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46-637: The call letters EMB represented the initials of Elvia Meadows Blakemore, wife of Max Blakemore, who built the station over his pharmacy, Clinchfield Drug on Main Avenue in Erwin. WEMB's first broadcast license was granted June 6, 1956. In June 1985, a gunman with two rifles held the station hostage for five hours. Lyle Shelton of Erwin interrupted a WEMB news broadcast in which WEMB news editor-in-chief Kathy Thornberry mentioned his recent arrest. Shelton told disc jockey Charles "Chuck" Ray he wanted to be put on

92-485: A buyout of another. Management of technical specifications (such as those in broadcast television systems ) is normally undertaken as a part of broadcast licensing in each country. Radio bands carry signals (such as video and audio , digital and analog , narrowband , broadband and content ), and are licensed differently. The broadcast license typically specifies the following minimum information: Additionally, it often specifies: Some countries (such as

138-524: A DTV station as a fill-in translator or booster to overcome the shortcomings of the ATSC system mandated by the FCC. In some cases, two stations may share the same frequency in the same area, or even the same facility. Time sharing has on occasion been used when two applicants have an equal number of points, mainly with LPFM stations. In FCC auction 1000 for the 600 MHz band, TV stations were paid to leave

184-551: A broadcast license in the United States is FCC Form 303-S. While the Form 303-S License Application consists of yes-or-no questions and certifications, the process of renewing the license is complex; the FCC requires that licensees certify that they were in compliance with all rules and regulations during the prior license term. If a license has been acquired in the middle of a term, the licensee will be evaluated from that point to

230-403: A change in the city of license ) are covered in rulemaking proceedings in the U.S., which may be a prerequisite to moving a station a significant distance (leaving its original community outside its new coverage area). Temporary situations are covered by special temporary authority (STA) to operate at a variance from the license or permit or a Restricted Service Licence (RSL) to operate for

276-498: A conviction. In section 32 of that Act, the expression "fine" includes a pecuniary penalty but does not include a pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation. In sections 15 to 32 and 48 of the Criminal Law Act 1977 , the expression "fine" includes any pecuniary penalty. In England, there is now a system whereby the court gives the offender a 'fine card', which is somewhat like a credit card ; at any shop that has

322-546: A fine, which, under the Bill of Rights 1689 , may be levied only following a conviction, it serves the same purpose of punishment. Early examples of fines include the weregild or blood money payable under Anglo-Saxon common law for causing a death. The murderer would be expected to pay a sum of money or goods dependent on the victim's social status. The Dutch Criminal Code (Dutch: Wetboek van Strafrecht (WvSr)) doesn't contain specific amounts for fines for every violation of

368-436: A fixed period at reduced power. While these are FCC and Ofcom terms, respectively, other countries have similar regulations. In the U.S., court cases can prolong the process when mutually exclusive applications are received. The FCC opens application window periods of about a week. Some applications have been pending for years; others end up in administrative law courts or arbitration , sometimes with one applicant seeking

414-506: A graph from the National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA), frequency allocations may be represented by different types of services which vary in size. Many options exist when applying for a broadcast license; the FCC determines how much spectrum to allot to licensees in a given band, according to what is needed for the service in question. The determination of frequencies used by licensees

460-593: A license and pirate stations , which violate the law. In the U.S. broadcast licenses were issued for only a nominal payment, but economist Ronald Coase challenged the FCC's approach. Coase proposed that, as for other resources (land, metal, etc.), the market should regulate the use of radio spectrum. This proposition is based on the Coase theorem : with well-defined property rights, the free market will allocate resources to their most efficient use if transaction costs are low. Coase's theory indicated that broadcast licenses in

506-402: A negative spiral because traffic offenders hoped and expected their case to be withdrawn and not pay the plea bargain fine. This led to growing pressure on the capacity of the courts, which caused more sepots (decisions not to prosecute). This encouraged more offenders not to pay, etc. To stop this spiral, the secretary general of the justice department (at that time), Dr. Albert Mulder, designed

