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103-770: The WELL Building Standard began in 2013 by Paul Scialla of Delos company, becoming the first well-being focused standard. By 2016, over 200 projects in 21 countries adopted the certification. In 2014, Green Business Certification Inc. began to provide third-party certification for WELL. By 2024, WELL is being used across more than 5 billion square feet of space in 130 countries, supporting an estimated 25 million occupants in nearly 74,000 commercial and residential locations. WELL v2 met best practices on four tenets: evidence-based, verifiable, implementable, and feedback-focused. The principles in WELL v2 are equitable, global, evidence-based, technically robust, customer-focused, and resilient. WELL

206-427: A 100 ml sample. Lead must be equal or less than 1 micro gram/L. Sampling frequency can be reduced to once a year, if the results are under limit two consecutive times. Copper must be equal or less than 2 mg/L. Sampling frequency can be reduced to two a year. If the results are under limit four consecutive times, then there is no need to monitor anymore. The test result must be submitted to WELL annually. Last part

309-708: A causal network account of well-being in The Good Life: Unifying the Philosophy and Psychology of Well-being . The causal network account holds that well-being is the product of many factors—feelings, beliefs, motivations, habits, resources, etc.—that are causally related in ways that explain increases in well-being or ill-being. More recently causal network theories of ill-being have been applied to depression and digital technology. Network approaches have also been applied to mental health more generally. Diener 's tripartite model of subjective well-being

412-445: A clear criterion could be provided why all and only the items within their selections are relevant factors. Three subdisciplines in psychology are critical for the study of psychological well-being: According to Corey Keyes' five-component model, social well-being is constituted by the following factors: There are two approaches typically taken to understand psychological well-being: According to Guttman and Levy (1982) well-being

515-442: A comprehensive understanding of mental well-being. Gallup's wellbeing research finds that 33% of workers globally are thriving, 55% struggling and 11% suffering. Focusing on wellbeing as a political goal involves prioritizing citizens' overall quality of life, encompassing factors like health, education, and social harmony. It emphasizes policies that enhance happiness and fulfillment for a more holistic approach to governance. Both

618-516: A decline in basic activity level and information usage at 1000 ppm, when compared to 500 ppm. However a review of the literature found that a reliable subset of studies on the phenomenon of carbon dioxide induced cognitive impairment to only show a small effect on high-level decision making (for concentrations below 5000 ppm). Most of the studies were confounded by inadequate study designs, environmental comfort, uncertainties in exposure doses and differing cognitive assessments used. Similarly

721-611: A glass state similar to other members of its elemental family, like silicon dioxide (silica glass) and germanium dioxide . Unlike silica and germania glasses, however, carbonia glass is not stable at normal pressures and reverts to gas when pressure is released. At temperatures and pressures above the critical point, carbon dioxide behaves as a supercritical fluid known as supercritical carbon dioxide . Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid carbon dioxide: Table of thermal and physical properties of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at atmospheric pressure: Carbon dioxide

824-491: A mature forest will produce as much CO 2 from respiration and decomposition of dead specimens (e.g., fallen branches) as is used in photosynthesis in growing plants. Contrary to the long-standing view that they are carbon neutral, mature forests can continue to accumulate carbon and remain valuable carbon sinks , helping to maintain the carbon balance of Earth's atmosphere. Additionally, and crucially to life on earth, photosynthesis by phytoplankton consumes dissolved CO 2 in

927-477: A molecule touches a surface or touches another molecule, the two bending modes can differ in frequency because the interaction is different for the two modes. Some of the vibrational modes are observed in the infrared (IR) spectrum : the antisymmetric stretching mode at wavenumber 2349 cm (wavelength 4.25 μm) and the degenerate pair of bending modes at 667 cm (wavelength 15.0 μm). The symmetric stretching mode does not create an electric dipole so

1030-553: A pleasure-pain-balance or desire-satisfaction besides factors that are independent of the subject's attitudes, like friendship or having virtues. Objective list theories face the problem of explaining how subject-independent factors can determine a person's well-being even if this person does not care about these factors. Another objection concerns the selection of the specific factors included. Different theorists have provided very different combinations of basic objective goods. These groupings seem to constitute arbitrary selections unless

1133-410: A possible starting point for carbon capture and storage by amine gas treating . Only very strong nucleophiles, like the carbanions provided by Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with CO 2 to give carboxylates : In metal carbon dioxide complexes , CO 2 serves as a ligand , which can facilitate the conversion of CO 2 to other chemicals. The reduction of CO 2 to CO

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1236-416: A study on the effects of the concentration of CO 2 in motorcycle helmets has been criticized for having dubious methodology in not noting the self-reports of motorcycle riders and taking measurements using mannequins. Further when normal motorcycle conditions were achieved (such as highway or city speeds) or the visor was raised the concentration of CO 2 declined to safe levels (0.2%). Poor ventilation

1339-530: A variable ranging from none to a high degree of well-being. This usage of well-being has in later times been widened to also include a negative aspect. With the aim of understanding how different route environmental variables affect the wellbeing during walking or cycling, the term "environmental unwellbeing" has been coined. Different forms of well-being, such as mental, physical, economic, or emotional are often closely interlinked. For example, improved physical well-being (e.g., by reducing or ceasing an addiction)

1442-554: A week within 400 meters walk distance, or serving local agriculture program or hosting weekly sale of fruits and vegetables receives 1 point. WELL Light concept aims to create lighting that reduces circadian disruption to improve sleep quality and mood and productivity. Humans are diurnal driving by circadian systems or internal clock. Disruption of it leads to obesity, diabetes, depression, breast cancer, metabolic and sleep disorders. Insufficient light can lead to disruption. L01 Light Exposure, daylighting design hugely integrates in

