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60-673: S1 and S2 units, collectively called S1/S2 , were electric multiple unit trains used on the Amsterdam Metro in Amsterdam , The Netherlands. Built by La Brugeoise et Nivelles (BN), 13 of these units were ordered by the GVB in 1988 (S1), as well as an additional 12 later in 1991 (S2), for a new line from Amsterdam Centraal station to the suburb of Amstelveen . This line, named the Amstelveen Line and later numbered as 51,

120-455: A regular tram line from the city center of Amstelveen to Amsterdam Centraal, but a different route west of the express tram. However, the two lines would share the same track in the suburb which had 15 level crossings, unusual for a metro. This meant that the line ran as a metro from Amsterdam Centraal to Amsterdam Zuid and was fully integrated into the system , while switching to a tram service after Zuid until its terminus. The Amstelveen Line

180-463: A campaign in to increase the safety of the level crossings of the express tram after three people were killed in separate accidents within a month and many heavy accidents occurred. They argued that the precautions taken at crossings, consisting of just a flashing light, to be insufficient despite the trams passing at high speed through traffic and threatened to block the crossings with cars if their demands were not met. The trams can go though crossings at

240-473: A height of 3.42 metres (11.2 ft), excluding the pantograph. The units have one bogie per car with two axles , as well as a Jacobs bogie between the cars. The wheelbase is 1,900 millimetres (75 in) long and each wheel has a diameter of 690 millimetres (27 in). All units have a bicycle rack located in car A; S1 units have them on the left side, while the S2 units on the right. The total empty weight

300-461: A high speed as the traffic light immediately turns white— meaning proceed for public transit—when a tram is approaching, quickly leading to collisions when pedestrians, bikers or cars fail to stop at their red light. The front of the S1/S2 units are also considered to be more dangerous than regular trams. The sharp edges, coupling mechanism and the lack of a wheel cover can cause people to end up under

360-575: A higher "peak fare" for travel during the morning and evening rush hour. Heavy traffic within the larger Greater Boston region was addressed with the Big Dig project, which temporarily improved expressway traffic. The term "third rush hour" has been used to refer to a period of the midday in which roads in urban and suburban areas become congested due to numerous people taking lunch breaks using their vehicles. These motorists often frequent restaurants and fast food locations, where vehicles crowding

420-519: A person needing immediate medical attention, and vehicles with diplomatic license plates . On the other hand, in other places, there are certain policies the municipal or city government are proposing or has implemented for the whole municipality or city. While most schools are open, peak hours in rapid transit trains on Manila Metro Rail Transit System and Manila Light Rail Transit System , and in commuter trains on Philippine National Railways are 6-9   am and 4-8   pm. In Singapore, there

480-401: A proper tram line . Metro 51 kept its original route from Amsterdam Centraal to Zuid, and instead of branching off to Amstelveen, it continues west-bound and ends at Isolatorweg . Following the conversion, the S1/S2 trains went for through a technical upgrade for the final time and were used on regular metro lines. The express tram stock was expected to have a lifespan of 30 years or less given

540-534: A reduced price when they are purchased after 9:30   am. This incentive is designed to lure passengers into avoiding the daily crowded conditions at Metrolink stations during rush hour. For 16–25 Railcard holders, the offer of one-third off ticket prices is valid only after 10 am (unless a minimum fare is paid) or weekends. This restriction does not apply in July and August, the main summer holiday season. For other Railcards , other restrictions apply; for example,

600-415: A road but not many people, or if the volume is normal but there is some disruption of speed. By analogy to vehicular traffic, the term Internet rush hour has been used to describe periods of peak data network usage, resulting in delays and slower delivery of data packets. The name is sometimes a misnomer , as the peak period often lasts more than one hour and the "rush" refers to the volume of traffic, not

660-479: Is 46.3 tonnes (102,000 lb). An S1/S2 train decelerates with a speed of 1.25 m/s (4.1 ft/s) in regular service and as high as 3.2 m/s (10 ft/s) during an emergency brake . Acceleration and braking is controlled by foot pedals. Two units can be coupled together for operation in Amstelveen, while four can run together in the rest of the system. The tram platforms in Amstelveen were built for