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552-496: A new law enforcement system. Under this new system, the government acquired the right of summary foreclosure. The summary foreclosure means that the CJIB can execute the fine directly unless the fined subject goes to appeal. The Administrative Enforcement of Traffic Rules Act (Dutch: Wet administratiefrechtelijke handhaving verkeersvoorschriften (WAHV)) regulates the system regarding frequently committed traffic violations. According to

598-404: A paying-in machine, he pays the value of the fine to the shop, which then uses the fine card to pass that money on to the court's bank account . A related concept is the fixed penalty notice , a pecuniary penalty for some minor crimes that can be either accepted (instead of prosecution, thus saving time and paperwork) or taken to court for regular proceedings for that crime. While technically not

644-437: A sort of plea bargain. This mostly contains a fine. If the suspect didn't pay the fine of this plea bargain, the public prosecutor had to open a criminal case. Otherwise, he wasn't authorized to collect the penalty through force. The case had to be withdrawn when the capacity of the courts or the prosecutor's office didn't allow the start of a criminal case for a traffic violation. This was the case very often. This situation led to

690-447: A spectrum that was limited had high economic value , which should be paid on the open market . Licenses are increasingly offered via spectrum auctions ; however, this fails to consider non-commercial educational users (who are shut out of the process for economic reasons). Licensing is conducted by a broadcasting authority (a government agency) to manage the radio-frequency spectrum and implement public policy , such as that regarding

736-410: A subject has been fined by an officer or photographed by a speed camera, he will receive a decision within four months. This decision will contain a short description of the violation, the place and time the violation was committed and the sum of the fine. The subject will have two choices now. He can pay the fine, or he can go into appeal. In contrast to the court-imposed fine, when the subject has paid

782-497: Is a fine that, above a minimum, is based on personal income (similar to progressive taxation ), as opposed to a fine of a fixed amount. Day-fines are often implemented to alleviate some of the burden on people experiencing poverty, who might otherwise have issues paying/affording some fines. Some fines are small, such as for loitering , for which fines (in the United States ) range from about $ 25 to $ 100. In some areas of

828-500: Is done even if the border is outside of a station's predicted broadcast range , since radio propagation sometimes causes stations to be heard outside their service area. Existing stations apply for permits and license amendments when making changes to their facilities (such as relocation to another site, changing the radio antenna height , making changes to a directional antenna 's radiation pattern , or when adding—or converting to— digital broadcasting ). Other situations (such as

874-497: Is done through frequency allocation, which in the United States is specified by the FCC in a table of allotments . The FCC is authorized to regulate spectrum access for private and government uses; however, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration of the Commerce Department allocates spectrum for use by the federal government (including the military). In some cases (e.g. CB radio, Wi-Fi ),

920-564: The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission in Canada ) specify radio format or the genre of television programming , to ensure diversity. Community stations (such as class A television service and LPFM stations in the U.S.) may be required to broadcast local content each week. U.S. broadcast translator licenses prohibit local content on FM, while LPTV stations can choose, except those tied to

966-564: The city of New York , 89.1 MHz is reserved for the United Nations ; however, it is used instead by WNYU-FM and WNYU-FM1 , unless the U.N. should ever apply to use it. Licensing requirements differ for public radio and television and for community radio and television compared to commercial applicants. Licensees must be aware of deadlines, from original application to renewal, which vary by state and include license expiration and dates for renewals. The form for renewal of

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1012-541: The concentration of media ownership . In the U.S. the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) does not assign licenses to exclusive users, instead permitting qualified users to apply for a license. The Radio Act of 1927 established the regulatory premise that the spectrum belongs to the public, and licensees have no property rights to use it. Although the spectrum is licensed to bidders, its purchase does not entail ownership or rights but

1058-418: The judge or magistrate considers a large amount of retribution is necessary, but there is unlikely to be a significant danger to the public. For instance, fraud is often punished by substantial fines since fraudsters are typically banned from the position or profession they abused to commit their crimes. Fines can also be used as a form of tax . Money for bail may be applied toward a fine. A day-fine