1545-442: A week, vacuuming once a day provides 1 point and envelope of building that is designed to mitigate outside air pollution provides another 1 point. A10 Combustion Minimization topic, combustion restriction indoor or keeping away from building 3.3 meter and vehicle running limitation of 30 seconds. A11 Source Separation topic by to remove the sources by design separately closed door, negatively pressurized or exhaust fans such as

1648-559: A world without sentient beings. In this sense, welfarists may agree that the cited examples are valuable in some form but disagree that they are intrinsically valuable . Some authors see welfarism as including the ethical thesis that morality fundamentally depends on well-being. On this view, welfarism is also committed to the consequentialist claim that actions, policies, or rules should be evaluated based on how their consequences affect everyone's well-being. Research on positive psychology, well-being, eudaimonia and happiness, and

1751-469: Is Emiliania huxleyi whose calcite scales have formed the basis of many sedimentary rocks such as limestone , where what was previously atmospheric carbon can remain fixed for geological timescales. Plants can grow as much as 50% faster in concentrations of 1,000 ppm CO 2 when compared with ambient conditions, though this assumes no change in climate and no limitation on other nutrients. Elevated CO 2 levels cause increased growth reflected in

1854-461: Is PERMA : Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments. It is a mnemonic for the five elements of Martin Seligman's well-being theory: The Biomedical approach was challenged by George Engel in 1977 as it gave little importance to various factors like beliefs, upbringing , trauma, etc. and put main emphasis on biology. The biopsychosocial model replaces

1957-438: Is "...a special case of attitude". This approach serves two purposes in the study of well-being: "developing and testing a [systematic] theory for the structure of [interrelationships] among varieties of well-being, and integration of well-being theory with the ongoing cumulative theory development in the fields of attitude of related research". Many different models have been developed. Philosopher Michael Bishop developed

2060-945: Is "...based on the idea that how each person thinks and feels about his or her life is important". Carol Ryff 's multidimensional model of psychological well-being has philosophical foundation based on Aristotle's eudaimonia. It postulates six factors which are key for well-being with smaller subsections for each minor school of thought: According to Corey Keyes , who collaborated with Carol Ryff, mental well-being has three components, namely emotional or subjective well-being (also called hedonic well-being), psychological well-being, and social well-being (together also called eudaimonic well-being). Emotional well-being concerns subjective aspects of well-being, in concreto, feeling well, whereas psychological and social well-being concerns skills, abilities, and psychological and social functioning. Keyes' model of mental well-being has received extensive empirical support across cultures. Well-being

2163-419: Is 304.128(15) K (30.978(15) °C) at 7.3773(30) MPa (72.808(30) atm). Another form of solid carbon dioxide observed at high pressure is an amorphous glass-like solid. This form of glass, called carbonia , is produced by supercooling heated CO 2 at extreme pressures (40–48  GPa , or about 400,000 atmospheres) in a diamond anvil . This discovery confirmed the theory that carbon dioxide could exist in

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2266-453: Is a trace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421  parts per million (ppm) , or about 0.042% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.028%. Burning fossil fuels is the main cause of these increased CO 2 concentrations, which are the primary cause of climate change . Its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in

2369-447: Is a weak acid , because its ionization in water is incomplete. The hydration equilibrium constant of carbonic acid is, at 25 °C: Hence, the majority of the carbon dioxide is not converted into carbonic acid, but remains as CO 2 molecules, not affecting the pH. The relative concentrations of CO 2 , H 2 CO 3 , and the deprotonated forms HCO − 3 ( bicarbonate ) and CO 2− 3 ( carbonate ) depend on

2472-719: Is a central concept in positive psychology . Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia , "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. While not attempting a strict definition of the good life, positive psychologists agree that one must live a happy , engaged, and meaningful life in order to experience "the good life". Martin Seligman referred to "the good life" as "using your signature strengths every day to produce authentic happiness and abundant gratification". In Flourish (2011) Seligman argued that "meaningful life" can be considered as five different categories. The resulting acronym

2575-627: Is a performance-based system which Performance Verification is completed by an authorized WELL Performance Testing Agent. There are two types of certifications, the WELL Certification for Owner-occupied and the WELL Core Certification. The WELL Core is for the building that provide tenant occupation more than 75%, and not needed to achieve minimum points from every subjects. The WELL Silver, Gold, and Platinum level must achieve at least 1, 2, and 3 points per subject, but

2678-486: Is a theory of value based on well-being. It states that well-being is the only thing that has intrinsic value , i.e. that is good in itself and not just good as a means to something else. On this view, the value of a situation or whether one alternative is better than another only depends on the degrees of well-being of each entity affected. All other factors are relevant to value only to the extent that they have an impact on someone's well-being. The well-being in question

2781-469: Is accessible to users in regular hours and growing area both horizontal and vertical at least 0.09 sq. m per user or 0.05 sq. m per student, except hydroponic and aeroponic farming can be half of normal system, and users can access to food growing tools, in which the area is within 400 meter walking distance. N13 Local Food Environment, supporting local food by locating the project near fruit and vegetable supermarket or farmers' market that open at least once

2884-437: Is also scientifically dependent on endogenous molecules that impact feelings of happiness such as dopamine, serotonin, endorphins, oxytocin, cortisol and more "Well-being related markers" or "Well-being bio markers" play an important role in the regulation of an organism's metabolism, and when not working in proper order can lead to malfunction. Well-being is the central subject of positive psychology , which aims to discover