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720-795: Is a free travel scheme before 7:45   am and 50 cent discount between 7:45   am and 8   am, which applies only if you exit and not enter at the 18 CBD stations. This is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the MRT outside the crowded weekday morning peak. Electronic Road Pricing is intended to discourage driving between 7:30   am and 8   pm. In addition, employees were given travel incentives through Travel Smart programme. Peak hours are defined as follows: 7:30–9:30 am and 5–8 pm, with different times for terminal stations. In London , Peak Day Travelcards allow travel at all hours. Off-peak Day Travelcards are 20–50% cheaper but are valid for travel only after 9:30   am and on weekends. This

780-664: Is an attempt to encourage commuters' travel on the London Underground , Docklands Light Railway , buses, and trams outside of the crowded weekday morning peak. There is a similar system on Transport (Bus and Tyne and Wear Metro ) in the Newcastle upon Tyne area. In London , congestion charges are intended to discourage driving between 7   am and 6   pm. In Manchester , the Metrolink light rail system offers single, return and 'Metromax' daysaver tickets at

840-410: Is at its highest. Normally, this happens twice every weekday: once in the morning and once in the afternoon or evening, the times during which most people commute . The term is often used for a period of peak congestion that may last for more than one hour. The term is very broad, but often refers specifically to private automobile transportation traffic , even when there is a large volume of cars on

900-497: Is gradually being improved by increasing rail capacity and demand management. Train lines in Tokyo have had significant reductions in overcrowding and today run at an average of 163 percent of capacity. This is in contrast to the average loading of 221 percent of designed capacity in 1975 rush-hour trains. In road transport, the expressways of Japan operate on a beneficiaries-pay principle which imposes expensive toll fees, having

960-481: Is managed through the Traffic Management Centre via a network of Closed Circuit TV's, with operators able to change the timing of traffic signals to reduce wait times In São Paulo , Brazil , each vehicle is assigned a certain day of the week in which it cannot travel the roads during rush hour (7–10 am and 5–8 pm). The day of the week for each vehicle is derived from the last digit in

1020-543: Is often presented as an off peak discount for single fares. Season tickets or multi-ride tickets, sold at a discount, are commonly used in rush hours by commuters , and may or may not reflect rush hour fare differentials. Staggered hours have been promoted as a means of spreading demand across a longer time span—for example, in Rush Hour (1941 film) and by the International Labour Office. In

1080-436: The 11G and 12G trams to be used on the regular tram line. In 1989, the municipality recalculated the number of trains needed to operate the line and came to the conclusion that an additional 12 units were needed. By the time the line opened, the ministry still had not allocated the required funding for the extra trains. The order was placed after funding was approved by the ministry in early 1991. Two units arrived in 1993, while

1140-589: The Budd Metroliner . EMUs powered by fuel cells are under development. If successful, this would avoid the need for an overhead line or third rail . An example is Alstom ’s hydrogen -powered Coradia iLint . The term hydrail has been coined for hydrogen-powered rail vehicles. Many battery electric multiple units are in operation around the world, with the take up being strong. Many are bi-modal taking energy from onboard battery banks and line pickups such as overhead wires or third rail. In most cases

1200-535: The Family Railcard and Network Railcard cannot be used for peak journeys within London and south-east England. Efforts to manage transportation demand during rush hour periods vary by state and by metropolitan area. In some states, freeways have designated lanes that become HOV (High-Occupancy Vehicle, aka car-pooling) only during rush hours, while open to all vehicles at other times. In others, such as

1260-535: The Greater Tokyo Area and the Keihanshin metropolitan area there is a dense rail network and frequent service, which accounts for more than half of the passenger transport; most people in the area commute by public transport without using cars. Railways in the Greater Tokyo Area are traditionally known to be severely congested, with oshiya employed to assist passengers getting on the train. This

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1320-622: The South Side Elevated Railroad (now part of the Chicago 'L' ) in 1897. In 1895, derived from his company's invention and production of direct current elevator control systems, Frank Sprague invented a multiple unit controller for electric train operation. This accelerated the construction of electric traction railways and trolley systems worldwide. Each car of the train has its own traction motors: by means of motor control relays in each car energized by train-line wires from

1380-504: The city's tram network and served Amstelveen as a faster tram service. On the latter part of the route, the line shared tracks and stops with a regular tram line and ran on public roads with crossings. The line was opened on 30 November 1990 with S1 units in service. Problems with the trains started immediately as the majority of the fleet was unavailable at the start due to technical issues, which led to capacity problems. With financial compensation and technical support from BN, as well as