1104-472: The 1994 death of WEMB's second owner, James True. In True's will, he left ownership of the station to be managed by General Manager James Crawford, Production Manager Charles Ray, and Operations Manager Hilda White. True decided the trust was to manage station affairs, with benefits being dealt to True's three adult children, until his eldest daughter turned 50 years old. True's daughter Maria D. True, having no experience in radio or broadcasting, disbanded

1150-491: The FCC. 36°06′58″N 82°26′49″W  /  36.11611°N 82.44694°W  / 36.11611; -82.44694 Broadcast license A broadcast license is a type of spectrum license granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the radio frequency spectrum in a given geographical area for broadcasting purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band. Spectrum may be divided according to use. As indicated in

1196-564: The United States (for example California , New York , Texas , and Washington D.C. ), fines for petty crimes, such as criminal mischief (shouting in public places, projecting an object at a police car) range from $ 2,500 to $ 5,000. In the Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 , unless the context otherwise requires, the expression "fine", except for any enactment imposing a limit on the amount of any fine, includes any pecuniary penalty or pecuniary forfeiture or pecuniary compensation payable under

1242-456: The WAHV, the maximum sum of the administrative fine is the same as the maximum amount of the first category (Art. 2 section 3 WvSr Criminal Code). The exact fine per violation is determined by an annex of the WAHV. In addition to the fine, the fined subject will also have to pay €9 administration costs as well. The amount of the administration costs will also be determined by the minister. Once

1288-431: The air in crowded markets (to facilitate repacking of stations on TV channels 38 to 51 into those already using 2 to 36), but are allowed to move the license to another existing station, keeping their virtual channel numbers and must-carry rights. Each licensee is responsible for the content on their own channels, while both are jointly responsible for the technical operation of the transmitter, antenna, and tower. In

1334-400: The air. "He said he wanted to tell the truth," Ray told police. Broadcasting was shut down during the crisis. A SWAT Team from nearby Johnson City was brought in and ordered to surround the station. At the request of his wife, who spoke to him through a megaphone, Shelton walked out of the building and surrendered to police custody. No shots were fired. The WEMB, Inc. trust was formed upon

1380-528: The amount of the first category. In addition to the fine, the convict also has to pay an administration fee of €9. The amounts are established by the government, via a royal order. When the judge convicts an individual to a fine, the judge must also set a term of substitute imprisonment. This substitute imprisonment will be executed in the case that the fine remains unpaid. The judge may count one-day imprisonment for every unpaid €25, however usually judges reckon one day for every €50 which stays unpaid. However,

1426-409: The convict the fine. If the convict pays the penalty, the case is closed (by paying, the convict loses the right to go into appeal as well); if they do not, the case will be continued. The CJIB will then send the convict a reminder, though this reminder will contain an increment of €15. If this doesn't lead to the payment of the fine, the CJIB will send another reminder, now with a raise of 20%, however,

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1472-433: The earlier written substitute imprisonment. The length of the imprisonment will be percentage-wise reduced if the convict has paid a sum but not the entire fine amount. After the substitute imprisonment the convict will be a free man again. He also won't have to pay the fine anymore, and the case will be closed. Before 1 September 1990, all traffic violations were punished via the criminal law. The suspects were first offered

1518-449: The end of the license term. Misrepresentation to the FCC may lead to the loss of a license. Fine (penalty) A fine or mulct (the latter synonym typically used in civil law ) is a penalty of money that a court of law or other authority decides has to be paid as punishment for a crime or other offense . The amount of a fine can be determined case by case, but it is often announced in advance. The most usual use of

1564-399: The fine, he will keep the right to go into appeal. The subject can go into appeal within six weeks. In the first instance, the subject appeals to the public prosecutor. The prosecutor shall withdraw the fine completely when he thinks the appellant has right. He will lower the fine sum if he thinks the suspect is partially correct. If the prosecutor believes the suspect is wrong, he will uphold