2987-415: Is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism . This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria. In vertebrates , the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., amphibians ) or the gills (e.g., fish ), from where it dissolves in

3090-768: Is associated with improved emotional well-being. And better economic well-being (e.g., possessing more wealth) tends to be associated with better emotional well-being even in adverse situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic . Well-being plays a central role in ethics since what a person ought to do depends, at least to some degree, on what would make someone's life get better or worse. According to welfarism , there are no other values besides well-being. The terms well-being, pleasure , and happiness are used in overlapping ways in everyday language, but their meanings tend to come apart in technical contexts like philosophy or psychology. Pleasure refers to experience that feels good and

3193-414: Is called sublimation . The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon–oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3  pm , noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls . Since it is centrosymmetric,

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3296-452: Is comparable to benzaldehyde or strongly electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds . However, unlike electrophiles of similar reactivity, the reactions of nucleophiles with CO 2 are thermodynamically less favored and are often found to be highly reversible. The reversible reaction of carbon dioxide with amines to make carbamates is used in CO 2 scrubbers and has been suggested as

3399-426: Is conventional lighting method for user's visual comfort and acuity . Lighting design standard in WELL follows Illuminating Engineering Society Lighting Library or EN standard 12464-1&2 or ISO 8995-1 or Chinese Standard GB 50034 or CIBSE SLL Code for Lighting. Alternately WELL allows light level threshold from U.S. General Services Administration 's facilities standards. L03 Circadian Lighting Design, if

3502-423: Is display of water management information to promote drinking water transparency provides another 1 point. For W06, Drinking Water Promotion, encouraging people to drink water easily by provide water dispenser minimum one per floor within 30 meter of all users and in all dining areas, designing for water bottle-refilling with maintenance provides 1 point. W07, Moisture Management provides total 3 points, to limit

3605-419: Is essential to all forms of well-being. Hedonistic theories equate well-being with the balance of pleasure over pain. Desire theories hold that well-being consists in desire-satisfaction: the higher the number of satisfied desires, the higher the well-being. Objective list theories state that a person's well-being depends on a list of factors that may include both subjective and objective elements. Well-being

3708-451: Is found in the gas state at room temperature and at normally-encountered concentrations it is odorless. As the source of carbon in the carbon cycle , atmospheric CO 2 is the primary carbon source for life on Earth. In the air, carbon dioxide is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation , acting as a greenhouse gas . Carbon dioxide is soluble in water and is found in groundwater , lakes , ice caps , and seawater . It

3811-402: Is limited under 0.15 Becquerel /Litre. WELL makes sure that all air quality shall be monitored with a digital platform, except for radon parameter. A02 Smoke-free Environment topic, smoking and using of electronic cigarette indoor is not allowed, except for outdoors at only ground level further than 7.5 m from project apertures including air-intake area. A03 Ventilation Design topic,

3914-1298: Is met under 900 ppm indoor and 500 ppm outdoor. A04 Construction Pollution Management topic, the contractor is to ensure that ducts are cleaned and protected from contamination . Contractor shall filter with more than 70% efficiency for particles 3-10 micrometers on the installed ventilation system during construction. Contractor must implement dust and moisture management such as using of temporary barriers, dust guards for saws, walk-off mats on entryway. A05 Enhanced Air Quality topic, enhancing threshold of particulate matter both PM2.5 and PM10 under 12 and 30 for 1 point, 10 and 20 for 2 points. Enhancing volatile organic compound such as benzene , formaldehyde , toluene under 3, 9, 300 microgram/cubic metre and additional acetaldehyde , acrylonitrile , caprolactam , naphthalene under 140, 5, 2.2, 9 microgram/cubic metre would receive 1 point. Inorganic gases such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide under 7 milligram per cubic metre and 40 microgram per cubic metre receives additional 1 point. A06 Enhanced Ventilation Design topic threshold of mechanical and natural ventilation or with demand controlled ventilation (DCV) or engineered natural ventilation system to keep CO2 levels low, or at least 50% of workstations are supplied in

4017-640: Is needed in cooling systems and hot tubs. Materials must not support mold growth . Well bathroom design, better hand washing leads to reduce risks enteric and respiratory diseases. For W01 Water Quality Indicators, WELL conducts by performance test to limit turbidity of water under 1.0 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) or Formazin Turbidity Unit (FTU) or Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU). Water sample of any 100 ml shall have zero coliform bacteria . For W02 Drinking Water Quality,

4120-602: Is not observed in IR spectroscopy, but it is detected in Raman spectroscopy at 1388 cm (wavelength 7.20 μm), with a Fermi resonance doublet at 1285 cm . In the gas phase, carbon dioxide molecules undergo significant vibrational motions and do not keep a fixed structure. However, in a Coulomb explosion imaging experiment, an instantaneous image of the molecular structure can be deduced. Such an experiment has been performed for carbon dioxide. The result of this experiment, and

4223-632: Is one of the main causes of excessive CO 2 concentrations in closed spaces, leading to poor indoor air quality . Carbon dioxide differential above outdoor concentrations at steady state conditions (when the occupancy and ventilation system operation are sufficiently long that CO 2 concentration has stabilized) are sometimes used to estimate ventilation rates per person. Higher CO 2 concentrations are associated with occupant health, comfort and performance degradation. ASHRAE Standard 62.1–2007 ventilation rates may result in indoor concentrations up to 2,100 ppm above ambient outdoor conditions. Thus if