1440-700: The Massachusetts portion of I-93 , travel is permitted in the breakdown lane during this time. Several states use ramp meters to regulate traffic entering freeways during rush hour. Transportation officials in Colorado and Minnesota have added value pricing to some urban freeways around Denver , the Twin Cities , and Seattle , charging motorists a higher toll during peak periods. Transit agencies – such as Metro-North serving New York City and WMATA serving Washington, D.C. – often charge riders

1500-528: The Vancouver metro region, is also constructing a new interchange at Steveson Highway and British Columbia Highway 99 which will be the first of its kind in British Columbia in an effort to improve traffic flow. Kelowna's Harvey Avenue is served also by HOV lanes. China is home to some of the busiest subway networks in the world. Despite aggressive expansion of rapid transit networks in

1560-448: The ancillary equipment required per set) while allowing all cars to be powered, unlike a motor-trailer combination. Each car has only one control cab, located at the outer end of the pair, saving space and expense over a cab at both ends of each car. Disadvantages include a loss of operational flexibility, as trains must be multiples of two cars, and a failure on a single car could force removing both it and its partner from service. Some of

1620-427: The batteries are charged via the electric pickup when operating on electric mode. EMUs, when compared with electric locomotives , offer: Electric locomotives, when compared to EMUs, offer: Rush hour A rush hour ( American English , British English ) or peak hour ( Australian English , Indian English ) is a part of the day during which traffic congestion on roads and crowding on public transport

1680-555: The case of rail transport, track capacity including platform length. The resulting crowding may force many passengers to stand, and others may be unable to board. If there is inadequate capacity, this can make public transport less attractive, leading to higher car use and partly shifting the congestion to roads. Transport demand management, such as road pricing or a congestion charge , is designed to induce people to alter their travel timing to minimize congestion. Similarly, public transport fares may be higher during peak periods; this

1740-410: The city quite slow. Efforts to minimise traffic congestion during peak hour vary on a state by state and city by city basis. In Melbourne , congestion is managed by means including: In Brisbane , congestion is managed by means including: "(Rocket)" in timetables, where many inner city suburb stops may be bypassed. In Sydney , congestion is managed by many means including: Traffic congestion

1800-492: The complex operation required. By the 2010s, the units were considered to be prone to technical issues due to their age and were set to go out of service with the arrival of the newer M7 metros. In March 2022, the GVB installed training simulators for all metro types except the sneltrams, because they were soon to go out of service. The following year, with the new metros now in operation, the Amsterdam regional transport authority made

1860-468: The decision to retire the S1/S2 units. A final farewell event was organized on 13 April 2024 at Gaasperplas metro station . Most units were scrapped by DDM in De Meern . Express trams had their systems on the roof removed as they would otherwise have been too high to be transported by road. In De Meern, the units were stripped of all additional materials, leaving the steel framework to be recycled. One unit

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1920-412: The delivery of S2 units from 1993 onward, most issues were resolved and the GVB ran coupled trains on the line. Further issues arose in the Amstelveen section of the route; the high speed and the sharp front profile of the units resulted in several deaths at the level crossings, prompting protests and further safety measures. The complex conversion from metro to tram at Zuid was a persistent issue throughout

1980-525: The effect of reducing road traffic. Electronic toll collection (ETC) is widespread and discounts during low-traffic periods have been introduced to distribute traffic over a longer period. Road pricing is being considered but has not been introduced, partly because the expressway fee is already very high. For trains in the Netherlands there is an off-peak discount available, giving a 40% discount. Its validity starts at 9   am (until 4   am

2040-471: The express tram during its entire operation span. According to a 2007 study by the municipality, the Amstelveen Line regularly had reliability problems which were mostly caused by the trains switching operation modes mid-route, the many level crossings and because the line was partially running on the same track as a regular tram line. The Amstelveen Line closed on 2 March 2019 and was converted into

2100-441: The extra equipment needed to transmit electric power to the train can be difficult. Multiple unit train control was first used in the 1890s. The Liverpool Overhead Railway opened in 1893 with two-car electric multiple units, controllers in cabs at both ends directly controlling the traction current to motors on both cars. The multiple unit traction control system was developed by Frank Sprague and first applied and tested on

2160-399: The front car all of the traction motors in the train are controlled in unison. The cars that form a complete EMU set can usually be separated by function into four types: power car, motor car, driving car, and trailer car. Each car can have more than one function, such as a motor-driving car or power-driving car. On third rail systems, the outer vehicles usually carry the pick up shoes with

