp on the west bank of the lower Syr Darya . Around 985, Seljuk converted to Islam. In the 11th century,

76-763: The Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade . The Seljuks originated from the Kinik branch of the Oghuz Turks , who in the 8th century lived on the periphery of the Muslim world; north of the Caspian Sea and Aral Sea in their Oghuz Yabgu State in

95-622: The Seljuks and Qarakhanids , due to the increase of the iqta' (land grants) and the decline of the landowning class. By the time of their dissolution, they had played a key role in preserving the Iranian national identity. Their Islamization and cultural Iranianization of the Turks led to the establishment of the Iranian essence within the Islamic world, something which would continue throughout

114-561: The dehqan aristocracy in order to govern their empire. The alliance between the dehqans and the Saljuqs actually created resentment among the Turcoman tribesmen after 1055 when Toghril Beg took over Baghdad . Due to the attachment of the dehqans to Iranian culture, the term dehqan had already become synonymous to “a Persian of noble blood” in contrast to Arabs, Turks and Romans . According to some sources, including Nezami ‘Aruzi,

133-537: The Arab domain and the term was sometimes juxtaposed with marzabān (“marcher-lord, governor”). By the 11th century, the dehqans were landowners or directly involved in agriculture; either the planting or the management of the land. Aside from their political and social role, the dehqans who were well versed in the history and culture of pre-Islamic Iran , played an important cultural role by serving rulers and princes as learned men. Iranians had not only preserved

152-708: The Middle Ages and far into modern times. The term dehqân descended from Middle Persian dahigān meaning "countryman, peasant, villager" or "farmer". The original meaning was "pertaining to the deh" ( Old Persian : dahyu )—the latter term not in the latter sense of “village” (as in Modern Persian ) but in the original sense of “land”. Deh (ده / 𐭬𐭲𐭠) has both the same meaning of "village" in Middle Persian and in Modern Persian. In

171-624: The Seljuks migrated from their ancestral homelands into mainland Persia , in the province of Khurasan , where they encountered the Ghaznavids . The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons, Tughril and Chaghri, received the insignias of governor, grants of land, and were given the title of dehqan . At the Battle of Dandanaqan , they defeated

190-614: The continued Seljukid - Mongol rule in central Asia Minor . When the Ilkhanid ruler Ebu Said died in 1335, administration of Asia Minor was entrusted to his former governor Eretna Bey , a Uyghur . Eretna Bey ultimately declared independence, seeking the protection of the Mamluks , who were rivals of the Ilkhanids. He captured the area around Sivas- Kayseri , eventually establishing an emirate of Eretna , which grew stronger during

209-470: The development of the Turko-Persian tradition which features "Persian culture patronized by Turkic rulers". Today, they are remembered as great patrons of Persian culture , art , literature , and language . The "Great Seljuks" were heads of the family; in theory their authority extended over all the other Seljuk lines, although in practice this often was not the case. Turkic custom called for

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228-615: The early 14th century. ( Tokhara Yabghus , Turk Shahis ) Dehqan The dehqân ( / d ɛ ə ˈ k ɑː n , ˌ d eɪ -/ ; Persian : دهقان [deɦˈɢɒːn] , dihqân in Classical Persian) or dehgân ( / d ɛ ə ˈ ɡ ɑː n , ˌ d eɪ -/ ; Persian : دهگان [deɦˈgɒːn] ) were a class of land-owning magnates during the Sasanian and early Islamic period, found throughout Iranian lands. The dehqans started to gradually fade away under

247-574: The ideals of the dehqans from the Sassanid times and brought them into the Islamic period, but they also inculcated these ideals to the minds of the ruling Arab aristocracy, who also fused with Iranians. In the 9th century, the Tahirids , who were of Persian dehqan origin, initiated a resurgence of Persian culture. During the Saljuq era, the dehqans played a major role as the Saljuqs turned to

266-459: The pre-Islamic Sasanian Empire , the dehqans were considered minor landowners. The term dehqan emerged as a hereditary social class in the later Sassanid era, that managed local affairs and whom peasants were obliged to obey. Following the suppression of the Mazdakite uprising, Khosrau I implemented social reforms which benefited the dehqans . Under the reign of Khosrau, who followed

285-758: The rule of his son, Mehmed Bey . In 1381 Kadı Burhaneddin a kadı in Kayseri who was also appointed vizier to represent the emirate of Eretna in that town, replaced the Eretnid as ruler of Sivas and also captured Amasya and Tokat. His principality managed to resist interference in central Anatolia from both the Akkoyunlus and the Ottomans until it collapsed with his death in 1398. The eyalet of Sivas consisted of seven sanjaks between 1700 and 1740: Seljuk Turks Great Seljuk : 1194 – Toghrul III

304-513: The same policies as his father, the dehqans gained influence as the backbone of the Sasanian army and as imperial tax collectors, eventually replacing the nobility as the base for the army under Khosrau's reforms. As their influence grew, they maintained Persian ethics, ideals and social norms which were later reawakened during medieval times in Islamic Persia. In early Islamic texts, the dehqans function almost as local rulers under

323-667: The senior member of the family to be the Great Seljuk, although usually the position was associated with the ruler of western Persia. The rulers of western Persia, who maintained a very loose grip on the Abbasids of Baghdad . Several Turkic emirs gained a strong level of influence in the region, such as the Eldiguzids . In 1194, Toghrul III was killed in battle with the Khwarezm Shah , who annexed Hamadan. Kerman

342-693: Was a province in southern Persia. Between 1053 and 1154, the territory also included Umman . or 1074 (before Sultan Shah) Muhammad abandoned Kerman, which fell into the hands of the Oghuz chief Malik Dinar . Kerman was eventually annexed by the Khwarezmid Empire in 1196. To the Artuqids Sultans / Emirs of Damascus : Damascus seized by the Burid Toghtekin The Seljuk line, already having been deprived of any significant power, effectively ended in

361-588: Was killed in battle with Tekish The Seljuk dynasty , or Seljukids ( / ˈ s ɛ l dʒ ʊ k / SEL -juuk ; Persian : سلجوقیان Saljuqian , alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs , also known as Seljuk Turks , Seljuk Turkomans or the Saljuqids , was an Oghuz Turkic , Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture in West Asia and Central Asia . The Seljuks established

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