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4326-418: Is one of the most comprehensive models of well-being in psychology. It was synthesized by Diener in 1984, positing "three distinct but often related components of wellbeing: frequent positive affect, infrequent negative affect, and cognitive evaluations such as life satisfaction". Cognitive, affective and contextual factors contribute to subjective well-being. According to Diener and Suh, subjective well-being

4429-410: Is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction: The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode . The nickel-containing enzyme carbon monoxide dehydrogenase catalyses this process. Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria ) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from CO 2 absorbed from

4532-549: Is outdoor air quality for PM2.5, temperature, relative humidity display near windows. A08 Air quality monitoring and Awareness topic, installing air quality sensor and submitting data to WELL provides 1 point and display screens available in the building to promote awareness provides another 1 point. A09 Pollution Infiltration Management topic, entrance way design such as 3 meters' air door and to slow movement of air from outdoor to indoor by building vestibule or revolving doors , air curtain and management by wet cleaning once

4635-405: Is produced as a by-product. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase , commonly abbreviated to RuBisCO, is the enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation, the production of two molecules of 3-phosphoglycerate from CO 2 and ribulose bisphosphate , as shown in the diagram at left. RuBisCO is thought to be the single most abundant protein on Earth. Phototrophs use

4738-510: Is put to commercial use, mostly in the fertilizer industry and in the oil and gas industry for enhanced oil recovery . Other commercial applications include food and beverage production, metal fabrication, cooling, fire suppression and stimulating plant growth in greenhouses. Carbon dioxide cannot be liquefied at atmospheric pressure. Low-temperature carbon dioxide is commercially used in its solid form, commonly known as " dry ice ". The solid-to-gas phase transition occurs at 194.7 Kelvin and

4841-425: Is released from organic materials when they decay or combust, such as in forest fires. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it forms carbonate and mainly bicarbonate ( HCO − 3 ), which causes ocean acidification as atmospheric CO 2 levels increase. Carbon dioxide is 53% more dense than dry air, but is long lived and thoroughly mixes in the atmosphere. About half of excess CO 2 emissions to

4944-1019: Is required such as turbidity, pH , residual free chlorine. Legionella management must be determined in the building. For W04, Enhanced Water Quality, enhancing threshold of drinking water contamination level provides 1 point. W05, Drinking Water Quality Management provides total 3 points. For 2 points, the project needs pre-testing water quality on the farthest water dispenser for every 10 floors such as turbidity , coliform bacteria , pH , total dissolved solids (TDS), chlorine , residual (free) chlorine, arsenic , lead , copper , nitrate , benzene at least one month before Performance Verification and monitoring piped water that delivers drinking water, testing water from dispensers quarterly. Turbidity must be equal or less than 1.0 NTU. pH must be between 6.5 and 9.0. TDS must be equal or less than 500 mg/L. Total Chlorine must be equal or less than 5 mg. L. Residual (free) chlorine must be equal or less than 5 mg/L. Total Coliforms must not be detected in

5047-508: Is suggested that the value of experiences only depends on their duration and the intensity of pleasure or pain present in them. Various counterexamples have been formulated against this view. They usually involve cases where lower aggregate pleasure are intuitively preferable, for example, that the intellectual or aesthetic pleasures are superior to sensory pleasures or that it would be unwise to enter Robert Nozick 's experience machine . These counter-examples are not necessarily conclusive, yet

5150-1177: Is to manage moisture by scheduling inspection, notification system in the building and to submit all inspection result to WELL annually. W08 Hygiene Support, the highest points in the Water subject, total 4 points. Part 1, 1 point, bathroom needs trash receptacle in toilet stall if toilet paper cannot be flushed, free of 50% subsidized sanitary pads , storage support in toilet stalls, at least one bathroom has wheelchair bathroom, one bathroom per project for infant changing table, syringe drop box, single-user bathroom needs occupancy signage, self-primed liquid-seal trap in floor drain. For public projects such as airport, family bathroom are required, containing changing table for infant, child size toilet and sinks, motion sensor for lights, slip-resistant floor, grab bars , hook or shelf for bags in toilet stall, wheelchair accessibility by local code. Part 2, 1 point, bathroom needs hands-free flushing toilet, contactless soap dispenser and hand-drying, hands-free exiting door, sensor-activated, programmable line-purge faucet . Part 3, 1 point, faucet design avoiding flowing directly into

5253-415: Is usually not restricted to human well-being but includes animal well-being as well. Different versions of welfarism offer different interpretations of the exact relation between well-being and value. Pure welfarists offer the simplest approach by holding that only the overall well-being matters, for example, as the sum total of everyone's well-being. This position has been criticized in various ways. On

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5356-427: Is usually seen as one constituent of well-being. But there may be other factors, such as health, virtue, knowledge or the fulfillment of desires. Happiness for example, often seen either as "the individual's balance of pleasant over unpleasant experience" or as the state of being satisfied with one's life as a whole, is also commonly taken to be a constituent of well-being. Theories of well-being try to determine what

5459-541: Is well-being. But they allow aspects of well-being other than its overall degree to have an impact on value, e.g. how well-being is distributed. Pure welfarists sometimes argue against this approach since it seems to stray away from the core principle of welfarism: that only well-being is intrinsically valuable. But the distribution of well-being is a relation between entities and therefore not intrinsic to any of them. Some objections based on counterexamples are directed against all forms of welfarism. They often focus on