2220-653: The licence plate number and the rule is enforced by traffic police (1 and 2 for Mondays, 3 and 4 for Tuesdays, 5 and 6 for Wednesdays, 7 and 8 for Thursdays and 9 and 10 for Fridays). This policy is aimed at reducing the number of vehicles on the roads and encouraging the use of buses, subway and the urban train systems. Vancouver's portion of the Trans-Canada Highway is served with high-occupancy vehicle lanes in addition to standard lanes for all automobiles. These lanes are meant to improve traffic flow by encouraging carpooling and transit use. Richmond, part of

2280-874: The more famous electric multiple units in the world are high-speed trains: the Italian Pendolino and Frecciarossa 1000 , Shinkansen in Japan, the China Railway High-speed in China, ICE 3 in Germany, and the British Rail class 395 Javelin. The retired New York–Washington Metroliner service, first operated by the Pennsylvania Railroad and later by Amtrak , also featured high-speed electric multiple-unit cars, known as

2340-601: The morning, and evening, Sydney , Brisbane and Melbourne , and Auckland and Christchurch are usually the most congested cities in Australia and New Zealand respectively. In Melbourne the Monash Freeway , which connects Melbourne's suburban sprawl to the city, is usually heavily congested each morning and evening. In Perth , Mitchell Freeway , Kwinana Freeway and various arterial roads are usually congested between peak hours, making movement between suburbs and

2400-624: The motor vehicles receiving the current via intra-unit connections . Many modern two-car EMU sets are set up as twin or "married pair" units. While both units in a married pair are typically driving motors, the ancillary equipment (air compressor and tanks, batteries and charging equipment, traction power and control equipment, etc.) are shared between the two cars in the set. Since neither car can operate without its "partner", such sets are permanently coupled and can only be split at maintenance facilities. Advantages of married pair units include weight and cost savings over single-unit cars (due to halving

2460-448: The network. The units had electrical systems capable of switching between 750 V DC via third rail , used on the regular metro network, and 600 V DC via overhead lines used by regular trams in Amstelveen. These systems powered six motors of 74 kW (99 hp), which allowed the trains to reach a maximum speed of 70 km/h (43 mph). Electric multiple unit EMUs are popular on commuter, and suburban rail networks around

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2520-449: The next morning) on weekdays, and all day at weekends and in July and August. In the case of a group of up to four people, all get the discount even if only one has a pass. Rail passes not requiring an additional ticket come in two versions: for a fixed route, and for the whole network. Both are mainly used by commuters. No off-peak discount version of these passes is offered since there is insufficient demand; commuters usually cannot avoid

2580-679: The past decade, rapid urban population growth has put heavy demand on urban transport. Some systems routinely restrict station entrances and transfer passages to prevent the network from being overwhelmed. For example, 96 subway stations in the Beijing Subway have entry restrictions at some point of the day. The Guangzhou Metro has 51 stations with passenger flow restrictions. In the pico y placa (peak and license plate) program in Bogotá , drivers of non-commercial automobiles are prevented from driving them during rush hours on certain days of

2640-440: The public vehicles, the private vehicles have a five-hour window exception which runs from 10   am to 3   pm. However, the cities of Makati and San Juan do not implement the five-hour window. This table shows the license plates with numbers ending with its corresponding days: Exempted from the program are motorcycles, school buses, shuttle buses, ambulances, fire engines, police cars, military vehicles, those carrying

2700-455: The remaining ten were delivered a year later. Capacity issues on the line were resolved following this as the trams started running coupled together in March 1994. The first 13 units (45–57) are named S1 while the 12 units (58–69) from the additional order are named S2. Despite the trains themselves being managed by the metro division of the GVB, the section of track in Amstelveen was entirely under

2760-525: The responsibility of its tram division. Testing of the new tram units started in May 1990. A few weeks before the scheduled opening, two trains collided during a test run and were damaged, resulting in a reduced frequency at opening. The S1 trains went into service with the official opening on 30 November 1990. Problems with the trams started within a week of the opening; 5 of the 13 units were out of order due to technical problems or repairs. There were problems with

2820-462: The retractable footboards caused by a design error, which were later fixed by BN for free. The capacity of the remaining trains was not enough and some people were left behind on the platform during rush hours due to the vehicles being full. Line 51 stopped serving Amstelveen and was shorted from Centraal to Zuid in February 1991 as 11 of the units were not running due to technical problems caused by

2880-645: The rush hour. Inside Metro Manila , the Unified Vehicular Volume Reduction Program , popularly known as the "number coding scheme", is implemented by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority . The program stipulates that vehicles are prohibited from plying all roads within the metropolis, depending on the last digit of their license plates and on the day of the week. The vehicles are banned from 7   am to 7   pm. Unlike