1610-410: The fine. The suspect does not have to pay the fine as long as the prosecutor has not decided on the appeal yet. Once the prosecutor has decided, the suspect will again have two choices. He can pay, or he goes into appeal at the sub-district judge of his arrondissement (or the arrondissement of the place where the disputed violation was committed). But now, the suspect has to pay the fine as a surety. If

1656-463: The law. Instead of that, the Criminal Code provides six fine categories. Every penalty clause of the Criminal Code contains a fine category. The categories are: These sums are only an upper limit, it's up to the judge or the prosecutor to determine the exact sum of the fine. However, the amount of the fine must be at least €3. The sums of categories are always 1, 10, 20, 50, 200 and 2000 times

1702-521: The licensee will not cause RF interference to existing stations. There is a limited term for the license, once acquired. According to the United States Government Printing Office in 1997, the term could exceed 8 years; however, this has been shortened to five years or less (depending on whether the FCC requires further evaluation). A construction permit is first issued, with the license receiving approval when

1748-523: The partnership and leased the station to NBC Sports Radio , completely eliminating the music, news, and production departments. In 1966, the station moved offices and broadcasting headquarters to Riverview Road, just south of Erwin, due to severe flooding of the Nolichucky River . In 2016, the WEMB, Inc. partnership was disbanded. Afterward, an application for license reinstatement was dismissed by

1794-403: The privilege of using that portion of the spectrum. The process of obtaining a new broadcast license may be lengthy. A broadcast engineer first determines an available frequency, which may be unavailable in a crowded media market (such as a metropolitan area ). If a frequency is available, an engineering study is submitted with an application to the broadcasting authority, to demonstrate that

1840-462: The public interest; researchers have pointed out that this procedure favors incumbents. Violation of the terms of a license (due to technical fault or illegal content) may result in fines or revocation of the license. Licenses have also been jeopardized by misrepresentation on the part of the holder or failure to keep a public file (in the U.S. and Canada). Unlicensed broadcasting refers to legal devices allowed to transmit at low power without

1886-408: The public may use spectrum without a license. Commercial users (such as television, AM/FM radio, and some types of two-way communications) will receive an FCC assignment to a portion of spectrum, which may be a single frequency or a band of frequencies. In issuing broadcast licenses the FCC relies on "comparative hearings", whereby the most qualified user will be granted use of the spectrum to best serve

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1932-406: The raise must be at least €30. When the fine continues to be unpaid, the CJIB will instruct a bailiff to collect the penalty nonetheless. This bailiff may, for example, seize the convict's income and sell his possessions. If these measures do not result in the full fine collection, the bailiff will return the case to the prosecutor. The prosecutor will order the police to arrest the convict to execute

1978-456: The station certifies that the permit has been executed (after testing to ensure that all parameters are within allowable tolerances ). Once a facility is built and operational, it may be allowed to operate under program test authority until the license is issued (or denied). Where a station is close to an international border , a license may also need to be approved by the foreign country's broadcasting authority for frequency coordination . This

2024-403: The substitute imprisonment must be at least one day (even though the fine was €3) and cannot exceed one year (even though the penalty was €100,000). Once a person is irrevocably convicted of a fine, it's up to the public prosecutor to collect the fine. To do so, the cjib (centraal justiteel incassobureau (English: central judicial collection agency)) is established. First, the CJIB will send

2070-411: The suspect doesn't pay the surety, the judge will declare him inadmissible (thus the fine will be upheld). The judge will have the same choices as the prosecutor. He can withdraw the fine, lower the fine, or uphold the fine. If the (remaining) fine is higher than €70 and the suspect or/nor the prosecutor disagrees with the sub-district judge's verdict, the suspect or the prosecutor can go into appeal for

2116-460: The term is for financial punishments for the commission of crimes, especially minor crimes, or as the settlement of a claim . One typical example of a fine is money paid for violations of traffic laws. In English common law , relatively small fines are used either in place of or alongside community service orders for low-level criminal offences. More considerable fines are also given independently or alongside shorter prison sentences when

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