5562-553: Is what is intrinsically valuable relative to someone. So the well-being of a person is what is ultimately good for this person, what is in the self-interest of this person. Well-being can refer to both positive and negative well-being. In its positive sense, it is sometimes contrasted with ill-being as its opposite. The term " subjective well-being " denotes how people experience and evaluate their lives, usually measured in relation to self-reported well-being obtained through questionnaires. Well-being has been traditionally treated as

5665-817: Is worse than combining of drug, alcohol, and tobacco. Diets usually is low in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, but instead flood with highly processed foods such as refined sugars and oils. In 2019, the EAT-Lancet Commission developed best food option. By developing environment conditions that influence users to change diets with holistic approach, supportive policies. N01 Fruits and Vegetables, WELL ensures to operate food outlet for at least two varieties of fruits and non-fried vegetables that would be clearly be seen by users. Each food outlets are at least 50% of food options are fruits or non-fried vegetables. N02, Nutritional Transparency, other type of foods such as packaged food and beverage must display

5768-467: Is worthwhile, our day to day emotional experiences (happiness and anxiety) and our wider mental wellbeing. The ONS then introduced four questions pertaining to wellbeing in their 2011 national survey of the UK population, relating to evaluative well-being, eudemonic well-being, and positive and negative affect. They later switched to referring to the construct being measured as "personal well-being". Welfarism

5871-509: The Precambrian was regulated by organisms and geological features. Plants , algae and cyanobacteria use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis , which produces oxygen as a waste product. In turn, oxygen is consumed and CO 2 is released as waste by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize organic compounds to produce energy by respiration . CO 2

5974-910: The bacteria and mold growth, the project needs building envelope that incorporates site drainage and storm water management , air tightness testing, vapor pressure differentials, entryway strategies to minimize water permeation, drainage plane from interior to exterior cladding, limiting wicking in porous materials by using non-porous materials such as closed-cell foams , waterproofing membranes, metal between porous meterials or free-draining spaces, provides 1 point. Using protection or implementing measures to eliminate condensation on cold surfaces such as basement, slab-on-grade floor and liquid water as interior housewrap such as basement, bathroom, kitchen provides another 1 point. Label or manual at point-of-connection to shut-off pipe and all water treatment devices need backflow prevention system such as air gap or backflow preventer valve. The last 1 point

6077-425: The carbonate ion ( CO 2− 3 ): In organisms, carbonic acid production is catalysed by the enzyme known as carbonic anhydrase . In addition to altering its acidity, the presence of carbon dioxide in water also affects its electrical properties. When carbon dioxide dissolves in desalinated water, the electrical conductivity increases significantly from below 1 μS/cm to nearly 30 μS/cm. When heated,

6180-467: The pH . As shown in a Bjerrum plot , in neutral or slightly alkaline water (pH > 6.5), the bicarbonate form predominates (>50%) becoming the most prevalent (>95%) at the pH of seawater. In very alkaline water (pH > 10.4), the predominant (>50%) form is carbonate. The oceans, being mildly alkaline with typical pH = 8.2–8.5, contain about 120 mg of bicarbonate per liter. Being diprotic , carbonic acid has two acid dissociation constants ,

6283-426: The (incorrect) assumption that all dissolved CO 2 is present as carbonic acid, so that Since most of the dissolved CO 2 remains as CO 2 molecules, K a1 (apparent) has a much larger denominator and a much smaller value than the true K a1 . The bicarbonate ion is an amphoteric species that can act as an acid or as a base, depending on pH of the solution. At high pH, it dissociates significantly into

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6386-572: The Biomedical model of wellbeing. The Biopsychosocial model of well being emphasises the modifiable components needed for an individual to have a sense of wellbeing. These are: The UK ONS defines wellbeing: as having 10 broad dimensions which have been shown to matter most to people in the UK as identified through a national debate. The dimensions are: Personal well-being is a particularly important dimension which we define as how satisfied we are with our lives, our sense that what we do in life

6489-501: The Italian concept benessere . The well-being of a person is what is good for the person. Theories of well-being try to determine which features of a state are responsible for this state contributing to the person's well-being. Theories of well-being are often classified into hedonistic theories , desire theories, and objective list theories . Hedonistic theories and desire theories are subjective theories. According to them,

6592-597: The U.S. could be over 100 billion dollars annually 45% from radon and tobacco and 45% from lost productivity, and 10% respiratory diseases. Combustion sources such as candles, tobacco, stoves, furnaces, fireplaces producing carbon monoxide , nitrogen dioxide , and small particles are common. Furnishings, fabrics, cleaning product emit volatile organic compound (VOCs). It could be resolved by eliminate problem sources and design solutions. Air pollution leads to 7 millions premature deaths, around 600,000 of those were children under 5 years old in 2012. A01 Air Quality topic,

6695-520: The UK and New Zealand have begun to focus on population well-being within their political aims. The United States has taken actions designed to improve the health of citizens regarding issues with the COVID-19 pandemic and racism. Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CO 2 . It is made up of molecules that each have one carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It

6798-952: The WELL Bronze has no minimum points' rule. For WELL core, there are no minimum point. The optimization point requirement from the WELL Bronze, Silver, Gold, and Platinum are ranging from 40, 50, 60, and 80 points. The rating system limits 12 points per subject, except the Innovation which limit under 10 points. Total points must not be over 100. The WELL certificated buildings must pass all precondition requirements and they could get optimization points available from extension subjects. Because users spend 90% time in interior, they can expose to indoor air pollutions that lead to headaches, dry throat, eye irritation, runny nose, asthma attacks, infection with legionella bacteria and carbon monoxide poisoning. It leads to thousands of cancer death and 100,000 of respiratory issues annually. Avoidable costs in