2940-409: The speed of its flow. Peak traffic periods may vary from country to country, city to city, from region to region, and seasonally. The frequency of public transport service is usually higher in the rush hour, and longer trains or larger vehicles are often used. However, the increase in capacity is often less than the increased number of passengers, due to the limits on available vehicles, staff and, in

3000-468: The suburb of Amstelveen agreed on building a sneltram line from Amsterdam Centraal station to Southern Amstelveen, named the Amstelveen Line. The term express tram was the result of a compromise between the two; Amstelveen initially wanted a full metro, while this was still politically controversial in Amsterdam due to the protests against the metro a decade earlier. The express tram was paired with

3060-411: The tram and lead to serious or fatal injuries even at lower speeds. The GVB announced the next day that it would install fences and warning signs at some crossings. Following an investigation a week later, maximum speed on some crossings was limited to 40 km/h (25 mph) for the trams. An express tram caught fire at Weesperplein metro station on 12 July 1999 due to a blocked disc brake. Although

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3120-413: The tram was carrying no passengers at the time, the smoke coming from the fire caused all levels of the station to be evacuated. Two people were taken to hospital for smoke inhalation, but were discharged quickly after their injuries were determined to be minor. As time progressed the number of problems and accidents decreased, and the units became more reliable. Around ten people died in collisions involving

3180-458: The week. The vehicles barred each day are determined by the last digit of their license plate. The measure is mandatory and those who break it are penalized. The digits banned each day are rotated every year. In Japan, the proportion of rail transportation is high compared with the use of automobiles. Rail transport accounts for 27% of all passenger transport in Japan (other examples: Germany (7.7%), United Kingdom (6.4%), United States (0.6%)). In

3240-437: The width of the trains, while stations on the rest of the system were compatible for a width of 3 metres (9.8 ft). The units were fitted with retractable footboards to bridge the platform gap in those stations. Stops at Amstelveen had both a high floor platform for the express tram and a low floor platform for the regular tram. The S1/S2's high floor of 1,100 millimetres (43 in) provided level boarding at all stations on

3300-540: The winter. Service on the entire route was resumed 7 months later in September. GVB put the blame of the capacity and technical issues that occurred after the opening of the line on the constructor and considered asking for financial compensation. BN argued that these were simple teething troubles of the complex system and that the conventional trams, which were delivered a year before opening, did not have any problems. In October 1995, residents of Buitenveldert started

3360-459: The world due to their fast acceleration and pollution-free operation, and are used on most rapid-transit systems. Being quieter than diesel multiple units (DMUs) and locomotive -hauled trains, EMUs can operate later at night and more frequently without disturbing nearby residents. In addition, tunnel design for EMU trains is simpler as no provision is needed for exhausting fumes, although retrofitting existing limited-clearance tunnels to accommodate

3420-483: The years. When the Amstelveen branch of Line 51 was shut down in 2019 and later replaced by a regular tram line , the S1/S2 trains started running on the new Line 51 and also on other metro lines of the system. The first units were retired and scrapped in 2023 after 33 years of service. A farewell event was organized in 2024; one of the units was preserved. In February 1985, the Municipalities of Amsterdam and

3480-408: Was initially expected to be a full metro line, but was later changed to a tram-metro hybrid named sneltram (express tram) due to protests against the metro in the preceding decades. From Amsterdam Centraal to Amsterdam Zuid , Line 51 ran as a regular metro on 750 V DC with third rail pick up, used on the regular metro network. At Zuid, the trains converted to 600 V DC via overhead lines , used by

3540-516: Was later officially numbered as Line 51 . At the time, no rolling stock existed that was able to convert from a metro to a tram mid-service. The GVB placed an order at La Brugeoise et Nivelles (BN) for 13 trains in 1988 that were capable of doing so, only for use as Line 51. These trains were delivered in time before the opening in 1990 from the BN factory in Bruges . BN was also responsible for building

3600-452: Was preserved as a museum tram. The S1/S2 units were designed and built by BN, with their electrical systems being produced by Dutch company Holec  [ nl ] . As the line they were supposed to run on was unusual, the express trams were designed exclusively for the GVB. Each unit consists of two 15-metre (49 ft) cars designated as A and B, and has a total length of 30.6 metres (100 ft), width of 2.65 metres (8.7 ft) and

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