6901-514: The WELL assured building to have existing or new mechanical ventilation systems following ASHRAE 62.1-2 or EN standard 16798-1 or AS 1668.2 or CIBSE Guide A: Environmental Design. Naturally ventilation can also be used without mechanical ventilation system if the design follows Natural Ventilation Procedure in ASHRAE 62.1, CIBSE AM10, AS 1668.4 at least 90% of the project area. Ventilation monitoring can be only solution if carbon dioxide level

7004-544: The WELL conducts to limit level of particulate matter both PM2.5 and PM10 under 15 and 50 for normal region or 25 and 50 microgram / cubic metre or 30% of 24–48 hours average of outdoor levels for polluted region and thresholds for volatile organic compound (VOC) such as benzene , formaldehyde , toluene to 10, 50, and 300 microgram/cubic metre or total VOC of 500 microgram/cubic metre. Inorganic gases such as carbon monoxide and ozone are also limited to 10 milligram per cubic metre and 100 microgram/cubic metre. Radon

7107-494: The agent. Desire theorists have tried to avoid this objection by holding that what matters are not actual desires but the desires the agent would have if she was fully informed. Thus, desire theories can incorporate what is plausible about subjective theories of well-being with the lack of personal bias of objective list theories. Objective list theories state that a person's well-being depends on many different basic objective goods. These goods often include subjective factors like

7210-439: The air and water: Carbon dioxide is colorless. At low concentrations, the gas is odorless; however, at sufficiently high concentrations, it has a sharp, acidic odor. At standard temperature and pressure , the density of carbon dioxide is around 1.98 kg/m , about 1.53 times that of air . Carbon dioxide has no liquid state at pressures below 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm ). At a pressure of 1 atm (0.101325 MPa),

7313-443: The atmosphere are absorbed by land and ocean carbon sinks . These sinks can become saturated and are volatile, as decay and wildfires result in the CO 2 being released back into the atmosphere. CO 2 is eventually sequestered (stored for the long term) in rocks and organic deposits like coal , petroleum and natural gas . Nearly all CO2 produced by humans goes into the atmosphere. Less than 1% of CO2 produced annually

7416-651: The boundary of the project that contains tables and chairs to 25% of users at peak, protects from outdoor climate hazard , provides variety of seating options from small to large group of people, and if there is employees or students then they would provides daily 30 minutes break for meal. N09 Special Diets, alternative food providing to food allergen person, total 2 points. For part 1, 1 point, providing food at least does not include peanut and tree nuts or gluten and wheat or soy or sesame or animal products including seafood , dairy , and eggs . For part 2, 1 point, clearly labeling on packaging, menus, signage that

7519-444: The breathing zone with an airspeed under 50 fpm at user's head receives 2 points. Displacement ventilation system implement or air diffusers located 2.8 m above the floor receives additional 1 points. A07 Operable Windows, providing openable windows to access to outdoor air, available to access outdoor air by 75% of regularly occupied areas or 4% of the occupied areas of there are many floors receives 1 point, another 1 point, if there

7622-484: The conclusion of theoretical calculations based on an ab initio potential energy surface of the molecule, is that none of the molecules in the gas phase are ever exactly linear. This counter-intuitive result is trivially due to the fact that the nuclear motion volume element vanishes for linear geometries. This is so for all molecules except diatomic molecules . Carbon dioxide is soluble in water, in which it reversibly forms H 2 CO 3 (carbonic acid), which

7725-869: The condition. There are few studies of the health effects of long-term continuous CO 2 exposure on humans and animals at levels below 1%. Occupational CO 2 exposure limits have been set in the United States at 0.5% (5000 ppm) for an eight-hour period. At this CO 2 concentration, International Space Station crew experienced headaches, lethargy, mental slowness, emotional irritation, and sleep disruption. Studies in animals at 0.5% CO 2 have demonstrated kidney calcification and bone loss after eight weeks of exposure. A study of humans exposed in 2.5 hour sessions demonstrated significant negative effects on cognitive abilities at concentrations as low as 0.1% (1000   ppm) CO 2 likely due to CO 2 induced increases in cerebral blood flow. Another study observed

7828-504: The degree of well-being of a person depends on the subjective mental states and attitudes of this person. Objective list theories, on the other hand, allow that things can benefit a person independent of that person's subjective attitudes towards these things. For hedonistic theories , the relevant mental states are experiences of pleasure and pain. One example of such an account can be found in Jeremy Bentham 's works, where it

7931-566: The dispersing effects of wind, it can collect in sheltered/pocketed locations below average ground level, causing animals located therein to be suffocated. Carrion feeders attracted to the carcasses are then also killed. Children have been killed in the same way near the city of Goma by CO 2 emissions from the nearby volcano Mount Nyiragongo . The Swahili term for this phenomenon is mazuku . Adaptation to increased concentrations of CO 2 occurs in humans, including modified breathing and kidney bicarbonate production, in order to balance

8034-660: The drain, splash limited inside the sink, minimum width of 23 cm sink size, flowing column of water minimum 20 cm and at least 7.5 cm away from sink edge. Part 4, 1 point, handwashing supply must has fragrance -free liquid soap through sealed dispensers, paper towels or hand dryers with HEPA filter or fabric towel rolls and signage with proper hand washing steps. WELL Nourishment concept supports healthy and sustainable eating patterns by accessing to fruits and vegetables more and limiting highly processed foods, nudging users to choose better choices. Poor nutrition responses to one in five people death globally. Unhealthy eating

8137-541: The effects of blood acidification ( acidosis ). Several studies suggested that 2.0 percent inspired concentrations could be used for closed air spaces (e.g. a submarine ) since the adaptation is physiological and reversible, as deterioration in performance or in normal physical activity does not happen at this level of exposure for five days. Yet, other studies show a decrease in cognitive function even at much lower levels. Also, with ongoing respiratory acidosis , adaptation or compensatory mechanisms will be unable to reverse

8240-418: The factors that contribute to human well-being. Martin Seligman , for example, suggests that these factors consist in having positive emotions , being engaged in an activity, having good relationships with other people, finding meaning in one's life and a sense of accomplishment in the pursuit of one's goals. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the term well-being to a 16th-century calque of

8343-410: The first one for the dissociation into the bicarbonate (also called hydrogen carbonate) ion ( HCO − 3 ): This is the true first acid dissociation constant, defined as where the denominator includes only covalently bound H 2 CO 3 and does not include hydrated CO 2 (aq). The much smaller and often-quoted value near 4.16 × 10 (or pK a1 = 6.38) is an apparent value calculated on

8446-717: The food contains peanut, fish , shellfish , soy, milk, egg, wheat, tree nuts, sesame, gluten. N10 Food Preparation, providing space for user's meal such as cold storage, countertop, sink for dish and hand washing, microwave or toaster , reusable plates, garbage bin receives 1 point. N11 Responsible Food Sourcing, sourcing 50% foods that are certified organic and 25% animal product lines that are certified organic by Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) or Seafood Certification Scheme by labeling for sustainable receives 1 point. N12 Food Production receives 2 points by providing garden or greenhouse with food-bearing plants or edible landscape or hydroponic or aeroponic farming which

8549-469: The gas deposits directly to a solid at temperatures below 194.6855(30) K (−78.4645(30) °C) and the solid sublimes directly to a gas above this temperature. In its solid state, carbon dioxide is commonly called dry ice . Liquid carbon dioxide forms only at pressures above 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm); the triple point of carbon dioxide is 216.592(3) K (−56.558(3) °C) at 0.51795(10) MPa (5.11177(99) atm) (see phase diagram). The critical point

8652-601: The harvestable yield of crops, with wheat, rice and soybean all showing increases in yield of 12–14% under elevated CO 2 in FACE experiments. Increased atmospheric CO 2 concentrations result in fewer stomata developing on plants which leads to reduced water usage and increased water-use efficiency . Studies using FACE have shown that CO 2 enrichment leads to decreased concentrations of micronutrients in crop plants. This may have knock-on effects on other parts of ecosystems as herbivores will need to eat more food to gain

8755-413: The idea that there are things other than well-being that have intrinsic value. Putative examples include the value of beauty, virtue, or justice. Such arguments are often rejected by welfarists holding that the cited things would not be valuable if they had no relation to well-being. This is often extended to a positive argument in favor of welfarism based on the claim that nothing would be good or bad in

8858-403: The molecule has no electric dipole moment . As a linear triatomic molecule, CO 2 has four vibrational modes as shown in the diagram. In the symmetric and the antisymmetric stretching modes, the atoms move along the axis of the molecule. There are two bending modes, which are degenerate , meaning that they have the same frequency and same energy, because of the symmetry of the molecule. When

8961-1045: The most receives another 1 point. N04 Food Advertising , eliminating sugar drink , deep-fried food advertising, and sale area promotes water, fruits and vegetables consumption instead, receives 1 point. N05 Artificial Ingredients , phasing out or restrict of artificial ingredients such as colorings , sweeteners , food preservation , fats and oils by clearly labeled on packaging or signage receives 1 point. N06 Portion Sizes , dining space promoting healthy size of food receives 1 point by limiting portion below 650 kCal or over 650 kcal menu under 50%, and dish or bowl size must not be over certain area or volume. Primary school students, secondary school students, and adults plate size are no more than 20, 25, and 30 cm diameter. N07 Nutrition Education , providing nutritional knowledge by cooking demonstration or dietary education learning by nutritionist or gardening workshop receives 1 point. N08 Mindful Eating provides 2 points by dedicating eating space within 200 meters walking distance of

9064-404: The one hand, it has been argued that some forms of well-being, like sensory pleasures, are less valuable than other forms of well-being, like intellectual pleasures. On the other hand, certain intuitions indicate that what matters is not just the sum total but also how the individual degrees of well-being are distributed. There is a tendency to prefer equal distributions where everyone has roughly

9167-499: The presence of sufficient oxygen, manifesting as dizziness, headache, visual and hearing dysfunction, and unconsciousness within a few minutes to an hour. Concentrations of more than 10% may cause convulsions, coma, and death. CO 2 levels of more than 30% act rapidly leading to loss of consciousness in seconds. Because it is heavier than air, in locations where the gas seeps from the ground (due to sub-surface volcanic or geothermal activity) in relatively high concentrations, without

9270-496: The products of their photosynthesis as internal food sources and as raw material for the biosynthesis of more complex organic molecules, such as polysaccharides , nucleic acids , and proteins. These are used for their own growth, and also as the basis of the food chains and webs that feed other organisms, including animals such as ourselves. Some important phototrophs, the coccolithophores synthesise hard calcium carbonate scales. A globally significant species of coccolithophore

9373-667: The project by daylight simulation technique such as the Spatial Daylight Analysis that shows how much daylight illuminates throughout working hours . Adequate daylighting level can be decided on the interior layout or the building design such as a distance from windows. For the project that finds it difficult for daylight access, circadian lighting design can replace daylight such as an Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) receiving enough light at least 150 Melanopic Lux (EML) L02 Visual Lighting Design, WELL still keeps visual lighting design which

9476-769: The project chose precondition part of circadian lighting, the project receives 1 point automatically. For the project that achieves at least 275 Melanopic Lux (EML) it will add more 2 points. L04 Electric Light Glare Control, limiting glare from indoor artificial light, receiving 2 points, by using 100% upward lighting or fixture classified Unified Glare Rating (UGR) equal or under 16 or all fixtures does not exceed 6,000 candela /sq.m at angle between 45 and 90 degrees from bottom, it can be done in lighting calculation software that results in UGR equal or under 16. Well-being Well-being , or wellbeing , also known as wellness , prudential value , prosperity or quality of life ,

9579-713: The project requires drinking water that limits chemical contamination of arsenic , cadmium , chromium , copper , fluoride , lead , mercury , nickel , nitrate , nitrite , chlorine , trihalomethane , and haloacetic acids . Pesticide contamination has to be controlled such as aldrin and dieldrin , atrazine , carbofuran , chlordane , 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid , DDT , lindane , pentachlorophenol . Organic contaminants are also limit, such as benzene , benzo(a)pyrene , carbon tetrachloride , 1,2-Dichloroethane , tetrachloroethene , toluene , trichloroethylene , 2,4,6-Tribromophenol , vinyl chloride , and xylene . For W03, Basic Water Management, annually monitoring

9682-465: The proponent of hedonistic theories faces the challenge of explaining why common-sense misleads us in the problematic cases. Desire theories can avoid some of the problems of hedonistic theories by holding that well-being consists in desire-satisfaction: the higher the number of satisfied desires, the higher the well-being. One problem for some versions of desire theory is that not all desires are good: some desires may even have terrible consequences for

9785-440: The rate of adequate hydration in building and reduce risks due to contaminated water . Human's body is two-thirds water, recommended water intake around 2 - 3.7 litres per day to let respiration , perspiration and excretion works. Water with high nitrate can impair oxygen transport in infants, causing neurodevelopment impair. Trihalomethane (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in water can cause cancer. Legionella control

9888-863: The return air to outdoor of all bathrooms, kitchens, cleaning and chemical storage, high-volume printers and copiers provides 1 point. A12 Air Filtration topic by using media filters in ventilation system or standalone device by appropriate efficiency to filter outdoor air , the higher PM2.5, the higher efficiency from 35% to 95% and keep replacing annually provides 1 point. A13 Enhanced Supply Air topic by ventilating occupied spaces with all outdoor air or cleaning devices such as activated carbon filter with efficiency of 75% or media filter or Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) under UL 2998 Zero Ozone Emissions Validation or Intertek Zero Ozone Verification provides 1 point. A14 Microbe and Mold Control topic by implement ultraviolet radiation system for HVAC coil each provides 1 point. WELL Water aims to increase

9991-420: The same amount of protein. The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO 2 . Plants also emit CO 2 during respiration, and so the majority of plants and algae, which use C3 photosynthesis , are only net absorbers during the day. Though a growing forest will absorb many tons of CO 2 each year,

10094-489: The same degree instead of unequal distributions where there is a great divide between happy and unhappy people, even if the overall well-being is the same. Another intuition concerning the distribution is that people who deserve well-being, like the morally upright, should enjoy higher degrees of well-being than the undeserving. These criticisms are addressed by another version of welfarism: impure welfarism . Impure welfarists agree with pure welfarists that all that matters

10197-566: The theories of Diener, Ryff, Keyes and Seligmann covers a broad range of levels and topics, including "the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life". The World Happiness Report series provide annual updates on the global status of subjective well-being . A global study using data from 166 nations, provided a country ranking of psycho-social well-being. The latter study showed that subjective well-being and psycho-social well-being (i.e. eudaimonia) measures capture distinct constructs and are both needed for

10300-605: The total calories per serving, macronutrient , and sugar content. Owner must communicates users on food allergy . High sugar foods or over than 25 grams of sugar per serving is banned from the menu in dining spaces or at least identified in the items for users to make a decision. N03 Refined Ingredients, restriction of sugars by limit beverage under 25 g of sugar per container, at least 25% of beverages contain no sugar, and non-beverage food except fruit contain sugar under 25 gram per serving receives 1 point. Whole grains promotion by 50% of grain-based food contains whole grain

10403-535: The upper ocean and thereby promotes the absorption of CO 2 from the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide content in fresh air (averaged between sea-level and 10 kPa level, i.e., about 30 km (19 mi) altitude) varies between 0.036% (360 ppm) and 0.041% (412 ppm), depending on the location. In humans, exposure to CO 2 at concentrations greater than 5% causes the development of hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis . Concentrations of 7% to 10% (70,000 to 100,000 ppm) may cause suffocation, even in

10506-458: The water begins to gradually lose the conductivity induced by the presence of C O 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {CO_{2}} } , especially noticeable as temperatures exceed 30 °C. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of fully deionized water without CO 2 saturation is comparably low in relation to these data. CO 2 is a potent electrophile having an electrophilic reactivity that

10609-546: The water, or to the lungs from where it is exhaled. During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration. Carbon fixation is a biochemical process by which atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated by plants, algae and cyanobacteria into energy-rich organic molecules such as glucose , thus creating their own food by photosynthesis. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars from which other organic compounds can be constructed, and oxygen

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